- Position of mandibular incisors
- Functions of mandibular incisors
- Morphology of mandibular incisors
- Blood supply of mandibular incisors
- Anomalies and variations of mandibular incisors
Maxillary incisors presentation
- Position of maxillary incisors
- Functions of maxillary incisors
- Morphology of maxillary incisors
- Blood supply of maxillary incisors
- Anomalies and variations of maxillary incisors
Maxillary incisors presentation
- Position of maxillary incisors
- Functions of maxillary incisors
- Morphology of maxillary incisors
- Blood supply of maxillary incisors
- Anomalies and variations of maxillary incisors
Position of maxillary and mandibular canines
Functions of maxillary and mandibular canines
Morphology of maxillary and mandibular canines
Blood supply of maxillary and mandibular canines
Anomalies and variations of maxillary and mandibular canines
Position of maxillary and mandibular canines
Functions of maxillary and mandibular canines
Morphology of maxillary and mandibular canines
Blood supply of maxillary and mandibular canines
Anomalies and variations of maxillary and mandibular canines
Morphology of Permanent Maxillary Central Incisor- Dr. Saba Arshad.pptxDr.Saba Arshad
Lecture on Maxillary Central Incisor-BDS 1st year
Learning Objectives;
1. To define and pronounce the terminologies of permanent dentition.
2. To label the anatomical landmarks of permanent maxillary central incisor.
3. To discuss the curves and segments of maxillary central incisors.
4. To be able to correctly draw the graph outline.
5. To be able to carve the teeth on wax models.
6. To discuss anatomical variations.
Reference;
1. Ash MM Jr 1993 Wheeler’s dental anatomy, physiology and occlusion, 7th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia
2. Berkovitz, B. K., G. R. Holland, et al. (2017). Oral Anatomy, Histology and Embryology E-Book, Elsevier Health Sciences.
This paper presented at the First International Dental Conference in Benghazi, Libya, dealing with the history of the dental profession and the status of the dental profession in the African continent.
The conference was organized by the Libyan International University for Medical Sciences (LIMU) - 2022
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Morphology of Mandibular Incisors
Moamer Gabsa
BDS,diploma of research method
,MSc Anatomy
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 1
2. Objectives
By the end of this lecture you must be able to know:
•Position of mandibular incisors
•Functions of mandibular incisors
•Morphology of mandibular incisors
•Blood supply of mandibular incisors
•Anomalies and variations of mandibular incisors
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 2
4. Mandibular central incisor
introduction
• Arch position: the mandibular central incisors
are the two teeth which are adjacent to the
midline in the lower arch.
• They share a mesial contact area with each
other, and have a distal contact with the lateral
incisors.
• The central incisors' functions in mastication are
biting, cutting, incising and shearing, just as
do their maxillary counterparts.
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 4
5. NUMBERING SYSTEM
(MANDIBULAR CENTRAL INCISOR)
Palmar systemPalmar system ::
Universal system : 25 , 24
FDI systemFDI system :: 41,31
1 1
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 5
6. Chronology
(maxillary central incisor)
• Initiation of calcification .................. 3 to 4 months
• Completion of enamel .......................... 4 to 5 years
• Eruption ................................................ 6 to 7 years
• Completion of root ............................... 9 to 10 years
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 6
8. General form
( Mandibular central incisor )
• The mandibular central incisor normally has the
narrowest mesiodistal dimension and the smallest
crown size of any permanent tooth.
• The crown is also quite symmetrical with mesial
and distal halves nearly identical
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 8
9. Surfaces of Mandibular Central IncisorSurfaces of Mandibular Central Incisor
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 9
11. Facial (Labial) surface
• Mesial outline the mesial margin normally tapers
evenly toward the gingival in a nearly straight line. The
mesioincisal line angle is quite sharp.
• Distal outline distally, the outline is straight and almost
exactly like the mesial outline, with a similarly sharp
distoincisal line angle.
• Incisal outline when present, mamelons most always
number three. After incisal wear has obliterated the
mamelons, the incisal outline is straight and at right
angles to the long axis of the tooth.
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 11
12. • Cervical outline the cervical line is symmetrically
curved toward the root.
• The labial surface is generally convex both
mesiodistally and inciso-gingivally
• The surface outline is roughly trapezoidal which in
some cases approaches a rectangular shape.
• Developmental groove (depressions) and
imbrication lines are not normally present.
• Occasionally, there are very faint depressions
which only occur near the incisal margin of the
labial surface.
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 12
Facial (Labial) surface cont….
13. Summary of labial surface of central incisorSummary of labial surface of central incisor
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 13
14. • Crown is trapezoidal or rectangular in shape.
• 3 Mammelons (new erupted).
• Mesial outline straight.
• Mesio-incisal angle sharp angle.
• Distal outline straight.
• Disto-incisal angle sharp angle.
• Incisal outline is straight.
• Smooth
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 14
17. • Mesial, distal and incisal outlines all three of these
margins closely resemble those of the labial aspect.
• Cervical outline the CEJ curves evenly toward the root but
is located farther from the incisal edge than it is on the
labial surface.
• The lingual surface is relatively smooth and its structures
are generally less prominent than those of the maxillary
incisors.
• There is usually a slight concavity or lingual fossa
bordered by: indistinct marginal ridges on the mesial and
distal.
• There are normally no grooves fissures or pits on the
lingual surface.
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 17
Lingual surfaceLingual surface
18. Summary of lingual surface of centralSummary of lingual surface of central
incisorincisor
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 18
22. Mesial surfaceMesial surface
• Labial outline the labial margin slopes in a
straight to slightly convex line from the incisal
ridge to the crest of curvature and is then convex in
the remainder of the gingival third.
• Lingual outline the lingual outline is concave in
the incisal two-thirds and convex in the cingulum
area or gingival third.
• Incisal outline the incisal edge is normally straight
but can be slightly rounded and is located lingual to
the center of the root
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 22
23. • The mesial surface is roughly triangular or wedge
shaped like all other anterior teeth. Unlike the
maxillary incisors the crown appears to be slightly
offset toward the lingual.
• It has an ovoid shape which is long inciso-gingivally
and narrow labio-lingually.
• Cervical outline there is a marked even curvature
incisally of the cervical margin.
• The contact area is located about half way from labial
to lingual and in the incisal third very close to the
incisal edge.
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 23
Mesial surface cont….Mesial surface cont….
26. Distal surface
• The distal surface is similar in all respects to
the mesial except that the cervical margin
curves slightly less toward the incisal.
• Even the contact area has a similar location a
fact which is unique among incisors.
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 26
30. • The most notable features from the incisal
aspect are the symmetry of the mesial and distal
portions and the straight incisal edge.
• Unlike the maxillary central this tooth is
roughly four sided or diamond-shaped from
this aspect and the tooth is normally wider
labio-lingually than mesiodistally.
• Because the crown is offset toward the lingual,
more of the labial surface than the lingual
surface is visible from this surface.
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 30
Incisal surface
33. Root
• The root is normally single and straight.
• Generally symmetrical and tapers gradually to a
relatively sharp apex.
• From the mesial or distal aspects, the root is much
wider and it is slightly convex cervicoapically on
both labial and lingual margins. The central portion
of the mesial and distal surfaces is usually flattened
or concave.
• One root canal and accessory (lateral) canal may
found.
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 33
36. Dimensions suggested for carving technique
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 36
Cervicoincisal
Length of
Crown
Length
of Root
Mesiodistal
Diameter
of Crown
Mesiodistal
Diameter of
Crown at
Cervix
Labio- or
Buccolingual
Diameter of
Crown
Labio- or
Buccolingual
Diameter of
Crown at
Cervix
Curvature
of Cervical
Line-
Mesial
Curvature
of Cervical
Line- Distal
9.0 mm 13.0 mm 5.0 mm 3.5 mm 6.0 mm 5.3 mm 3.0 mm 2.0 mm
37. Blood Supply and innervation
mandibular central incisor
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 37
44. Variations and Anomalies
of Mandibular central incisor
• There is great variability in the lingual inclination
of the labial surface of mandibular central incisor
specimens.
• Anomalies are very rare. Occasionally a
bifurcated root is found, which means there are
two branches which in mandibular incisors have
labial and lingual locations.
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 44
47. Mandibular central incisor
introduction
• Arch position: the mandibular lateral incisor is
the second tooth from the midline in each lower
quadrant and it shares a mesial contact area with
the central incisor.
• The distal contact is with the deciduous
mandibular canine until that tooth's exfoliation
and then contact is shared with the permanent
canine.
• The lateral incisors' functions in mastication are
biting, cutting, incising and shearing, just as do
their maxillary counterparts.
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 47
48. NUMBERING SYSTEM
(MANDIBULAR LATERAL INCISOR)
Palmar systemPalmar system ::
Universal system : 26 , 23
FDI systemFDI system :: 42,32
2 2
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 48
49. Chronology
(maxillary central incisor)
• Initiation of calcification .................. 3 to 4 months
• Completion of enamel .......................... 4 to 5 years
• Eruption ................................................ 7 to 8 years
• Completion of root ............................... 10 to 11 years
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 49
53. Facial (Facial (LabialLabial) surface) surface
• Resembles the central incisor but larger in most proportions.
• The incisal margin may slope slightly gingivally toward the
distal.
• Distoincisal angle that is more rounded than the same angle
of the central incisor.
• Slightly shorter distal margin when compared to the mesial
outline.
• The contact area on the distal is more cervically located than
on the mesial.
• Asymmetry there is different between mesial and distal
surface not like the central.
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 53
56. Lingual surface
• The lingual outlines are similar to those of the labial
surface.
• The structures of the lingual surface are similar to
their counterparts on the central incisor except the
cingulurn is more offset to the distal and as a result
the curvature of the cervical line is also offset
distally.
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 56
58. Mesial and distal surfacesMesial and distal surfaces
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 58
59. Mesial and distal surfacesMesial and distal surfaces
• Triangular outline
• These two surfaces are similar to their
counterparts on the central incisor with a few
minor exceptions.
• Distal surface is slightly shorter inciso-
cervically than the mesial surface.
• Both cervical line curvatures are slightly less
than their counterparts in the central.
• The mesial cervical line shows greater incisal
curvature than the distal.
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 59
60. • The distal contact area and hence the height
of contour is more cervically located than
on the mesial.
• Although still in the incisal third, the distal
contact area is very near the junction of the
incisal and middle thirds and is the most
cervically located of any mandibular incisor
contact.
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 60
Mesial and distal surfaces cont….Mesial and distal surfaces cont….
63. Incisal surface
• The incisal edge is not straight mesiodistally
as it is in the central.
• The edge follows the curvature of the
mandibular dental arch which gives the crown
of the mandibular lateral incisor the appearance
of being twisted slightly on its root base
• The lingual contour (cingulum) appears
displaced toward the distal.
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 63
66. Root
• Root length is normally a little greater than in the
central incisor.
• The root is also slightly thicker and wider.
• Root concavities may be found on the mesial and
distal root surfaces and if present the concavity in the
distal is usually more pronounced.
• Usually lateral has one root canal, but accessory
(lateral) canal can be found.
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 66
68. Dimensions suggested for carving technique
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 68
Cervicoincisal
Length of
Crown
Length
of Root
Mesiodistal
Diameter
of Crown
Mesiodistal
Diameter of
Crown at
Cervix
Labio- or
Buccolingual
Diameter of
Crown
Labio- or
Buccolingual
Diameter of
Crown at
Cervix
Curvature
of Cervical
Line-
Mesial
Curvature
of Cervical
Line- Distal
9.0 mm 14.0 mm 5.5 mm 4.0 mm 6.5 mm 5.8 mm 3.0 mm 2.0 mm
76. Variations and Anomalies
of Mandibular lateral incisor
• Anomalies are rare but occasionally a bifurcated
root is found.
• Peg lateral a diminutive peg-shaped crown form is
due to a lack of development of the mesial and
distal "Peg" Crown portions of the crown.
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 76
78. Different between mandibular central andDifferent between mandibular central and
lateral incisorslateral incisors
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 78
79. 07/02/19
Mesio-distally narrower Mesio-distally wider
Bilaterally symmetrical Bilaterally symmetrical
Mesial and distal Mammelons are
equally prominent
Distal Mammelons are not
prominent
Mesio-incisal and Disto-incisal angles
are sharp and at right angles
Disto-incisal angle is rounded
Incisal edge is at right angle to the
labio-lingual bisecting line
Incisal angle is twisted on the crown.
Disto-incisal angle is projected lingually
Mandibular central incisor Mandibular lateral incisor
Different between lower incisors
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 79
81. Different between mandibular andDifferent between mandibular and
maxillary incisorsmaxillary incisors
Moamer Gabsa- mandibular incisor 81
82. 07/02/19 82
Upper incisors
Four upper incisors form the fixed
cutting edge.
They are widest of the incisor class.
The central incisor is wider and larger
than the lateral incisor.
Marginal ridges and cingula are
prominent.
Lingual fossa is deeper.
Facial surface are more convex.
Crowns are wider mesiodistally than
labio-lingually.
Roots are rounded or triangular in cross
section, no depressions are seen on mesial
and distal surfaces.
Incisal surfaces are inclined lingually.
Lower incisors
Four lower incisors form the moving
cutting edge.
They are narrowest of the incisor class.
The lateral incisor is wider and larger
than the central incisor.
Marginal ridges and cingula are less
prominent.
Lingual fossa is shallower.
Facial surface are less convex.
Crowns are wider labio-lingually than
mesiodistally.
Roots are oval wider labio-lingually in
cross section, depression on mesial and
distal surfaces of roots are seen.
Variations are few.
82
Variations are numerous.
They erupt after the lower incisors.
Incisal surfaces are at perpendicular to
the tooth axis.
They erupt before the upper incisors.
84. References
• Moamer Gabsa, Gabsa lecture Note, 1st
edition 2016
• James L Fuller, Concise dental anatomy and morphology, 4th
edition
2004
• Stanley J. Nelson , WHEELER’S DENTAL ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY,
AND OCCLUSION ISBN: 978-1-4160-6209-7
Moamer Gabsa- Numbering system