Motivation is important for optimal employee and organizational performance. It is influenced by internal and external factors and is goal-oriented. Theories by Maslow, Herzberg, and McGregor provide frameworks for understanding human motivation. Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization needs. Herzberg's two-factor theory distinguishes between hygiene and motivational factors. McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y make assumptions about employee work preferences and responsibility. Financial and non-financial methods can be used to motivate employees.

2. What Is
Motivation?• Motivation is an important factor which
encourages persons to give their best
performance and help in attaining
organizational goals.
• Motivation is what causes us to act,
whether it is getting a glass of water to
reduce thirst or reading a book to gain
knowledge.

3. DEFINITION OF
MOTIVATION
According to Brech, ”Motivation is a
willingness to expand energy to achieve a
goal or a reward.”

4. Characteristics of
motivation
• Energetic force
• Internal feeling
• Goal oriented
• Both positive and negative
• Motivation in totality
• Motivations change
• Complex process

5. Importance of Motivation
• Satisfaction of needs
• Job satisfaction
• Productivity
• Reduction in labour turnover and
absenteeism
• Acceptance of organization changes
• Increase in all round efficiency
• Better use of resources
• Creates friendly work environment

6. Causes of low Motivation level
• Work is inadequately divided.
• One employee is getting higher pay for
doing less important work compare to one
who is doing more quality work and
getting less salary.
• If a worker is not well, physically or
mentally.
• When there is no chance of promotion.
• If the employee does not get any sense of
achievement while working in the
organization.

7. Factors improving Motivation
• Two way communication
• Proper incentive system
• Human relation approach
• Welfare schemes
• Participation in management
• Improve worker’s training

8. Theories of
Motivation

10. Abraham Maslow
He described how different
needs have greater priority
than others. When he did, he
found that our needs can be
understood better by
arranging them in the order of
their importance, in our lives.

12. What Is Maslow’s Hierarchy
of Needs Theory?
• Maslow was a psychologist who
proposed that within every person is a
hierarchy of five needs:
1. Physiological needs - air, food, drink,
shelter, cloths, sleep, etc.
2. Safety needs – pension for old age,
insurance plan, compensation for lay
off , etc.

13. • 3. Belongingness or social needs –
love, work group, family, affection,
relationships, etc.
• 4. Esteem needs - self-respect,
achievement, self-confidence,
status, appreciation, managerial
responsibility, etc.
• 5. Self-Actualization needs -
realizing personal potential, self-
development, seeking personal
growth and peak experiences.

14. Three basic ingredients of Maslow’s theory :
1) A man is a social animal. He always
want more and more. His needs are of
many types.
2) There is a hierarchy of those needs i.e.
these needs are arranged in series of
preference. After the low needs are
satisfied, the needs at higher level take
their place. A man whose stomach is full
becomes conscious of other needs.
3) A satisfied need can never work as a
motivator. Only those needs which are
not satisfied act as a motivator.

15. Frederick Herzberg
developed the
two factor theory

16. What Is Herzberg’s Two-
Factor Theory?
• Frederick Herzberg’s an American
psychologist who became one of the most
influential names in business management.
• Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory, also
known as the two-factor theory proposes
that:
– Intrinsic factors are related to job
satisfaction and motivation
– Extrinsic factors are associated with job
dissatisfaction

17. He found that there are two
sets of needs :
• Hygiene Factors
–Factors that eliminate job
dissatisfaction but don’t
motivate.
• Motivational factors
–Factors that increase job
satisfaction and motivation

18. Douglas McGregor
develop two theories
of human behavior

19. What Are McGregor’s Theory X
and Theory Y?
Douglas McGregor was a Management professor at the MIT Sloan
School of Management. He also taught at the Indian Institute of
Management ,Calcutta
McGregor is best known for proposing two assumptions about
human nature:
• Theory X
– The assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, avoid
responsibility, and must be coerced to work
• Theory Y
– The assumption that employees are creative, enjoy work,
seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction

20. Comparison Theory X Theory Y
1. Communication One way Two way
2. Planning Top management does it Involvement of all
3. Decision-making At top level Involvement of all
4. Management Autocratic Democratic
5. Delegation and
Decentralization
Minimum Maximum
6. Direction and control From the top Self-control and self-
direction
7. Assumption
regarding people
Dislike work Like work
8. Assumption
regarding responsibility
Dislike responsibility Accept and seek
responsibility
9. Response to change Resistant to change They recognize and
accept changes
10. Creativity
assumption
People lack creativity They possess creative
potential

21. Methods Of Motivation
• Financial Motivation
• Non Financial Motivation
Participation
Job enrichment
Integrating the communication
flow
Positive reinforcement
Terms of employment
Favorable work environment