The document discusses Durkheim's sociological theories on suicide. Durkheim established that suicide rates are higher among certain demographic groups, such as men, singles, the unmarried, Protestants. He identified four main types of suicide: egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic. The document then discusses reasons for and statistics on suicide in Pakistan, ways it is committed, effects on survivors, and strategies for prevention.

2. WHAT IS SUICIDE? Suicide is a form of deviance. It is so because most people do not do it because of religious and cultural taboos. The study of suicide also contains in a nutshell the essence of sociological theories and methods.

3. DURKHEIM’S CONCEPT ON SUICIDE Durkheim established that: Suicide rates are higher in men than women. Suicide rates are higher for singles than married. Suicide rates are higher for people without children than people with children. Suicide rates are higher among Protestants than Catholics and Jews. Suicide rates are higher among soldiers than civilians. Suicide rates are higher in times of peace than in times of war. Suicide rates are higher in Scandinavian countries. Higher the education level, the more likely it was that an individual would commit suicide, however Durkheim established that there is more correlation between an individual's religion and suicide rate than an individual's education level; Jewish people were generally highly educated but had a low suicide rate.

4. TYPES OF SUICIDES Types of suicides by Durkheim: Egoistic Suicide Altruistic Suicide Anomic Suicide Fatalistic Suicide

5. REASONS OF SUICIDE IN PAKISTAN Poverty and Inflation Unemployment Lack of education Frustration Depression Uncertainty Lack of parental support. Loosening of cultural norms.

6. SUICIDE STATISTICS IN PAKISTAN 0.43/100,000 in Peshawar, 2.86/100,000 for Rawalpindi, Karachi, 2.1/100,000, Lahore, 1.08/100,000, Faisalabad, 1.12/100,000 and Larkana, 2.6/100,000 . Most suicides occur in young people . Suicide rates are higher in men than women .

7. WAYS ADOPTED FOR SUICIDE IN PAKISTAN Suicide bombings Poisoning Hanging Firearms Drowning Self-Immolation Jumping Use of medicines (in minority). Ingestion of insecticides.

8. EFFECTS OF SUICIDE Conflicting emotions Extreme depression Insomnia Lowered self esteem Undeserving guilt and despair Resentment Confusion Suicide surviviors may retry suicide.

9. WHAT PEOPLE THINK ABOUT SUICIDES IN PAKISTAN?

10. ROLE OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA Suicides increase by: Specific ways of reporting and portrayal of suicides. Internet allowing the forging of communities interested in suicide. Glamorizing suicide in ways which incites suicidal behavior.

11. ROLE OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA Suicide can decrease by: Educating people Avoid glorifying suicide. Include information on where to go for help. Don’t report descriptions of suicide methods. Avoid repetition and the word “suicide” in news. Avoid dramatic visuals. Take particular care when reporting celebrity suicides.

12. CONTROLLING SUICIDE IN PAKISTAN Mental health professionals and government should cooperate. Suicide prevention programs should be integrated. Training emergency room personnel. Review the law regarding suicide in Pakistan. Suicide prevention telephone hotlines. Increase spending on mental health.

13. CONTROLLING SUICIDE IN PAKISTAN Initiating school based interventions. Suicide prevention interventions should be pre-emptive rather than reactive. Implementing strategies that restrict the act to lethal ways of suicide. Media can educate public about suicide prevention. Suicide stories can inform readers about symptoms, warnings and treatments for suicide.

14. "Suicide may also be regarded as an experiment -- a question which man puts to Nature, trying to force her to answer. The question is this: What change will death produce in a man's existence and in his insight into the nature of things? It is a clumsy experiment to make; for it involves the destruction of the very consciousness which puts the question and awaits the answer." Arthur Schopenhauer