Motivation and important aspects of life

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MOTIVATION
PRESENTED BY :MOATASIM BILLAH
REG NO: 3535
PRESENTEDTO ::DR M USMAN

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CONCEPT OF MOTIVATION
• The term motivation is derived from latin word Movere,means “to move ”.
• Motivation can be referred as combination of motive and action.
• Motivation is an action word that influence every espect of our daily lives.
• Motivation is fundamental in the level of success an individual attain.
• Motivation is personal and internal feeling .The feelings araise from wants and needs.
• Motivation is continiuous process as our one need is fulfills it gives raise to other needs.
• There is general agreement that people motivated in a situation where they can
participate

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• they can feel accomplishment and receive recognition for their work.
DEFINITION
1. “Motivation is the willingness of a person to make intense and
persistent efforts to achive desired goals .”
• Motivation is what causes you to act,weather it is getting a glass of water to
reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge.
• Motivation is a psychological term which cannot be forced on
employees.
• It comes automatically from inside the employee.

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 MOTIVATER: something that satisfy the needs.
MOTIVATING: process of inducing others to engage in
goal directed behavior by presenting motivation.
NATURE OF MOTIVATION:
• Based on motives
• Affected by motivating

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• Goal directed behavior
• Related to sasatisfaction
TYPES OF MOTIVATION:
POSITIVEAND NEGATIVE MOTIVATION
Through rewards or through punishment .
FOR EXAMPLE
Positive motivation :Receiving praise and recognition

6. For completing a project ahead of schedule.
Negative motivation :Facing the consequences of extra workload Due
to procrastination and and missed deadline.
INTRINSIC ANDEXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
• Achievement or competing.
FOR EXAMPLE
Intrinsic motivation :Exercising because it makes you feel good and and healthy.
Extrinsic motivation :Exercising to win a fitness or earn a reward.

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PROCESS OF MOTIVATION
NEED TENSION
GOAL DIRECTED
BEHAVIOUR
NEED
SATISFACTION
FEEDBACK

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Classification of Motives
Name: Saeed Ur Rahman
Registration No: 3539

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Primary Motives
Necessary for the Survival of living organism
 Anger
 Thirst
 Sleep
 Temperature
 Sexual Motives
 Pain Reduction
 Oxygen
 Maternal Love

10. 1.Hunger
A) General Hunger of Food needs
 Contraction in the stomach
 Weakness
 Light headedness
B) Specific food need
 Not because of hunger but
because of Preference of
that particular food

11. Cause of hunger drive
o Contraction of stomach: Canon, Washburn and Carlson (1916)
experiment
o The reduction of sugar in the blood
o Neural factors: When hypothalamus is stimulated hunger
increases
o The sight of foods
o Smell and taste of foods
o Preferences and Culture

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2.Thirst
Water is necessary for our body
 Dryness of throat i.e. we drink to wet a dry mouth)
 Taste a good beverage)
 Loss of water from cells causes dehydration.

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3.Sexual Desire
 Not aroused by lack of substances in the body
 Depends on sex hormones:
 Organize the brain and body of developing people and lower animals
 Produced by Gonads
 Estrogen and testosterone
 Amphetamines
 Cognitive factors: thought, feelings, fantasies and memories
 Pheromones odorless substances produced by the body
 Social needs

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4.Sleep
 Important need of the body that must be satisfied at periodic intervals
 Whenever a person works, fatigue arises
 Reticular formation in the brain conduct the sleeping and working
function
 Learned factors: Sleep waking rhythm
 Primary need for sleep: Darkness, certain kind of bed, and other
situations

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5.Regulation of Temperature
 Hypothalamus regulates the normal temperature
 Avoid extremes of heat or cold
 Maintain and regulate normal body temperature
 For example; Shivering and perspiration

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6.Pain Reduction
 Run for safety
 Avoid any injury
 Desire to reduce pain or eliminate pain and to lessen the sufferings of
others

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7. Maternal Love
 It is instinctive, innate and learned
 Important for secure foundation
 Necessary in the development of the child, following the birth of
a new born
 Maternal instinct is full of love, care, devotion and understanding
of child's needs

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8.Oxygen
 Respiration refers to intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide
 Automatic process
 Body needs and necessary for survival

19. Muhammad Ibraheem Masood
3541-FLL/BSENG/S23
SECONDARY MOTIVES

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SECONDARY MOTIVES
 DEFINITION: It is a motive that has been learned or acquired over time.
 Secondary Motives are desires and goals apart from basic or physiological needs (Food, Water, Sleep, Rest, Shelter).
 Introduced by a psychologist, Henry Murray in the early 20th Century.
 Henry Murray highlighted the role of secondary motives in shaping behavior beyond basic needs.
 CONTRIBUTION: Notable for his work on the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) to uncover hidden desires and motives.
 TAT: TAT is a test where a bunch of pictures are shown to an individual and asked to make up stories about them. These
stories reflect thoughts, feelings, fears and desires of an individual. These stories help the psychologist to understand what
the individual really wants.
 Secondary motives explore desires for achievements, making relationships, and personal growth.
 It shows there’s more to why we do things than just surviving.

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SECONDARY MOTIVES
 Secondary motives can be distributed into following groups for better understanding:
a) SOCIAL MOTIVES: Motives related to social interaction and recognition.
Examples: Social approval (seeking acceptance), Social comparison (comparing oneself to
others).
b) PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES: Centers around personal growth and how we see ourselves.
Examples: Affiliation (desiring social bonds), Self-esteem (valuing oneself), Self-
actualization (reaching full potential).
c) GENERAL MOTIVES: A motive is considered to be a general motive if it is not learned, but
is also not based on physiological need.
Examples: Aggression (expressing hostility), Achievement (pursuing goals), Power Motive
(seeking influence), Curiosity Motive (exploring and learning).

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SOCIAL MOTIVES
 SOCIAL MOTIVES: Social motives involve our desires for social interactions, recognition, and connections
with others.
 Social approval and social comparison are part of this group.
1) SOCIAL APPROVAL: Social approval is when people express positive feelings or acceptance towards
someone’s behavior, choices, or actions.
 Social approval is crucial as it fulfills our need for acceptance, acknowledgment, and positive
connections, contributing to emotional well-being.
 Positive social approval brings joy and motivation, encouraging individuals to keep doing positive things,
while a lack of it may lead to feelings of rejection or low self-worth, impacting mental and emotional
states.
 David Marlowe and David P. Crowne developed the Social Approval Scale. The Social Approval Scale
measures tendencies by presenting individuals with scenarios involving social approval or disapproval.
Responses help understand how much importance someone places on seeking approval.

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SOCIAL MOTIVES
2. SOCIAL COMPARISON: Social Comparison involves evaluating oneself in relation to
others, often in terms of abilities, achievements, or social standing.
 People value social comparisons to assess their strengths, weaknesses, and overall
standing in various aspects of life, contributing to self-awareness.
 Healthy social comparisons can inspire motivation, goal-setting, and personal
growth, while unhealthy comparisons may lead to feelings of inadequacy, stress, or
dissatisfaction, negatively affecting mental well-being.
 Leon Festinger proposed the Social Comparison Theory in 1954 that explains that
individuals engage in social comparison to reduce uncertainty about their abilities
and opinions, providing insights into the psychological processes behind this
behavior.

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PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES
 PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES: Centers around personal growth and how we see ourselves.
 Abraham Maslow in his book, A Theory of Human Motivation, highlighted love, belongingness,
self-esteem, and self-actualization as key psychological motives. He viewed self-actualization as
the ultimate goal.
1) AFFILIATION: Affiliation refers to the desire for social connections, friendships, and a sense of
belonging.
 Individuals value affiliation as it fulfills the basic human need for social bonds, provides
emotional support, and reduces feelings of isolation.
 Affiliation fosters positive emotions, and a sense of belonging, while lack of it may lead to
feelings of loneliness, and isolation.
 Affiliation is considered a fundamental need in Maslow's Hierarchy, emphasizing its role in
shaping behavior and well-being.

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PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES
2. SELF-ESTEEM: Self-esteem, within psychological motives, refers to an individual's
overall evaluation of their own worth and competence.
 Individuals value self-esteem as it shapes how they perceive themselves, impacting
mental and emotional well-being.
 High self-esteem fosters resilience, confidence, and a positive mindset, contributing
to overall well-being, while low self-esteem may lead to self-doubt, anxiety, and
negatively affect mental health.
 The term "self-esteem" was first used in 1890 by psychologist William James. Self-
esteem is considered a key element in Maslow's Hierarchy, highlighting its
significance in shaping human behavior and mental health.

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PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES
3. SELF-ACTUALIZATION: Self-actualization refers to the pursuit of realizing one's full
potential and personal growth.
 Individuals value self-actualization as it provides a sense of purpose, fulfillment, and
the realization of personal goals.
 Achieving self-actualization fosters a deep sense of satisfaction, purpose, and a
holistic sense of well-being, while struggles in pursuing self-actualization may lead
to feelings of unfulfillment and a lack of purpose.
 Self-actualization is the highest point of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, illustrating its
significance in human development and well-being.

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GENERAL MOTIVES
 General Motives are basic desires that a lot of people have. These include wanting to achieve things,
feeling powerful, being curious about things, and sometimes even feeling a bit aggressive.
 They're common desires that shape who we are and why we act the way we do.
1) AGGRESSION: Aggression involves behaviors driven by a desire to harm or assert dominance. It is a
way to express frustration, defend themselves, or compete.
 Aggression can develop due to various factors, including environmental stress, genetics, or learned
behaviors.
 In certain situations, controlled aggression can be a protective mechanism, helping individuals to
defend themselves. Uncontrolled or excessive aggression may lead to conflicts and harm
relationships.
 Sigmund Freud explored the role of aggression in human behavior. Freud's theories, including the
concept of the "death instinct (Self-destructive mode)," contribute to understanding the complex
origins and expressions of aggression in individuals.

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GENERAL MOTIVES
2) ACHIEVEMENT: Achievement motivation drives individuals to strive for success,
setting and achieving goals.
 Individuals value achievement motivation as it provides a sense of accomplishment
and purpose, guiding their aspirations.
 Achievement motivation can develop through personal aspirations, societal
expectations, or experiences that encourage goal-setting.
 Achievement motivations help in handling difficult situations, determination, and a
sense of fulfillment upon accomplishing goals while overemphasis on achievement
without balance may lead to stress and tiredness.
 David McClelland's work on the need for achievement highlighted how patterns of
parents and early experiences influence the development of achievement
motivation in individuals.

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GENERAL MOTIVES
3. POWER MOTIVES: Power motivation drives individuals to seek influence, control, or
authority.
 Power motivation is important as it influences how individuals seek leadership
roles, control situations, and impact others.
 Power motivation can drive individuals to take initiative, lead effectively, and
contribute positively to group dynamics while excessive or unethical pursuit of
power may lead to conflicts, abuse of authority, and negative consequences for
relationships.
 David McClelland's Human Motivation Theory states that people have three main
motivators: achievement, affiliation, and power. These motivators are not innate,
but are developed through life experiences and culture.

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GENERAL MOTIVES
 CURIOSITY: Curiosity motivation drives individuals to seek knowledge, explore, and
understand. Exploration and Manipulation are considered curiosity motives.
 Exploration involves seeking new information and experiences, while manipulation is
actively engaging with the environment.
 Curiosity is innate in humans. It's a natural instinct that's present from birth. However,
research shows that curiosity can be developed.
 Exploration and manipulation foster continuous learning, creativity, and adaptability,
contributing to personal and intellectual growth while excessive or misguided curiosity
may lead to distraction, impulsivity, or potential risks, and affecting focus.
 Daniel Berlyne proposed Curiosity and Arousal Theory which contributes to understanding
how exploration and manipulation as curiosity motives, drive learning, problem-solving,
and cognitive development in individuals.

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INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
 Submitted by : SHAHID KHAN.
 Submitted to : Muhammad Usman.
 Reg no : 3543. Sec (b)

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Intrinsic motivation.
Intrinsic motivation.
 The motivation that comes from inside individual to fulfil personal needs, self development and
enjoyment.
 No obvious external rewards.
OBJECTIVE AIM.
 For internal pleasure, enjoyment, grooming, Self Satisfaction, Developing etc.

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Intrinsic motivation.
LOCUS OF CONTROL.
 Internal to an individual.
FOCUS.
 Intrinsic Motivation purely focus on actions.
DRIVEN BY.
 Individuals desire pleasure and needs.
Needs satisfaction.
 Intrinsic motivation satisfy psychological needs.

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Intrinsic motivation.
Concerned with.
 Enjoys challenging task by putting his/her Efforts.
examples:
 Travelling because you want to explore more places.
 Playing guitar or piano For inner piece.

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Extrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation.
 Extrinsic motivation is defined As the behavior Of Individual to do A particular task, or skill
improvement for external rewards or avoidance of punishment.
Objective aim.
 Extrinsic motivation is to do something for the sake of rewards.
Locus of control.
 External to an individual.

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Extrinsic motivations.
Focus.
 Extrinsic motivation purely focusses on outcome (for example to achive sales target etc.)
Driven by.
 Drive by others or external Factors (commission, bonus etc. )
Satisfaction needs.
 Extrinsic motivation satisfy physiological needs.

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Extrinsic motivation.
Concerned with.
 Comparing the value of rewards With efforts.
Examples:
 Work hard to get commission, bonus or promotion etc.
 Timely payment of taxes to avoid penalty.

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Name: ISRAR MUNIR
Registration no: 3553-FLL/BSENG/S23
Faculty: Languages and literature
Subject: Psychology
Topic: Herzberg’s two factor theory of motivation
Teacher Name: Muhammad Usman

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Herzberg’s Two Factors Theory Of
Motivation
• In 1959 Frederick Herzberg proposed Two Factors Theory.
• Herzberg was a behavioral Scientist.
• Herzberg was a Clinical psychologist And pioneer of “Job enrichment”.
• Herzberg investigate 200 accountants and engineers in the USA.
• According to Herzberg there are some job factors that results in satisfaction and dissatisfaction .
• Satisfaction and dissatisfaction at work aroses from differents factors.

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 Man has two sets of needs.
1) As an animal to avoid pain
2) As a human being to grow psychologically
 Peoples are influenced by two factors.
1) Hygiene factors
2) Motivators or Motivational factors

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1) Hygiene Factors
 Hygiene factors are needed to ensure an employee does not became dissatisfied.
 They do not lead to higher levels of motivation,
but without them there is dissatisfaction.
 Hygiene factors are also called as dissatisfiers or Maintenance
factors as they are required to avoid dissatisfaction.
 The hygiene factors symbolize the physiological needs which
the individual wanted and expected to be fullfilled.

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The Hygiene factors includes.
 Pay or Salary structure
 Company policies and Administration policies.
 Physical working condition
 Work equipment
 Job Security

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2) Motivators or Motivational factors
 Motivational factors are needed in order to motivate
an employee into higher performance.
 These factors results from internal generators in employees.
These factors motivate the employees for a superior performance.
 They are therefore called satisfiers or motivators.

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The motivational factors includes.
 Recognition and Achievement
 Achievements
 Responsibility
 Work ownership
 Work itself

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 Herzberg’ Two factors theory is a well known Concept in the
field of human resources management and organizational
behaviour.
 This concept puts forward two factors that motivate
employees job satisfaction and dissatisfaction.
 While these might seems opposites, they work together in a
cycle.

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Submitted By: Saad Irfan khan
Submitted To: M. Usman
Roll No: 3549
Cognative Theory

49. • Cognitive Theory
A branch of psychology, explores how
people acquire, process, and use
information.

50. z • Examines how individuals interpret and
explain the causes of events or behaviors
Attribution Theory

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Mass law Theory For The Need Of hire racy
 Phycological Needs
 Safely Needs
 Esteem Needs
 Self Actualization

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Motivation
Presented by shukrat khan
Reg no : 3545

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Douglas McGregor’s
Theory x and theory y
1. Introduction:
2. He was born in 1906 and died in 1964.
3. McGregor’s was a well known psychologist.
4. He proposed two contrasting theory of human behaviours which
is called theory x & y
5. These theories contain two pair of assumption about human
being.

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Theory X
1. Based on assumption that peoples are lazy or dislike
2. They don’t accept challenges
3. Peoples are don’t responsible
4. People are lack of ambition
5. Peoples are selfish
6. Peoples are need economic and financial gains
7. Don’t self motivated

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Theory’ Y
1. Bassed on assumption that people are work play.
2. People are accept challenges
3. They are responsible
4. Don’t selfish
5. Ambitious people
6. Peoples are skilful and knowledgeable
7. They want to make maximum use of potential.

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NAME: Jahangir Karamat
REGISTRATION NO: 3547
SUBJECT: Introduction to psychology
DEPARTMENT: BS English Literature

57.  Tittle; Factor Effecting Motivation Stratragies
 Introduction:
 Motivation is the desire to act in service of a goal. It’s the
crucial element in setting and attaining our objectives.
Motivation is one of the driving forces behind human
behavior. It fuels competition and sparks social connection.
It absence can lead to mental illness such as depression.
Motivation encompasses the desire to continue striving
toward meaning, purpose and a life worth living.

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Key Psychological Factors Affecting
Motivation Strategies:*
 Psychological factors play a crucial role in shaping an
individual's motivation and influencing the effectiveness of
motivation strategies.
 *Cognitive Dissonance:*
Cognitive dissonance arises when an individual holds two
conflicting beliefs or behaviors.

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*Goal Setting:*
setting clear, specific, and achievable goals is a
powerful motivator. Goals provide direction,
enhance focus, and create a sense of progress.
Motivation strategies that incorporate goal-setting
techniques, such as SMART goals, can help
individuals establish clear objectives and track
their progress towards achieving them.

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Self-efficacy:*
. * Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their
ability to succeed in a particular task or situation. High
self-efficacy is associated with increased motivation and
persistence in the face of challenges. Motivation
strategies that promote self-efficacy, such as providing
positive feedback and highlighting past achievements,
can boost an individual's confidence in their abilities.

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Emotional Intelligence:*
. *Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to understand,
manage, and express emotions effectively. Individuals with high EI are
better equipped to regulate their emotions, cope with stress, and build
positive relationships. Motivation strategies that cultivate EI, such as
emotional awareness training and conflict resolution skills, can
enhance an individual's overall well-being and motivation.