The document discusses motivation, defining it as a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior, and categorizes it into extrinsic and intrinsic types. Various motivation theories are explored, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's two-factor theory, McClelland's motivational drivers, and drive reduction theory, each providing insights into human behavior and motivation. Additionally, it addresses eating disorders, their characteristics, health risks, and the complex factors contributing to these conditions.

1. MOTIVATION
GROUP 8

2. Term definition
• MOTIVATION is a need or desire that energizes
and directs behaviour
• The Motives-that drives behaviour and
accounts for why we do what we do.
• Whether we define it as a drive or a need,
motivation is a condition inside us that desires
a change, either in the self or the environment

3. Motivation cont
• Motivation is influenced by the satisfaction of
needs that are either necessary for sustaining
life or essential for wellbeing and growth.
• Physiological needs for food, water, and sex
(yes sex) serve the organism to maintain life
and also provide satisfaction from doing so

4. Classification
• Extrinsic motivation is defined as a motivation to
participate in an activity based on meeting an
external goal, garnering praise and approval, winning
a competition, or receiving an award or payment
• Intrinsic motivation is defined as the doing of an
activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than for
some separable consequence. When intrinsically
motivated, a person is moved to act for the fun or
challenge entailed rather than because of external
products, pressures, or rewards.

6. • Primary, Basic or Physiological Needs: It
includes food, water, sleep, sex, etc. These
needs arise out of the basic physiology of life
and these are important for survival and
preservation of species.
• Secondary Needs: They represent needs of the
mind and spirit. For example, self-esteem, sense
of duty, self-assertion

7. Approaches to motivation
• There have been different types of approaches
to explain motivation, some of these theories
are as follows:
– Maslow need motivation
– Henz-berg two factor
– Mc-Clelland motivation
– Drive reduction

8. Maslow need hierarchy motivation
• Abraham Maslow’s motivation theory is based
on the human needs. These needs are classified
into a sequential hierarchy from the lower to
higher order as five need clusters as follow
1. Physiological Needs
2. Safety and Security Needs
3. Social Needs
4. Esteem Needs
5. Self-Actualization

9. • In Maslow’s above need hierarchy theory, human needs
are arranged in a lowest to the highest order. The second
need does not dominate unless the first is reasonably
satisfied and the third need does not dominate until the
first two needs have been reasonably satisfied. This
process goes on till the last need.
• This is because man is never satisfied. If one need is
satisfied, another need arises. Once a need is satisfied, it
ceases to be a motivating factor. For entrepreneurs, it is
mainly social, esteem, and self-actualization needs which
motivate them to work more and more for satisfying them

10. Henz-berg two factor
• Henz-berg’s two-factor theory outlines that humans are
motivated by two things: motivators and hygiene
factors.
• This theory suggests that to improve job attitudes and
productivity, administrators must recognize and attend
to both sets of characteristics and not assume that an
increase in satisfaction leads to decrease in
dissatisfaction.
• The characteristics associated with job dissatisfaction
are called hygiene factors.
• The motivators encourage job satisfaction and hygiene
factors prevent job dissatisfaction.

11. Motivation factors
• They cover intrinsic needs such as
achievement, growth, responsibility,
recognition, and advancement.
• Motivation factors allow employees to be
content in their jobs and promote growth.
• Motivation factors are needed to motivate an
employee to higher performance.

12. Hygiene factors
• These are factors that are not related to
workplace satisfaction but must be present in
the workplace in order to prevent
dissatisfaction
• ways to decrease dissatisfaction would be to
pay reasonable wages, ensure employees job
security, and to create a positive culture in the
workplace
• They are more of extrinsic needs

13. According to the Two-Factor Theory, there
are four possible combinations
1. High Hygiene + High Motivation: The ideal
situation where employees are highly
motivated and have few complaints.
2. High Hygiene + Low Motivation: Employees
have few complaints but are not highly
motivated. The job is viewed as a paycheck.

14. 3. Low Hygiene + High Motivation: Employees
are motivated but have a lot of complaints. A
situation where the job is exciting and
challenging but salaries and work conditions
are not up to par.
4. Low Hygiene + Low Motivation: This is the
worst situation where employees are not
motivated and have many complaints.

15. Mc-Clelland motivation
• According to David McClelland, people have
motivating drivers that are directly linked to need
regardless of age, gender, culture or race. As a result
of the McClelland Motivation Theory, David
McClelland identified four types of motivational need:
• 1. Need for achievement
• 2. Need for power
• 3. Need for affiliation
• 4. Need for avoidance

16. • Need for achievement(n Ach)
– striving for an average task complexity, responsibility for
own performance, the need for feedback and the use of
innovation/creativity.
• Need for power(n Pow)
– People with a need for power, attach great value to
status, reputation and recognition. People who have a
high need for power are characterized by:
• A desire to influence and direct somebody else.
• A desire to exercise and control over others.
• A concern for maintaining leader-follower relations

17. • Need for affiliation( n Aff)
– People are a gregarious bunch and they want to
belong to the group. The people with high need
for affiliation have these characteristics:
• They have a strong desire for acceptance and approval
from others.
• They tend to confirm to the wishes of those people
whose friendship and companionship they value.
• They give value and feeling to others.

18. • Need for avoidance(n Avo)
– People have fear of failure, fear of rejection and even
fear of success. By avoiding situations that may
trigger these fears, they think to have found a safe
solution.
• The Iceberg Model
– The Iceberg model of David McClelland looks at a
person’s visible behaviour, knowledge and skills and
the underlying unexpressed and unconscious deeper
layers

19. • Limitations of Achievement Theory
– The theory does not deal fully with the process of
motivation and how it really takes place.
– Persons with high need for achievement expect similar
results from others. As a result, they may lack human
skills and patience for being effective managers.
– The use of protective techniques for developing
achievement motive is objectionable.
– The research evidence in support of the achievement
motivation theory is fragmentary and doubtful

20. Drive reduction
• It was developed by Clark L Hull .A drive is a
state of arousal or tension triggered by a
person's physiological or biological
needs.Examplee of drives are hunger,thirst
and need for warmth .Hull stated that drives
give rise to an individual's motivation.

21. Illustration
• when a person's drive emerges, he will be in an
unpleasant state of tension and a person will
behave in such a way to reduce the tension. He
will look for ways to satisfy his biological need,
for example you will seek for food if you are
hungry ;you will look for water when you are
thirst. Any behaviour that reduces the drive will
be repeated by humans. Reduction of the drive
acts as a reinforcement for the behaviour.

22. • Criticisms
– problem with the theory is that it does not provide
an explanation about the reason behind people
engaging in behaviours that are not meant to reduce
drives, such as person eating even if he's not hungry.
• Application
– It is not put into practical application nowadays, it is
only useful for students to learn about it's influence
to modern psychology.

23. Psychological motive-hunger
• Refers to the drive that living beings have to eat as a
means of satisfying hunger
• Our bodies need food. This is what makes food such
an effective tool for behaviour management.
However, we sometimes eat even when we do not
need food.
• Thus, the motivation for hunger goes beyond simple
nourishment. There are both biological and
psychological factors around the motivation of
hunger.

24. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
• Some people eat even though the
hypothalamus is not sending us any impulses.
• If you are motivated to eat by external cues,
such as stress, smell, or just the fact that food
is in front of you, then you are an external. If
you are more motivated to eat by internal
cues, empty stomach, feelings of hunger, then
you are an internal.

25. Eating disorders
• Eating disorders are mental illnesses that
cause serious disturbances in a person’s diet.
It can manifest as eating extremely small large
amounts of food. The condition may begin as
just eating little or much more amount of
meals then OBSESSION overtakes an
individual’s life resulting in changes of health
status.

26. ANOREXIA NERVOSA
– Characterized by emaciation, a relentless pursuit
of thinness and unwillingness to maintain a
normal or healthy weight, a distortion of body
image and intense fear of gaining weight, a lack of
menstruation among girls and women, and
extremely disturbed eating behaviour

27. – Some people with anorexia lose weight by dieting
and exercising excessively; others lose weight by
self-induced vomiting, or misusing laxatives,
diuretics or enemas.
– Many people with anorexia see themselves as
overweight, even when they are starved or are
clearly malnourished

28. – The most common complications that lead to
death are cardiac arrest, and electrolyte and fluid
imbalances. Suicide also can result.
– They also have coexisting psychiatric and physical
illnesses, including depression, anxiety, obsessive
behaviour, substance abuse, cardiovascular and
neurological complications, and impaired physical
development.

29. BULIMIA NERVOSA BULIMIA NERVOSA
– Characterized by recurrent and frequent episodes
of eating unusually large amounts of food (e.g.,
binge-eating), and feeling a lack of control over
the eating.
– This binge-eating is followed by a type of behavior
that compensates for the binge, such as purging
(e.g., vomiting, excessive use of laxatives or
diuretics), fasting and/or excessive exercise. Unlike
anorexia, people with bulimia can fall within the
normal range for their age and weight.

30. • BINGE-EATING DISORDER
– Characterized by recurrent binge-eating episodes
during which a person feels a loss of control over
his or her eating.
– Unlike bulimia, binge-eating episodes are not
followed by purging, excessive exercise or fasting.
As a result, people with binge-eating disorder
often are overweight or obese.

31. • Muscle Dysmorphia
– Unlike most types of eating disorders, muscle
dysmorphia tends to affect more men than women.
The disorder is characterized by a disruptive obsession
with musculature and physique. The individual will
fixate on obtaining the ‘perfect’ form of musculature.
• Orthorexia Nervosa (a term coined by the writer
and medical doctor, Steven Bratman)
– We are all under pressure to eat healthier for various
reasons. In the case of orthorexia nervosa, someone
becomes so obsessed with planning a perfect diet that
it disrupts their life.

32. • Pregorexia
– Since it is fairly common knowledge that pregnancy
leads to weight gain and other bodily changes, so
most women go into pregnancy with a weight loss
plan. Sometimes, the weight loss plan can be too
extreme and can endanger both mom and baby.
Pregorexia can lead to low birth weight, coronary
heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, hypertension,
cardiovascular disease risk, and depression
• Other specified Eating disorder
– Compulsive Over Eating (COE), Prader Willi
Syndrome, Diabulimia, Orthorexia Nervosa, Selective
Eating Disorder, Drunkorexia and Pregorexia.

33. HEALTH RISKS CAUSED BY EATING
DISORDERS
• Anorexia nervosa, self-starvation extreme weight
loss, one becomes obsessed with losing weight
• Short-Term Health Risks
– Weight Loss
– Gastrointestinal complaints
– Fatigue
– Hair Loss
– Dehydration

34. • Long-Term Health Risks of Anorexia Nervosa
– Osteoporosis
– Seizures
– Anaemia
– Infertility
• Bulimia nervosa, disorder where an individual
eats large/frequent amount of meals and
abuses food ridding techniques( induced
vomiting, induced diarrhoea or excessive
exercises) in order to achieve eating more

35. – Cardiac complications (irregular heartbeat and
heart failure stemming from electrolyte
imbalances such as potassium, sodium, and
chloride)
– Dehydration
– Oedema (stemming from periods of purging
cessation)
– Ulcers, pancreatitis
– Oesophageal inflammation and/rupture, acid
reflux (resulting from vomiting)
– "Bulimia teeth" or tooth decay and staining
(caused by stomach acids/frequent vomiting)

36. – Digestive irregularity (chronic irregular bowel
movements and constipation, sometimes
stemming from laxative abuse)
– Fatigue and muscle weakness (from over-exercise
or electrolyte imbalances)
– Risks associated with diabulimia (manipulating
insulin for weight loss in Type 1 Diabetics),
including organ damage and peripheral
neuropathy

37. • Binge eating disorder, a disorder of eating
large amount of meals without involvement in
food ridding techniques
– Weight gain/obesity
– High blood pressure
– High cholesterol
– Heart disease
– Type II diabetes mellitus
– Emotional and mental distress

38. • Muscle Dysmorphia
– Unlike most types of eating disorders, Muscle
Dysmorphia tends to affect more men than
women. The disorder is characterized by a
disruptive obsession with musculature and
physique. The individual will fixate on obtaining
the ‘perfect’ form of musculature.

39. Aetiology of Eating disorders
Aetiology of eating disorders remains with
degrees of uncertainty among researchers. The
link between different facets makes aetiology of
these conditions unclear.
• Body image disturbance
– Body cachexia, the degree of body satisfaction and
dissatisfaction is believed to be an integral part of
self-esteem. Individuals assess their bodies by
measuring them against ideal body type of culture.

40. • Personality traits
– traits such as impulsivity, novelty seeking, stress
reactivity, harm avoidance, perfectionism, and
other personality traits are common in patients
with eating disorders.
• Socio-Cultural Factor
• Biological factors