Waves, tides, and currents are important components of ocean motion. Waves are caused by wind and transfer energy across the ocean surface, shaping coastlines through erosion and deposition. Tides are the daily rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, forming tidal bulges. Major tide types include semidiurnal, spring, and neap tides. Ocean currents are large flows of water driven by factors like wind, the Coriolis effect, and temperature/density changes. Surface currents are wind-driven while deep currents flow more slowly due to density. The Gulf Stream transports warm water from the Gulf of Mexico north along the eastern US coast.
The document summarizes key concepts about motion in the ocean including waves, tides, and currents. It describes how waves are caused by wind and other disturbances, and the characteristics of different types of waves like chop, swell, and tsunamis. It explains how tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon, and details the differences between spring, neap, perigeal, and apogee tides. It also discusses the causes and effects of various surface and deep ocean currents like the Gulf Stream and how the Coriolis effect influences their direction of flow.
This document summarizes key concepts in coastal geomorphology. It discusses ocean water properties like salinity, temperature, and density which vary based on location. It also describes ocean currents and how they transport heat. Tides are explained as being caused by gravitational pull from the moon and sun. Extreme tides can form landforms. Waves are generated by wind and their characteristics depend on fetch and strength. Waves transform and transport sediment along shorelines via processes like refraction and longshore drift. Erosional and depositional coastal environments are shaped by these processes. Finally, human impacts like stabilization structures are discussed.
Waves are rhythmic movements that transfer energy through matter or space. Ocean waves are caused by forces like wind, tides, and seismic activity. As waves approach shore, their wavelength decreases and height increases. There are different types of breaking waves depending on factors like slope and composition. Waves can be affected by processes like refraction, diffraction, interference, and reflection. Ocean currents are horizontal stream-like movements of water influenced by weather, Earth's rotation, and continental positions. Surface currents are driven by factors like winds, barriers, and the Coriolis effect, while deep currents form from dense, sinking polar waters. Upwelling occurs when surface waters are pushed offshore, bringing nutrient-rich deeper waters up.
The document discusses the major types of ocean water movements: waves, tides, and ocean currents. Waves and currents are horizontal movements caused by wind and other forces, while tides are vertical movements caused by gravitational forces from the sun and moon. Key points covered include the causes and impacts of each type of movement, such as how tides are important for navigation and fisheries and currents influence climate. Ocean movements play a crucial role in distributing heat around the planet.
The document discusses various topics related to oceanography including ocean bottom relief, islands, coral reefs, coral bleaching, movement of ocean water through waves, currents and tides, and salinity of ocean water. It provides details on factors influencing ocean currents like rotation of Earth, air pressure, density gradients, and Coriolis force. Types of islands like continental, volcanic, coral and sandbar are described along with examples. Formation and types of coral reefs as well as conditions for coral growth are summarized.
This document provides an overview of coastal environments and processes. It defines coastal zones and features such as the littoral zone, beach, foreshore, and backshore. It describes factors that influence coastal areas like lithology, geological structures, processes, sea level changes and human impacts. Coastal processes discussed include waves, tides, storm surges, wave refraction, and marine erosion. The summary discusses key coastal landforms and how they are formed by coastal processes.
The document summarizes various topics in physical oceanography and coastal shoreline science. It discusses tides and how the gravitational pull of the moon and sun cause the rise and fall of ocean waters. It also describes ocean waves, density and temperature variations in ocean water layers, ocean currents like the Coriolis effect and global circulation patterns. Finally, it briefly touches on coastal features like beaches, estuaries, and how human structures can disrupt sediment transport.
The document summarizes key concepts about motion in the ocean including waves, tides, and currents. It describes how waves are caused by wind and other disturbances, and the characteristics of different types of waves like chop, swell, and tsunamis. It explains how tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon, and details the differences between spring, neap, perigeal, and apogee tides. It also discusses the causes and effects of various surface and deep ocean currents like the Gulf Stream and how the Coriolis effect influences their direction of flow.
This document summarizes key concepts in coastal geomorphology. It discusses ocean water properties like salinity, temperature, and density which vary based on location. It also describes ocean currents and how they transport heat. Tides are explained as being caused by gravitational pull from the moon and sun. Extreme tides can form landforms. Waves are generated by wind and their characteristics depend on fetch and strength. Waves transform and transport sediment along shorelines via processes like refraction and longshore drift. Erosional and depositional coastal environments are shaped by these processes. Finally, human impacts like stabilization structures are discussed.
Waves are rhythmic movements that transfer energy through matter or space. Ocean waves are caused by forces like wind, tides, and seismic activity. As waves approach shore, their wavelength decreases and height increases. There are different types of breaking waves depending on factors like slope and composition. Waves can be affected by processes like refraction, diffraction, interference, and reflection. Ocean currents are horizontal stream-like movements of water influenced by weather, Earth's rotation, and continental positions. Surface currents are driven by factors like winds, barriers, and the Coriolis effect, while deep currents form from dense, sinking polar waters. Upwelling occurs when surface waters are pushed offshore, bringing nutrient-rich deeper waters up.
The document discusses the major types of ocean water movements: waves, tides, and ocean currents. Waves and currents are horizontal movements caused by wind and other forces, while tides are vertical movements caused by gravitational forces from the sun and moon. Key points covered include the causes and impacts of each type of movement, such as how tides are important for navigation and fisheries and currents influence climate. Ocean movements play a crucial role in distributing heat around the planet.
The document discusses various topics related to oceanography including ocean bottom relief, islands, coral reefs, coral bleaching, movement of ocean water through waves, currents and tides, and salinity of ocean water. It provides details on factors influencing ocean currents like rotation of Earth, air pressure, density gradients, and Coriolis force. Types of islands like continental, volcanic, coral and sandbar are described along with examples. Formation and types of coral reefs as well as conditions for coral growth are summarized.
This document provides an overview of coastal environments and processes. It defines coastal zones and features such as the littoral zone, beach, foreshore, and backshore. It describes factors that influence coastal areas like lithology, geological structures, processes, sea level changes and human impacts. Coastal processes discussed include waves, tides, storm surges, wave refraction, and marine erosion. The summary discusses key coastal landforms and how they are formed by coastal processes.
The document summarizes various topics in physical oceanography and coastal shoreline science. It discusses tides and how the gravitational pull of the moon and sun cause the rise and fall of ocean waters. It also describes ocean waves, density and temperature variations in ocean water layers, ocean currents like the Coriolis effect and global circulation patterns. Finally, it briefly touches on coastal features like beaches, estuaries, and how human structures can disrupt sediment transport.
The document summarizes how oceans shape our lives by discussing the distribution of water on Earth, properties of ocean water, ocean motions, shoreline formations, and the barrier islands of North Carolina's Outer Banks. It explains that barrier islands formed due to rising sea levels, a large sand supply, a gently sloping coast, and wave energy. Humans are increasing the rate of barrier island migration through armoring and development, which reduces available sand and increases erosion risks. Ultimately, one cannot have buildings and beaches in the long run due to the dynamic coastal environment.
This document discusses factors that affect coastal environments. Coasts are dynamic and constantly changing due to natural factors like waves, tides, currents, geology and ecosystems, as well as human activities such as building ports, marinas, and tourism. Waves are generated by wind and their size depends on wind speed, duration and fetch. As waves approach shore, they slow down, grow taller and change shape, eventually breaking on the beach and releasing energy that erodes the coastline.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS - WAVE, MARINE AND SUB-AERIAL PROCESSES. An overall presentation of the first sub-chapter of Coastal Environments chapter.
This document discusses waves, currents, tides and how they are formed. It explains that waves are created by energy passing through water and are caused by wind or disturbances like storms, earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. Currents are driven by factors like wind, density differences, gravity and tides. There are surface currents in the top layers and deep currents caused by temperature and salinity differences. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon which bulges the Earth's oceans on the side facing the moon and opposite the moon, creating high and low tides as the Earth rotates.
This document discusses coastal erosion and mechanisms. It defines coastal terminology and describes the various agents that affect coastal erosion, including wind, waves, tides, and currents. It also examines the erosional and depositional landforms created by coastal processes, such as headlands, sea stacks, beaches, and barrier islands. Additionally, it covers the concepts of coastal erosion, longshore drift, and coastal deposition. The effects of coastal erosion are also addressed, as well as the importance of understanding coastal dynamics and implementing mitigation strategies to reduce erosion.
Coasts are zones where land meets the sea. Coastal processes like waves, tides and currents shape the coastline and form landforms. Waves can be constructive or destructive depending on factors like swash strength. Coastal erosion forms landforms through various processes. Sediment is transported alongshore by longshore drift, forming features like spits and bars. Coasts experience both erosional and depositional landforms. Coasts need protecting for economic and social reasons, and various hard and soft engineering techniques are used for coastal management.
This document discusses several topics related to oceanography: 1) It describes how ocean currents are influenced by winds, the Coriolis effect, and continents. 2) It explains how density currents cause ocean water below the surface to circulate. 3) It defines parts of a wave and describes how waves are created by wind energy and gravitational forces.
This presentation discusses the causes and types of ocean currents. It begins by defining ocean currents as masses of ocean water that flow from one place to another. The main causes are then outlined as solar heating, wind, gravity, salinity, temperature, the Coriolis effect, and underwater earthquakes. The presentation goes on to describe different types of currents including surface vs deep currents, upwelling vs downwelling currents, and western vs eastern boundary currents. Western boundary currents are faster and move warm water poleward while eastern boundary currents are slower and transport colder water toward the equator.
Ocean currents are large-scale flows of ocean water driven by factors like wind and density differences. They form huge circular gyres within ocean basins and influence global climate by transporting heat. The coastal zone includes beaches, shorelines, and areas affected by ocean processes. Waves are formed by wind and transport energy, while tides are daily changes in ocean levels caused by gravitational attraction from the Moon and Sun.
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. A convection cell is a circular flow pattern caused by heating and cooling of the atmosphere or ocean.
2. In the Southern Hemisphere, currents get deflected to the left due to the Coriolis effect.
3. An Ekman spiral occurs in the upper 100 meters or less of the ocean.
4. Surface currents are created by wind stress and friction at the air-sea interface.
5. A gyre is a large system of circular ocean currents, typically thousands of kilometers across.
6. During an El Nino, upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water is reduced along the coasts of the Americas.
7. The
1. Waves transfer energy through water in the ocean. Individual water particles move in circles as a wave passes by rather than moving forward with the wave.
2. Key characteristics of waves include the crest (highest point), trough (lowest point), wavelength (distance between crests), and wave height (distance between crest and trough). Wavelength determines wave speed and how deep the wave disturbs the water.
3. As waves approach shore they slow down and steepen, eventually collapsing in breakers where the crest curls over. Tides are caused by gravitational attraction of the Earth, Moon, and Sun, and vary in daily and monthly cycles.
This document summarizes various coastal processes including waves, currents, tides, sea level changes, erosion, deposition, and landforms. It describes how waves, currents, and tides shape shorelines through erosion, transportation, and deposition of sediments. Key coastal landforms are discussed like spits, barrier islands, deltas, cliffs, wave-cut platforms, sea caves, sea arches, and sea stacks that form through these coastal processes. Biological activity and rising sea levels also impact coastal evolution over time.
Surface ocean currents are driven by wind and develop circular gyre patterns. They transfer heat between latitudes and influence climate. Upwelling brings nutrients to surface waters. Deep currents are driven by density differences from temperature and salinity changes. The global conveyor belt model depicts a circulation pattern from the Atlantic to the Pacific and back. Waves are characterized by height, wavelength, period, and fetch. Breaking waves increase in height and decrease in wavelength near shore. Tides have spring and neap variations due to lunar phases. Shoreline processes include abrasion, refraction, and longshore transport, which shape features like barrier islands.
This document provides information about oceanography and beaches. It discusses how the oceans formed from volcanic activity and impacts from comets and meteorites over 4.6 billion years. Key topics covered include ocean composition, temperature variation with depth, ocean currents like gyres, and coastal landforms shaped by wave erosion and deposition such as barrier islands, spits, and sea stacks. Ocean features like continental shelves, trenches, and guyots are also mentioned.
Physical Geography Lecture 17 - Oceans and Coastal Geomorphology 120716angelaorr
This document discusses various topics related to coastal geomorphology including ocean currents, tides, waves, and the landforms shaped by coastal processes. It describes how tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. Spring tides occur when these three bodies are aligned and produce the highest tides, while neap tides occur at right angles and have lower tides. Extreme tides over 15 meters occur in the Bay of Fundy. Waves are affected by factors like fetch, wind strength, and duration. Refraction disperses wave energy at headlands and concentrates it in bays, shaping distinctive coastal landforms. Human structures can disrupt sediment flows and cause shoreline erosion over time.
This document discusses various oceanographic concepts including wind, waves, tides, and currents. It defines wind as the horizontal movement of air due to differences in air pressure. Waves are generated by the transfer of energy from wind blowing over water. Tides are the rise and fall of ocean waters caused by the gravitational forces of the sun and moon. Currents refer to the horizontal movement of water which can be caused by factors such as tides, wind, and temperature differences. The document provides details on the characteristics and types of each of these concepts.
Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun on the Earth's oceans. This creates bulges of water on opposite sides of the Earth that result in regular rises and falls of sea level called tides. The moon has a stronger influence than the sun due to its closer proximity. Tides are strongest in coastal areas and weakest in the open ocean. There are typically two high tides and two low tides each day, known as semidiurnal tides, though some locations only experience one of each, called diurnal tides.
This document discusses various topics related to ocean waves and tides, including:
- Key terms used to describe waves like crest, trough, wavelength, etc.
- How waves propagate and their speed depends on factors like depth of water.
- Types of waves like deep water waves and shallow water waves.
- How waves interact through processes like interference and how wave height depends on wind speed, duration and fetch.
- Tides are caused mainly by the gravitational pull of the Moon, and spring and neap tides occur due to the relative positions of the Earth, Moon and Sun. Energy can potentially be harnessed from waves and tides by converting the kinetic energy of their motion.
This document provides an overview of oceanography and its subfields:
- Oceanography is the study of the ocean, its surroundings, and life within it, differing from marine biology which focuses more on individual organisms.
- The five principal oceans are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern oceans.
- Oceanography involves the physical, chemical, biological, geological, and engineering aspects of the ocean.
- Important historical figures and voyages helped advance the field, including Darwin, Franklin, the Challenger expedition, and Cousteau.
Here are the definitions requested:
1. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. A pollutant is a substance or thing that pollutes.
2. Land pollution is the accumulation of solid wastes and contaminants on land that cause harm to the environment or human health.
3. The main land pollutants are chemicals, solid waste, containers, and biomedical waste.
4. Biodegradable wastes come from plant or animal sources and break down naturally over time through decomposition. Non-biodegradable wastes like plastics do not break down and can persist for thousands of years.
5. Methods to control land pollutants include
This document provides an overview of a reef fish identification course, including:
1. The objectives of being able to list fish markings, name fish from the same species, and identify markings on local fish.
2. An explanation of why fish identification is important for stock assessment, mating, poison identification, and identifying culinary delicacies.
3. An overview of the external features of fish that will be covered, including diagrams labeling features and terminology for body positions.
4. Details on ten identification groups of fish organized by distinguishing characteristics, with examples of common fish types within each group.
The document summarizes how oceans shape our lives by discussing the distribution of water on Earth, properties of ocean water, ocean motions, shoreline formations, and the barrier islands of North Carolina's Outer Banks. It explains that barrier islands formed due to rising sea levels, a large sand supply, a gently sloping coast, and wave energy. Humans are increasing the rate of barrier island migration through armoring and development, which reduces available sand and increases erosion risks. Ultimately, one cannot have buildings and beaches in the long run due to the dynamic coastal environment.
This document discusses factors that affect coastal environments. Coasts are dynamic and constantly changing due to natural factors like waves, tides, currents, geology and ecosystems, as well as human activities such as building ports, marinas, and tourism. Waves are generated by wind and their size depends on wind speed, duration and fetch. As waves approach shore, they slow down, grow taller and change shape, eventually breaking on the beach and releasing energy that erodes the coastline.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS - WAVE, MARINE AND SUB-AERIAL PROCESSES. An overall presentation of the first sub-chapter of Coastal Environments chapter.
This document discusses waves, currents, tides and how they are formed. It explains that waves are created by energy passing through water and are caused by wind or disturbances like storms, earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. Currents are driven by factors like wind, density differences, gravity and tides. There are surface currents in the top layers and deep currents caused by temperature and salinity differences. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon which bulges the Earth's oceans on the side facing the moon and opposite the moon, creating high and low tides as the Earth rotates.
This document discusses coastal erosion and mechanisms. It defines coastal terminology and describes the various agents that affect coastal erosion, including wind, waves, tides, and currents. It also examines the erosional and depositional landforms created by coastal processes, such as headlands, sea stacks, beaches, and barrier islands. Additionally, it covers the concepts of coastal erosion, longshore drift, and coastal deposition. The effects of coastal erosion are also addressed, as well as the importance of understanding coastal dynamics and implementing mitigation strategies to reduce erosion.
Coasts are zones where land meets the sea. Coastal processes like waves, tides and currents shape the coastline and form landforms. Waves can be constructive or destructive depending on factors like swash strength. Coastal erosion forms landforms through various processes. Sediment is transported alongshore by longshore drift, forming features like spits and bars. Coasts experience both erosional and depositional landforms. Coasts need protecting for economic and social reasons, and various hard and soft engineering techniques are used for coastal management.
This document discusses several topics related to oceanography: 1) It describes how ocean currents are influenced by winds, the Coriolis effect, and continents. 2) It explains how density currents cause ocean water below the surface to circulate. 3) It defines parts of a wave and describes how waves are created by wind energy and gravitational forces.
This presentation discusses the causes and types of ocean currents. It begins by defining ocean currents as masses of ocean water that flow from one place to another. The main causes are then outlined as solar heating, wind, gravity, salinity, temperature, the Coriolis effect, and underwater earthquakes. The presentation goes on to describe different types of currents including surface vs deep currents, upwelling vs downwelling currents, and western vs eastern boundary currents. Western boundary currents are faster and move warm water poleward while eastern boundary currents are slower and transport colder water toward the equator.
Ocean currents are large-scale flows of ocean water driven by factors like wind and density differences. They form huge circular gyres within ocean basins and influence global climate by transporting heat. The coastal zone includes beaches, shorelines, and areas affected by ocean processes. Waves are formed by wind and transport energy, while tides are daily changes in ocean levels caused by gravitational attraction from the Moon and Sun.
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. A convection cell is a circular flow pattern caused by heating and cooling of the atmosphere or ocean.
2. In the Southern Hemisphere, currents get deflected to the left due to the Coriolis effect.
3. An Ekman spiral occurs in the upper 100 meters or less of the ocean.
4. Surface currents are created by wind stress and friction at the air-sea interface.
5. A gyre is a large system of circular ocean currents, typically thousands of kilometers across.
6. During an El Nino, upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water is reduced along the coasts of the Americas.
7. The
1. Waves transfer energy through water in the ocean. Individual water particles move in circles as a wave passes by rather than moving forward with the wave.
2. Key characteristics of waves include the crest (highest point), trough (lowest point), wavelength (distance between crests), and wave height (distance between crest and trough). Wavelength determines wave speed and how deep the wave disturbs the water.
3. As waves approach shore they slow down and steepen, eventually collapsing in breakers where the crest curls over. Tides are caused by gravitational attraction of the Earth, Moon, and Sun, and vary in daily and monthly cycles.
This document summarizes various coastal processes including waves, currents, tides, sea level changes, erosion, deposition, and landforms. It describes how waves, currents, and tides shape shorelines through erosion, transportation, and deposition of sediments. Key coastal landforms are discussed like spits, barrier islands, deltas, cliffs, wave-cut platforms, sea caves, sea arches, and sea stacks that form through these coastal processes. Biological activity and rising sea levels also impact coastal evolution over time.
Surface ocean currents are driven by wind and develop circular gyre patterns. They transfer heat between latitudes and influence climate. Upwelling brings nutrients to surface waters. Deep currents are driven by density differences from temperature and salinity changes. The global conveyor belt model depicts a circulation pattern from the Atlantic to the Pacific and back. Waves are characterized by height, wavelength, period, and fetch. Breaking waves increase in height and decrease in wavelength near shore. Tides have spring and neap variations due to lunar phases. Shoreline processes include abrasion, refraction, and longshore transport, which shape features like barrier islands.
This document provides information about oceanography and beaches. It discusses how the oceans formed from volcanic activity and impacts from comets and meteorites over 4.6 billion years. Key topics covered include ocean composition, temperature variation with depth, ocean currents like gyres, and coastal landforms shaped by wave erosion and deposition such as barrier islands, spits, and sea stacks. Ocean features like continental shelves, trenches, and guyots are also mentioned.
Physical Geography Lecture 17 - Oceans and Coastal Geomorphology 120716angelaorr
This document discusses various topics related to coastal geomorphology including ocean currents, tides, waves, and the landforms shaped by coastal processes. It describes how tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. Spring tides occur when these three bodies are aligned and produce the highest tides, while neap tides occur at right angles and have lower tides. Extreme tides over 15 meters occur in the Bay of Fundy. Waves are affected by factors like fetch, wind strength, and duration. Refraction disperses wave energy at headlands and concentrates it in bays, shaping distinctive coastal landforms. Human structures can disrupt sediment flows and cause shoreline erosion over time.
This document discusses various oceanographic concepts including wind, waves, tides, and currents. It defines wind as the horizontal movement of air due to differences in air pressure. Waves are generated by the transfer of energy from wind blowing over water. Tides are the rise and fall of ocean waters caused by the gravitational forces of the sun and moon. Currents refer to the horizontal movement of water which can be caused by factors such as tides, wind, and temperature differences. The document provides details on the characteristics and types of each of these concepts.
Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun on the Earth's oceans. This creates bulges of water on opposite sides of the Earth that result in regular rises and falls of sea level called tides. The moon has a stronger influence than the sun due to its closer proximity. Tides are strongest in coastal areas and weakest in the open ocean. There are typically two high tides and two low tides each day, known as semidiurnal tides, though some locations only experience one of each, called diurnal tides.
This document discusses various topics related to ocean waves and tides, including:
- Key terms used to describe waves like crest, trough, wavelength, etc.
- How waves propagate and their speed depends on factors like depth of water.
- Types of waves like deep water waves and shallow water waves.
- How waves interact through processes like interference and how wave height depends on wind speed, duration and fetch.
- Tides are caused mainly by the gravitational pull of the Moon, and spring and neap tides occur due to the relative positions of the Earth, Moon and Sun. Energy can potentially be harnessed from waves and tides by converting the kinetic energy of their motion.
This document provides an overview of oceanography and its subfields:
- Oceanography is the study of the ocean, its surroundings, and life within it, differing from marine biology which focuses more on individual organisms.
- The five principal oceans are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern oceans.
- Oceanography involves the physical, chemical, biological, geological, and engineering aspects of the ocean.
- Important historical figures and voyages helped advance the field, including Darwin, Franklin, the Challenger expedition, and Cousteau.
Here are the definitions requested:
1. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. A pollutant is a substance or thing that pollutes.
2. Land pollution is the accumulation of solid wastes and contaminants on land that cause harm to the environment or human health.
3. The main land pollutants are chemicals, solid waste, containers, and biomedical waste.
4. Biodegradable wastes come from plant or animal sources and break down naturally over time through decomposition. Non-biodegradable wastes like plastics do not break down and can persist for thousands of years.
5. Methods to control land pollutants include
This document provides an overview of a reef fish identification course, including:
1. The objectives of being able to list fish markings, name fish from the same species, and identify markings on local fish.
2. An explanation of why fish identification is important for stock assessment, mating, poison identification, and identifying culinary delicacies.
3. An overview of the external features of fish that will be covered, including diagrams labeling features and terminology for body positions.
4. Details on ten identification groups of fish organized by distinguishing characteristics, with examples of common fish types within each group.
Bony fish come in different body forms that affect their movement and function. Fusiform body shapes are streamlined for fast swimming using side-to-side tail motions. Body forms include torpedo-shaped, disk-shaped, and ray-shaped to aid different types of movement like burst swimming, hovering, and gliding. Internal anatomy also varies with different mouth positions, digestive organs like pyloric caeca, and locomotion adaptations.
The document provides an overview of the PADI Open Water Diver course. It describes the course requirements including knowledge development, confined water dives, and 4 open water dives. It explains some of the key skills learned like hand signals and buoyancy control. It also covers scuba diving topics like the effects of pressure on divers, proper ascent procedures, and factors to consider for dive safety like water conditions and environment.
This document discusses various topics related to solid waste management including:
1. Definitions of terms like solid waste, collection, and disposal methods
2. Methods of handling, sorting, storing, and processing solid waste including composting, combustion, and waste-to-fuel technologies
3. Health and environmental issues from improper waste management like disease transmission and pollution
4. Approaches to more sustainable waste management such as the waste hierarchy, zero waste, and cradle-to-cradle design.
Here are potential responses to the questions:
1. Cynobacteria is found in the top layer of blue holes because it is anaerobic and can survive without oxygen. The conditions in the top layer of blue holes with no light and low oxygen suit cyanobacteria.
2. Organisms at the bottom of blue holes might be adapted to high pressure, no light, anaerobic conditions. They could rely on chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis and be able to withstand very low oxygen levels.
3. Stalactites are hanging formations that grow downwards from the ceilings of caves, formed by mineral deposition. Stalagmites are upward projections from cave floors, formed in the same way.
This document discusses rip currents and provides safety information. It begins by defining a rip current as a strong current that pulls water away from shore. Rip currents can be very dangerous due to their speed, which can exceed 5 miles per hour. The document then provides several steps to stay safe in a rip current: remain calm, call for help if needed, float or tread water to escape the current, then swim parallel to shore and diagonally to land. It also explains how to spot potential rip currents by looking for gaps in waves or debris moving seaward. Signs are important to educate people about rip current dangers and safety.
I do not have enough context to answer those specific questions. The document provides information about blue holes in the Bahamas and fossils found in some blue holes, but does not contain answers to the questions you listed.
Fishing farming can be used to supply the depleting population of fish species around the globe. This presentation speak towards aquaculture and mariculture and issues with fish farming while speaking towards the benefits
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
2. What is a Wave?
A disturbance which
moves through or over
the surface of a fluid
Caused most often by
winds, but also by
undersea earthquakes
and volcanoes.
3. What Waves Do
Shape Coastlines
Erode cliffs
Grind rock into sand
Build ‘cool’ structures
Affect Organisms
Return O2 to water
Stir up food for filter
feeders
Move organisms
Define: spit; sandbar, tombolo; sea stack; sea cave; sea arch
4. Wave Characteristics
Crest = high point
Trough = low point
Wave Height = vertical
distance from crest to trough
Wavelength = Horizontal
distance between crest to crest
or trough to trough
Amplitude = vertical
distance from still water level to
the crest or the trough
5.
6. Wave period - Time in seconds for 2 crests to pass a fixed
point
Wave speed = Wavelength ÷ Time (m/s)
Wave steepness - Wave height ÷ wave length
More wave characteristics:
7. Wave Size
Depends on 3 things:
Wind Speed
Wind Duration (length of time wind blows)
“Fetch” - the extent of open water across which
the wind blows
8. Water Motion in Waves
Water particles travel in
vertical circular orbits
When a wave moves,
energy from the wind
moves through the water.
The water particles do not
move!
9.
10. Types of Waves
Capillary waves (Ripples) – smallest waves
Whitecaps – a mixture of air and water on a
wave
Swells – larger waves with a long period
(your boat rolls = seasickness!)
Breakers – large waves that collapse onto
themselves
Rogue waves – a large wave; very high crest
and low trough; can move rapidly; can cause
boats to capsize
11. Caused by undersea earthquake or volcano (seismic activity)
• Wavelength = ~150 mi.
• Speed > 500 mph
Slows down to ~25 mph at
shore; water builds up to >
65 feet
TSUNAMI - “TIDAL WAVE”
12. Waves and Coasts
Coasts are areas where the land meets the sea.
Coasts are shaped by the sea and the action of
waves – through the processes of:
•Transportation (movement of material up on to land and
back to sea – swash and backwash of waves)
•Deposition (leaving/dropping material on the coast; wave
swash is stronger than backwash)
•Erosion (wearing away of the coast; removing material;
backwash is stronger than swash)
13. Constructive & Destructive Waves
Constructive Waves:
•Operate in calm weather
•Lack much energy
•Crests are spaced apart
•Break on the shore;
deposit material on shore
and build beaches
(* Think about beachcombers)
Destructive Waves
•Formed by storms near
the coast
•Are powerful waves
•Crests are closely
spaced; producing a
swirling mass of water
•Cause erosion
[Go to: http://www.eleuthera-map.com/glass-
window-bridge-eleuthera.htm for information about
rogue waves at the Glass Window Bridge]
14. Marine Science –21st September 2017
Motion in the Oceans - Tides
Objectives:
After viewing and discussing a PPT,
students will be able to:
Define “tide”
Explain how tides are formed
Describe different types of tides
……..
(at least 75% accuracy expected on short-answer quiz)
15. Tides
The daily rhythmic rise and fall of the ocean’s
water
High tide = rising tide; incoming tide; flow
Low tide = receding tide; outgoing tide; ebb
Slack tide (vertical movement stops)
16. 1. Gravitational pull of moon & sun on Earth
What Causes Tides?
Moon’s effect is greater, because it is nearer.
Like a magnet, moon pulls water away from earth’s surface = TIDAL BULGE
(Watch video)
17.
18. What causes tides?
2. Centrifugal Force
• An outward pulling away
force from a rotating object
• Bulge on opposite side from
moon because centrifugal
force is greater than the pull
of the moon on that side.
19. Types of Tides
• Spring Tide
Moon and sun are in direct
line with one another
Results in unusually high
tides
Occurs 2 times per month at
full moon and new moon
20. Types of tides
• Neap Tide
sun and moon are at right angles
cancel each other out – causes a weak pull
unusually low tides
occurs 2 times per month
22. Types of Tides
Diurnal Tides
1 high tide & 1 low tide per day
Parts of Gulf of Mexico and Asia
Semi-Diurnal Tides
2 high tides & 2 low tides per day
Atlantic coasts of North America and Europe
(including the Bahamas)
Mixed
2 high & 2 low per day (height varies)
Pacific coast
Note: The tidal day is approximately 24 hours and 50 mins.
23.
24. Test Yourself
1. There are tidal bulges on opposite sides of the Earth.
2. In the Bahamas we have high tides and low tides every day.
3. The highest high tides are called tides.
4. What type of tide would be formed below?
1. What type of tide would be formed below?
25. Test Yourself (cont’d)
6. The force of pulls the moon and earth towards each other.
7. The is earth’s natural satellite. It takes about hours and minutes
to circle the earth.
8. Two places with extremely high tides are and .
9. Why would it be important for people to know when tides are high or low?
26. Homework
Research:
1. Which places on earth have extremely
high tides?
2. How are these extremely high tides used
to provide an alternative source of
energy?
27. More Tide Terms
Remember: The distance between the moon
and the earth affects the tides.
Perigee Tides
• Moon closer to earth (strong pull) = very high tides
(causes flooding)
Apogee Tides
• Moon further away from earth (weak pull) = very low tides
Earth
Moon
Moon
(About 220,000 miles) (About 253,000 miles)
29. Factors that affect tidal range
Slope of the sea floor
Contours (shape) of the shore
Depth of a channel
Width of the entrance to a channel
Friction between water and the sea floor
(Why are we not harnessing the power of tides in the Bahamas?)
30. Tidal Effects:
• Expose & submerge organisms
in the intertidal zone
• Circulate water in bays &
estuaries
• Trigger spawning (grunion,
horseshoe crab, sea turtles?)
• Circulates nutrients; circulates
wastes; moves objects up and
down on the beach.
• Useful in ship navigation in/out
of harbors
31. Ocean in Motion: Tides - Quick Quiz
1. By measuring the difference between high and low tide, we can find the______?
Ebb Current
Tidal Range
Diurnal Tide
2. Semi-diurnal tides occur . . .
Once a day
Only at mid-day
Twice a day
3. Tides occur at the same time each day.
True
False
4. What kind of tide occurs when the sun, moon and Earth are all in a straight line?
High Tide
Low Tide
Neap Tide
Spring Tide
5. Only the gravitational pull of the sun is important in creating tides.
True
False
6. A tidal day lasts for about 25 hours.
True
False
7. A ______ can be used to plot tidal information so that predictions can be made.
Tide gauge
Marigram
24-hr clock
8. Very high tides are useful in:
Producing energy
Washing away roads
Eroding beaches
32. Marine Science – 29/06/2017
Topic: Tides
Objectives:
After viewing a PPT and participating in a
discussion, students will be able to:
a.Construct a tide marigram
b.Use a marigram to predict future tides
*********
[Minimum 80% accuracy expected on the
marigram construction and tide predictions]
33. Using Tide Data - Marigrams
Can be used to predict high tides and low tides for weeks and
months ahead
34. Marine Science –21st September 2017
Topic: Oceans in Motion – Currents
Objectives:
After viewing a ppt presentation, and
discussion, students will be able to:
a. Define “current”
b. Describe the causes of currents
c. Differentiate between surface and
deep currents
35. Currents
• What is a current?
A large volume of water flowing in a certain direction. Some
are circular, some move in an almost straight line (stream)
• Causes of currents:
• Wind
• Rotating Earth
(Coriolis Effect)
• Density Changes
• Temperature Changes
‘Crush’
36.
37. Causes of Currents: An Explanation
Sun/solar heating - causes water to expand
and move
Winds - push the water. Winds blowing for 10
hours across ocean will cause the surface water
to flow at about 2% wind speed. Wind has the
greatest effect on surface currents
Coriolis effect/force - Force due to the Earth's
rotation, capable of generating currents. It
causes it to be deflected to the right in the
Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the
Southern Hemisphere. It causes water to move
around the mounds of land.
38.
39. Wind Driven Ocean Currents
Currents moving towards the poles are warm; currents moving towards the equator
are cold. Surface ocean currents are driven by global winds and play an important
role in redistributing heat around the globe. They influence the climate of the entire
planet.
40. Major Ocean Currents
Note: Currents flow at different velocities. Currents on the eastern side of
continents are faster than those on the western side. Thus the Brazilian
current is faster than the Humboldt current.
41. Gulf Stream
- Brings warm water
from equator north
along east coast of
North America
- Affects the islands of
the Bahamas
- North Atlantic
-Sometimes form eddies –
circulating water that
pinches off from the
current
43. 2. RIP CURRENTS
• Narrow, powerful surface currents which flow away from the shore.
• Caused by pressure from uneven buildup of water from waves.
• Can flow very quickly and can be difficult to detect until you are in one.
Rip currents don’t pull swimmers under, they flow out and can carry
swimmers for several miles.
44.
45. 3. Longshore Current – localized surface current
Flows parallel to shore; move sediment along the beach
47. Deep Currents
Cold, dense, salty; move by density forces and
gravity; move slower than layers above
Example: The Global Conveyer Belt = deep current that is the
lower 20% of the ocean; takes about 1,000 years to complete
the cycle
48. Global Conveyer Belt
Thermohaline circulation links the Earth's oceans. Cold, dense,
salty water from the North Atlantic sinks into the deep and drives
the circulation like a giant plunger.
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/23/11/13.html
Graphic - http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/32.htm
49. Other Currents
Gyres – large circular currents in the
ocean basin
Example: North Atlantic Gyre = consists of
4 separate currents – N. Equatorial, Gulf
Stream, N. Atlantic Drift and Canary
Currents
50.
51. Ocean Currents & Living Things
Currents are important to marine life as
they help move carbon dioxide, oxygen,
food, and other nutrients, making them
available for photosynthesis and
consumption.
They have a major impact on fishing –
circulating organic nutrients that support
productive fisheries
52.
53. Other Uses of Ocean Currents
Migration
Navigation
Weather
54. Research:
1. The Great Pacific Garbage
Patch
2. El Nino/La Nina
3. Currents and Fisheries
4. The Gulf Stream and its
effect on the Bahamas
5. The Bermuda Triangle
55. More Currents
1.Upwelling current: cold, nutrient rich;
result of wind
2.Western Boundary currents: warm &
fast, e.g. Gulf Stream
3.Eastern Boundary currents: broad, slow,
cool & shallow, associated with upwelling