Motivation - psychology chapter

1. MOTIVATION
COURSE INSTRUCTOR
PALWASHA KHAN

2. MOTIVATION
Motivation is the process that initiates, guides,
and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is what
causes you to act, whether it is getting a glass
of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to
gain knowledge.

3. ● Motivation is a psychological phenomenon which
generates within an individual. A person feels the
lack of certain needs, to satisfy which he feels
working more. The need satisfying ego motivates a
person to do better than he normally does.
● It is the driving force behind human actions.
● Frequently used to describe why a person
does something or what causes person’s
behavior.

4. TYPES OF MOTIVATION
● Extrinsic motivations are those that arise from outside
of the individual.
● Intrinsic motivations are those that arise from within
the individual.

5. EXAMPLES:
● INTRINSIC
MOTIVATION
Think about why you are
currently in college. Are you
here because you enjoy learning
and want to pursue an education
to make yourself a more well-
rounded individual? If so, then
you are intrinsically motivated.
● EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
However, if you are here because
you want to get a college degree to
make yourself more marketable for a
high-paying career or to satisfy
the demands of your parents, then
your motivation is more extrinsic
in nature.
In reality, our motivations are often a mix of both intrinsic and extrinsic
factors, but the nature of the mix of these factors might change over
time.

6. MOTIVATION CYCLE
NEED: A need is lack or deficit of some
necessity.
DRIVE/IMPULSE: is a state of arousal and energizes
a person for some activity.
GOAL DIRECTED BEHAVIOR: which is initiated
by the drive
ACHEIVEMENT/INCENTIVE: Achieving goal
REDUCTION OF AROUSAL: Satisfaction

7. MOTIVATION CYCLE
A need is lack or deficit of some necessity. The condition of need leads to drive. A
drive is a state of tension or arousal produced by a need. It energizes random
activity. When one of the random activities leads to a goal, it reduces the drive, and
the organism stops being active. The organism returns to a balanced state.

8. CLASSIFICATION OF MOTIVES
● Basically, motivation can be classified into: biological
and psychosocial.

9. PRIMARY MOTIVES
These are essential for survival . Although they may differ in their degree.
•Hunger
•Thirst
•Respiration
•Defecation
•Urination
• Sleep
• Pain
• Maternal Behavior
• Sex

10. HOW SEX IS PRIMARY MOTIVES
● Sexual motivation is the impulse to gratify sexual
needs, either through direct sexual activity or
through apparently unrelated activity.
● This is a biological motive, arises in the organism
as a result of secretion of sex hormones-like
androgens and estrogens. Sex need is not essential
for the survival of the individual, but it is
essential for the survival of the species. However,
fulfillment of the sex need is not like satisfying
hunger or thirst. Thus, sexual drives are more
likely to be sublimated, or channeled into other
avenues of gratification, to achieve socially
acceptable goals.

11. Psychosocial/Learned/Secondary Motives:
● Human life has not only just biological aspect but also social aspect. Hence
human behaviour is activated by the following social motives.
● 1. Achievement motives
● 2. Affiliation motives
● 4. Power motives
● 5. Curiosity motives.
● These are called social motives since they develop as a result of
relationships with people.

12. Achievement motives
● It can be defined as an individual's need for
excellence and significant accomplishment.
● In the workplace, achievement motivation leads
some people to be high performers who desire
success—and fear failure. They seek out tasks that
they can successfully complete while avoiding
responsibilities or tasks where they might fail.
Achievement motive also drives them to persist,
putting in long hours and hard work, at goals they
know they can accomplish.

13. Affiliation motives
● The Need for affiliation describes a person's need to
feel a sense of involvement and "belonging" within
a social group.
● People with a high need for affiliation require
warm interpersonal relationships and approval from those
with whom they have regular contact. People who place
high emphasis on affiliation tend to be supportive team
members.

14. Power motives
● The power motive is the desire to have impact on other
people, to affect their behavior or emotions.
● Persons with power motives will be concerned with having
impact, influence and reputation.
● They exercise their power by joining political parties,
voluntary organizations, They select jobs which have an
impact on others and dominate weaker sections of the
society.

15. CURIOSITY
● Curiosity is a tendency to explore and know new things.
We see people indulge in a travelling to look at new
places, new things and new developments taking place
outside their environment.
● People want to extend their knowledge and experiences by
exploring new things.
●

16. THEORIES OF MOTIVATIONS

17. Drive-Reduction Approaches to
Motivation
● Theories suggesting that a lack of a basic biological requirement such as water
produces a drive to obtain that requirement (in this case, the thirst drive).
● Drive: A “drive” is a state of arousal or tension triggered by a person’s physiological
or biological needs.
● According to the theory, any behaviour that reduces the drives will be repeated by
humans and animals. This is because the reduction of the drive serves as a positive
reinforcement (i.e. a reward) for the behaviour that caused such drive reduction.

18. Incentive theory of motivation
● The incentive theory of motivation is a behavioral
theory that suggests people are motivated by a drive for
incentives and reinforcement. The incentive theory also
proposes that people behave in a way they believe will
result in a reward and avoid actions that may entail
punishment.
● Employees might behave differently in similar situations
depending on the incentives available. For example, an
employee might work harder on a project to earn a good
review or to avoid a poor review than if they don’t
receive a review at all. Their motivation is their
desire to receive a reward or avoid punishment via a
performance review at the end of the project.

19. ● Incentives in the workplace, as in other facets of life,
can also be positive or negative:
● Positive incentives: Provide positive assurance that an
employee will receive something they desire in exchange
for doing their work well. Examples of positive
incentives include recognition, promotions, raises and
so forth.
● Negative incentives: Correct mistakes or discourage
certain behaviors. Negative incentives include
reprimands, demotions, pay decreases and other kinds of
penalties.

20. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
● Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory of
motivation which states that five
categories of human needs dictate an
individual’s behavior. Those needs are
physiological needs, safety needs, love
and belonging needs, esteem needs, and
self-actualization needs.
● This hierarchy suggests that people are
motivated to fulfill basic needs before
moving on to other,
more advanced needs.

21. ● Physiological needs - these are biological requirements for human survival, e.g. air, food, drink,
shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep.
● If these needs are not satisfied the human body cannot function optimally. Maslow considered
physiological needs the most important as all the other needs become secondary until these
needs are met.
● 2. Safety needs - once an individual’s physiological needs are satisfied, the needs for security
and safety become salient. People want to experience order, predictability and control in their
lives. These needs can be fulfilled by the family and society (e.g. police, schools, business and
medical care).
● For example, emotional security, financial security (e.g. employment, social welfare), law and
order, freedom from fear, social stability, property, health and wellbeing (e.g. safety against
accidents and injury).
● 3. Love and belongingness needs - after physiological and safety needs have been fulfilled, the
third level of human needs is social and involves feelings of belongingness. Belongingness, refers
to a human emotional need for interpersonal relationships, affiliating, connectedness, and being
part of a group.
● Examples of belongingness needs include friendship, intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving
and giving affection, and love

22. ● 5. Esteem needs : are the fourth level in Maslow’s hierarchy and include self-
worth, accomplishment and respect. Maslow classified esteem needs into two
categories: (I) esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery,
independence) and (ii) the desire for reputation or respect from others (e.g.,
status, prestige).
● Maslow indicated that the need for respect or reputation is most important for
children and adolescents and precedes real self-esteem or dignity.
● 5. Self-actualization needs : are the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy, and
refer to the realization of a person's potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal
growth and peak experiences. Maslow (1943) describes this level as the desire
to accomplish everything that one can, to become the most that one can be.
● Individuals may perceive or focus on this need very specifically. For example,
one individual may have a strong desire to become an ideal parent. In another,
the desire may be expressed economically, academically or athletically. For
others, it may be expressed creatively, in paintings, pictures, or inventions.

25. Abraham Maslow, proposed a theory of motivation based on universal human needs. Maslow believed that
each individual has a hierarchy of needs, consisting of physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-
actualization needs. Maslow’s theory of motivation contends that people act to satisfy their unmet needs.
When you’re hungry, for instance, you look for and eat food, thus satisfying a basic physiological need. Once
a need is satisfied, its importance to the individual diminishes, and a higher-level need is more likely to
motivate the person. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the most basic human needs are
physiological needs, that is, the needs for food, shelter, and clothing. In large part, it is the physiological
needs that motivate a person to find a job. People need to earn money to provide food, shelter, and clothing
for themselves and their families. Once people have met these basic needs, they reach the second level
in Maslow’s hierarchy, which is safety needs. People need to feel secure, to be protected from physical harm,
and to avoid the unexpected. In work terms, they need job security and protection from work hazards.
Physiological needs and safety are physical needs. Once these are satisfied, individuals focus on needs that
involve relationships with other people. At Maslow’s third level are social needs, or needs for belonging
(acceptance by others) and for giving and receiving friendship and love. Informal social groups on and off the
job help people satisfy these needs. At the fourth level in Maslow’s hierarchy are esteem needs, which are
needs for the respect of others and for a sense of accomplishment and achievement. Satisfaction of these
needs is reflected in feelings of self-worth. Praise and recognition from managers and others in the firm
contribute to the sense of self-worth. Finally, at the highest level in Maslow’s hierarchy are self-actualization
needs, or needs for fulfillment, for living up to one’s potential, and for using one’s abilities to the utmost

26. Hierarchy of needs summary
● (a) human beings are motivated by a hierarchy of needs.
● (b) needs are organized in a hierarchy of prepotency in
which more basic needs must be more or less met (rather
than all or none) prior to higher needs.
● (c) the order of needs is not rigid but instead may be
flexible based on external circumstances or individual
differences.
● (d) most behavior is multi-motivated, that is,
simultaneously determined by more than one basic need.