The document discusses why India should be a part of the process of globalization. It notes that prior to 1991, India followed an import substitution policy to be self-reliant, but this policy did not achieve expected growth rates or improve human development. India then searched for other options to open its economy and integrate with the global economy through globalization. Reasons given for why India should liberalize include being better equipped to improve government performance, attracting long-term foreign investment to fund development plans, and expanding job opportunities to reduce poverty. The example is given of South Korea and ASEAN countries that practiced free trade, aimed for global competitiveness, and have since progressed and developed into major global economies.
Globalization of Indian business - International Business - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
One of the major forces of globalization in India has been in the growth of outsourced IT and business process outsourcing (BPO) services. The last few years have seen an increase in the number of skilled professionals in India employed by both local and foreign companies to service customers in the US and Europe in particular. Taking advantage of India’s lower cost but educated and English-speaking work force, and utilizing global communications technologies such as voice-over IP (VOIP), email and the internet, international enterprises have been able to lower their cost base by establishing outsourced knowledge-worker operations in India.
Globalisation means integrating the economy of a country with the world economy.
In India, the process of globalisation picked up with the policy reforms of 1991.
Globalisation refers to growing economic interdependence among countries in the world with regard to technology, capital, information, goods, services, etc.
A PPT on Globalisation and Indian Economy. This PPT is designed keeping in view the syllabus of class X, NCERT. But is useful for others also who wants to know about Golbalisation, related terms and its positive and negatie impacts.
GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY NCERT CLASS 10 ECONOMICSPriyansuRanjanTripat
This is a detailed PPT designed for purpose of presentation during online classes and proper understanding of students. You will find detailed notes for this chapter in this PPT and also be able to understand the topics easily.
Globalization of Indian business - International Business - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
One of the major forces of globalization in India has been in the growth of outsourced IT and business process outsourcing (BPO) services. The last few years have seen an increase in the number of skilled professionals in India employed by both local and foreign companies to service customers in the US and Europe in particular. Taking advantage of India’s lower cost but educated and English-speaking work force, and utilizing global communications technologies such as voice-over IP (VOIP), email and the internet, international enterprises have been able to lower their cost base by establishing outsourced knowledge-worker operations in India.
Globalisation means integrating the economy of a country with the world economy.
In India, the process of globalisation picked up with the policy reforms of 1991.
Globalisation refers to growing economic interdependence among countries in the world with regard to technology, capital, information, goods, services, etc.
A PPT on Globalisation and Indian Economy. This PPT is designed keeping in view the syllabus of class X, NCERT. But is useful for others also who wants to know about Golbalisation, related terms and its positive and negatie impacts.
GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY NCERT CLASS 10 ECONOMICSPriyansuRanjanTripat
This is a detailed PPT designed for purpose of presentation during online classes and proper understanding of students. You will find detailed notes for this chapter in this PPT and also be able to understand the topics easily.
Globalisation may be defined as international integration or augmented mobility of people, capital, goods, services, data and even ideas from one country to another.
In recent days the ascent of Globalisation can be seen in almost all the countries around the world. The key benefits offered by globalisation to a country includes foreign collaborations, advanced technology, companies going MNC’s, abundant supply of raw materials, increased job opportunities, better quality products which in turn leads to a higher standard of living. Despite of these benefits there are certain perils such as inequality and environmental degradation which automatically shoulders globalisation.
In the light of above mentioned facts, the current study aims to scrutinize the intrinsic worth and pitfall of globalisation in Indian economy.
A slideshow highlighting the positive effects of globalisation. India burgeoning middle-class now can take advantage of the many retail outlets, malls, shops, restaurants, cinemas.
The October edition of the Newsletter outlines the Indian priorities and the road ahead for the G20; provides brief information on the happenings at the World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB), International Finance Corporation (IFC), World Trade Organization (WTO), International Trade Centre (ITC) and highlights the key remarks made by the Minister of State for External Affairs at the 8th IBSA Trilateral Ministerial Commission Meeting.
Business Environment - Unit-4 - IMBA - Osmania UniversityBalasri Kamarapu
Business Environment - Unit-4 - IMBA - Osmania University
Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation (LPG) in Indian Economy:
Concept of LPG
Process of LPG followed in India
Globalization and role of WTO
Regional Trading Blocks
India’s Foreign Trade and Agreements with Trading Blocks.
Highlights of the LPG Policy
Foreign Technology Agreements
Foreign Investment
MRTP Act 1969 (Amended)
Industrial Licensing
Deregulation
Beginning of Privatisation
Opportunities for overseas trade
Steps to regulate inflation
Tax reforms
Abolition of License-Permit Raj
Advantages of Globalisation in India
Industrial Licensing
Deregulation
Beginning of Privatisation
Opportunities for overseas trade
Steps to regulate inflation
Tax reforms
Abolition of License-Permit Raj
Advantages of Globalisation in India
Types of Regional Trading Blocs
Trade blocs can be stand-alone agreements between several states (such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or part of a regional organization (such as the European Union).
Depending on the level of economic integration, the trade blocs can fall into the 6 different categories, such as preferential trading areas, the free trade areas, the customs unions, the common markets, the economic union and monetary unions & the political union.
Preferential Trade Area: Preferential Trade Areas (PTAs) exist when countries within a geographical region agree to reduce or eliminate tariff barriers on selected goods imported from other members of the area. This is often the first small step towards the creation of a trading bloc.
This edition of the Newsletter highlights the key deliberations made at the 21st edition of the Partnership Summit 2015 held from 15-17 January 2015 in Jaipur, Rajasthan.
In addition, it covers key highlights from the address of the UN Secretary General, Ban Ki Moon and World Bank President, Jim Yong Kim at Vibrant Gujarat Summit held from 11-13 January 2015 in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
The Newsletter covers key happenings from ASEAN, Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the World Bank as well.
Twenty-one years after the economic reforms began, India finds itself at a crossroads. While the global economic crisis is still a reality, growth is slowing and there is a paralysis in policy making. With the union budget around the corner, there is an urgent need to boost reforms and take radical policy decisions. Will finance minister Pranab Mukherjee deliver? Time will tell.
Challenges And Opportunities Of Globalisationloveleenchawla
Globalization: challenges and opportunities
Abstract:
Globalization is a multifaceted phenomenon. The paper identify some of the
Challenges it poses, as well as some of the opportunities it offers. Attention is focused on three major aspects of globalization namely economic, cultural, and political.
During 1990 to 2003, the volume of world trade has increased and the higher and middle-income countries managed to increase their share in world trade mainly due to the opening up of economies because of globalization. The middle-income countries had invited more Foreign Direct Investment during the period and the per capita GDP of the low-income countries was marginally increased. This resulted into the economic inequality, which widened between different income groups. In other words globalization has been confined to developed countries and developing countries were able to participate in the process.
However, globalization should not be accused for loosing share of the low-income countries. These countries suffered from internal problems like rapid rise in population, infrastructure bottlenecks, weak financial markets and so on.
Globalization and its benefits required a conducive environment to ensure higher returns and larger markets for foreign investors. To get a share of global capital, technology and output, developing countries had to upgrade their social and economic institutions through administrative, legislative and legal reforms.
Globalization merely provides opportunities to flourish. Globalization is not a tool to produce equality of outcome but it produces equality of opportunity for those with right mindset. Therefore developing countries require focusing on economic restructuring, developing market-supporting institutions and creating efficient regulatory mechanisms.
The low-income countries cannot survive at their own; they require international assistance and a support mechanism so as to facilitate their participation in the process of globalization. The challenge of the hour is to make globalization work towards global prosperity through disaggregate development. The critically necessity in this context are the collective and cooperative actions which should be realized by all countries of the world and particularly the developed ones.
‘21 Years of Economic Reforms: The Journey So Far and the Road Ahead is the latest executive report from Hanmer MSL. It draws on research and is a meta-survey which shares insights and commentary on India’s growth story over the last two decades. It also looks ahead and shares thoughts on the upcoming union budget which will be delivered by Finance Minster, Pranab Mukherjee in March. The report takes us through a brief history of India, key reforms that has shaped its development, the challenges that remain and what we can expect in terms of growth, investment and private and public consumption.
asia.mslgroup.com
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It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
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𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
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"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
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The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
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1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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4. CONTENTS
Preface ...................................................................................................... i
1. What are liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation? ......................... 8
2. Why should India be a part
of the process of globalisation? ............................................................. 12
3. Can India avail of the benefits of globalisation
with its present government system/structure? ..................................... 15
4. Do liberalisation and globalisation imply
less government role/intervention? ........................................................ 16
5. Is India going for globalisation only because of
external pressures from agencies such as the International
Monetary Fund, World Bank, World Trade Organisation? .................... 17
6. Is the liberalisation and globalisation strategy an
invitation for the repetition of the East India Company? ........................ 19
7. Will globalisation increase the division
between the rich and the poor? .............................................................. 20
8. Is privatisation a solution to ending corruption in
public sectors like banks, insurance etc? ............................................... 22
9. Will globalisation lead India to dumping of
cheap and low quality imports? .............................................................. 23
10. Will globalisation and liberalisation inhibit/destroy
small-scale industries? ............................................................................ 25
11.What type of protective measures could India use to
withstand competitive pressures and encourage
national economic growth? .................................................................... 27
5. Preface
The process of globalisation is
popularly described as a gradual
removal of barriers to trade and
investment between nations. It aims
to achieve economic efficiency
through competitiveness, while
seeking the broader objectives of
economic and social development. At
the same time, as we might expect,
there are many misconceptions about
globalisation.
Globalisation is not a new phenomenon since the process has been happening
for ages. For example, the practice of sipping tea as an energising drink
originated in China several centuries ago. Once tea-drinking became popular,
the product spread to different parts of the world. This is a prime example of
the process of globalisation. Thus, the issue has to be studied in the context of
its time and impact. Perhaps it is impossible to label globalisation as either
good or bad, since there is no easy readymade answer.
However, the process of globalisation needs to be observed in a different
manner rather than just in terms of liberalisation and privatisation which many
people tend to group together. The basic distinction between globalisation,
liberalisation and privatisation is that while globalisation is not time-bound,
the other two can occur in a time-bound manner. The processes are all
interrelated as globalisation encompasses liberalisation, privatisation, and the
middle ground in-between the two extremes.
This monograph is an attempt to examine the myths and realities so as to
address some common fallacies about globalisation and raise peoples’
awareness on the potential benefits globalisation has to offer. However, the
case for India to liberalise has to be argued again and again.
Globalisation and India u i
6. To start with, it is to be noted that India thought of globalisation not out of
herd mentality. India started its economic reforms in 1991 after pursuing an
import substitution strategy for nearly forty years. Under this, the public sector
was given the major role to gear the economy towards a high growth path.
However, it did not work as effectively as expected. This is not to criticise
past policies, as perhaps they were the needs of the day.
Since 1991, India’s economic growth has been quite steady while other
macroeconomic indicators are showing encouraging signs of progress. Yet,
the predominant sense of India’s economic progress is one of ‘unease’ and
‘comparative failure’.
Many countries in the past, especially East and South East Asian nations,
have followed the path of export-led growth. South Korea’s rise to economic
prosperity is worth mentioning here. Both India and South Korea became
independent in 1947 with more or less similar economic conditions, having
almost the same per capita income. Initially both started with an import
substitution growth strategy, but in the 1960s, South Korea switched to an
export-oriented path to boost its weak economy.
Three decades ago South Korea’s gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
was comparable with levels in the poorer countries of Africa and Asia. Today,
its GDP per capita ($13,478) is seven times of that of India ($2,077), 13 times
of North Korea’s, and comparable to the lesser economies of the Europe.
Now it has become a member of Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD), better known as the rich nations’ club.
Another example of the power of globalisation is China’s economy. The
Chinese adopted a path of embracing the process of globalisation in late 1970s
by liberalising their economy. Today, China is about to enter the World Trade
Organisation with the status of a developed country.
As stated by Sanjaya Baru, Editor of The Financial Express and a leading
economic journalist of the country: “What’s the bottomline? The Indian
economy has become more competitive and there has been an acceleration of
growth over the past two decades. However, the economy is in need of a
strong push to a higher growth path, for India to be able to catch up with its
East and South East Asian neighbours. The need of the hour is investment.
New investment that is efficient and employment generating. Too much
statistical sophistry on whether the 1990s were any better than the 1980s is a
waste of time. The real challenge is to make the next leap to an annual average
growth rate of 8 percent in the first decade of the new century”.
ii u Globalisation and India
7. This monograph is an attempt to inform the layperson about the process of
globalisation and its impact on the Indian people in a simple question-answer
format. It is first in the series of monograph/booklet, covering various issues
on economic liberalisation in the context of India. Its aim is to build up a
constituency for economic reforms and unlock vital resources for generating
better employment opportunities and getting people out of poverty.
Instead of developing a pessimistic outlook and finding faults in the process
of globalisation, it is better that India pulls up its socks and moves ahead. It is
true that any restructuring will have losers and gainers, but there are no perfect
answers to all the problems. We, the People of India, will have to eventually
choose one path, the choice must be in the direction that points to the growth
of our nation which will only happen by making globalisation work for the
poor.
Jaipur Pradeep S. Mehta
September 2001 Secretary General
Globalisation and India u iii
8. 1
What are liberalisation,
privatisation, and globalisation?
L
P
G
Liberalisation means
ü Simplifying procedures of business, i.e. investment, trade etc. such as
doing away with the license, permit and quota raj.
ü Less interventionist and more co-operative role of the Government in
economic affairs, i.e. facilitating business rather than controlling it
Facts/Impacts
Abolition of industrial licensing
The Industrial Policy of 1991 took most of the industries out of the licensing
framework except 18 industries, representing strategic sectors. In the revised
policy of 1998-99, all industries were de-licensed, leaving only five sectors
(on health, strategic and security considerations) in government purview but
recently private investment has also been allowed in defence sector selectively.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Over the years, specific measures are taken for further liberalising policies
and streamlining procedures pertaining to FDI. At present, all FDIs are
permitted under the automatic approval route, except for a small negative list.
For instance, the ceiling for FDI in oil refining sector has been increased to
100 percent from the existing 49 percent.
8 u Globalisation and India
9. Similarly, FDI has been permitted up to 100 percent for all manufacturing
activities with certain exception in special economic zones.
Also, 100 percent FDI has been allowed, with certain conditions, in the
telecommunication sector for Internet service providers not providing gateways
for satellite and submarine cables.
The actual inflow figures of FDI have been increasing progressively. The
share of India in total inflow of FDI to developing countries has increased
from 0.5 percent in 1992 to 1.5 percent in 1998 as indicated in the following
graph.
FDI in Million US$
2500
2155
2000
US$ million
1500
1000
500
155
0
1991-92 1999-00
J Good news L Bad news
• Increased transparency • Disadvantaged groups could
• Better work culture be vulnerable, as government
• Reduction in corruption spending/subsidies will be
reduced
• Higher production
• More jobs
• Import competition could lead
to inefficient units closing
• Increased competition result- down thus throwing out labour
ing in better quality and lower
prices for consumers
• Absence of government control
may lead to low quality goods
coming into the market
Globalisation and India u 9
10. Privatisation means
ü Dis-investment of state assets
ü Transferring industry from public to private ownership
ü Permitting private participation in management of public sector
undertakings (PSUs)
Facts/Impacts
Profitability of PSUs
Year 1991-1992 1998-1999 Gross Profit of Central PSUs
Capital employed in
(Rs.Crore)
the PSUs, (Rs. Crore) 117990 273700
39770
Gross Profit, 40000
(Rs. Crore) 13670 39770
Gross profit to
Rs. Crore
30000
capital employed (%) 11.6 14.5
20000
13670
Disinvestment in PSUs 10000
Year Target Achievement 0
1991-1992 1998-1999
(Rs. Crore) (Rs. Crore)
1991-1992 2500 3038
1999-2000 10000 1829
J Good news L Bad news
• Real cost pricing, thus utilities • Poor will suffer when prices
are becoming efficient increase
• Shortages will reduce • Private monopolies may be
• Private investment will be more exploitative
attracted in infrastructure • No job security
sectors
• Locked financial resources will
be freed for deployment in
other more necessary areas
10 u Globalisation and India
11. Globalisation means
ü Expansion of economic activities across the political boundaries of
nation states
ü Increasing economic openness and growing economic interdependence
between countries
ü Opening up of markets to foreign players and vice versa
Facts/Impacts
Growth of Exports Annual GNP Growth Rate
Period Percent 6.8
6.5%
6.5
1980-81
to 7.4 6.2
1991-92 5.9
5.6 5.5%
1992-93
5.3
to 10.1
5
1999-00 1980's 1990's
J Good news L Bad news
• Wider markets for trade • Reduction in sovereignty
• Larger private capital inflows • Increase in competition may
• Better access to technology lead to some firms closing
down
• Availability of a wider variety
of goods • Risk of being left behind
• Payoffs are larger, but so are
the penalties for policy
inaction or errors
Globalisation and India u 11
12. 2
Why should India
be a part of the
process of
globalisation?
Liberal Times
India is fast becoming a part of the globalising economy. The table (1) given
below demonstrates how India has become increasingly closely connected
with the world economic and trading system in the last decade.
Table 1
Economic Indicators 1990-91 1999-2000
India’s Share in World Exports 0.5% 0.6%*
India’s Share in World Imports - 0.8%
India’s Exports as percent of GDP 5.8 8.5
India’s Imports as percent of GDP 8.8 12.3
Foreign Direct Investment (million US$) 155 2155
* 1998 data
Prior to 1991, India practiced an inward-looking strategy or import substitution
policy in order to be self-reliant. Unfortunately this policy, for various reasons,
could not serve the purpose to:
• achieve the expected growth rate;
• eradicate poverty; and
• improve human development indicators like literacy, life expectancy and
the general well being of the people.
12 u Globalisation and India
13. So India searched for other options for economic openness and integration
between the Indian economy and the global economy, i.e. by actively
participating in the process of globalisation. It is not to say that in earlier
times India was not a part of the process, but rather India was more of a
passive by-stander than an active participant.
Reasons for India to liberalise its economy:
• to be better equipped to improve the performance of the Government;
• to provide opportunities to launch development plans by securing long-
term foreign direct investment flows; and
• expand job opportunities, reduce poverty, create consumers in the market
place.
Thereby make the circle of economic development virtuous rather than vicious.
For illustration, let’s take the example of South Korea and Association of
South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). They practiced free trade and aimed at
global competitiveness. Today, they have progressed and developed into major
global economies.
Figure (a): Comparative annual growth rates
10
8.7
9
8
6.9
A f r ic a
Growth rate %
7 6.1
6 NIEs
5
4.5 4.6
5 Ma la y s ia
3.6
4
Ind ia
3
1.5
2
1
0
1 9 9 0 -1 9 9 5 1 9 9 5 -2 0 0 0
Globalisation and India u 13
14. Table 2
Annual Growth Rate % of ASEAN 4 + South Korea
Country 1970-1979 1980-89 1990-2000
Singapore 9.4 7.2 7.4
Malaysia 8.0 5.7 6.6
Thailand 7.3 7.2 4.3
Indonesia 7.8 5.7 3.9
South Korea 9.3 8.0 6.1
Observing the figure (a) & table (2), one may think these economies were in
decline because the percentage growth rates became lower over time. That of
course is a common myth.
The reality is once you grow from a low base, your growth rate would be high
in the initial phase and naturally it would slow down after reaching a certain
level.
In simple words, if this year your country’s GDP is Rs. 100 and if it is Rs. 150
in the next year, the growth rate will be 50 percent. But if it is Rs. 200 in the
year after, the growth rate will be 33 percent.
Another reality is that the newly industrialised economies (NIEs): South Korea,
Taiwan, Thailand and Singapore contributed 25 percent to world GDP in the
early 1990s as compared to four percent in the 1960s.
14 u Globalisation and India
15. 3
JUS
TIC
E WELFARE
SOCIETY
OM
ED
FRE
Can India avail of the
benefits of globalisation
Liberal Times
with its present
government system/
structure?
The answer is no. India needs to bring reforms at the level of governance. With
decreased government protection and increased participation in the process
of globalisation, the government must provide an enabling environment and
infrastructure to get benefits out of the process. For instance:
• Availability of electricity at lower prices, in right quantity and quality;
• Good infrastructure facilities such as communications, roads, transport,
ports etc;
• Flexible labour market;
• Discipline and tightening of bureaucratic setup; and
• Effective system to guard against corrupt officials.
Globalisation and India u 15
16. 4
Do liberalisation
and globalisation
imply less
government role/
intervention?
The big debate about liberalisation is about the capacity of the government to
counter its negative effects. It is unlikely that a country like India, which is
basically run by a bureaucracy, comprising mostly of self-serving civil servants,
would be able to shape its economy with the shifts in global economy without
the government playing any role in it.
Hence it needs to reorient its style of governance to promote synergy between
the private and public sectors to ensure that market processes are not
manipulated and both continue to serve the broad societal agenda.
Earlier, the government role was paramount and the private sector
supplemented it, but now the opposite should be the case.
For instance, the government’s role in the infrastructure sector is indispensable.
The private sector may not make huge investments in building roads, bridges
etc, as these are public goods and cannot be priced directly.
Some people tend to think that the failure of the government would necessarily
lead to the success of the market and vice-versa. That is a myth and till date,
no economy has experienced such compartmentalisation. The reality is that
the government should facilitate and smoothen the process of private
investment in the economy and thus play the role of a regulator rather than a
producer.
16 u Globalisation and India
17. 5
Is India going for
globalisation because of
external pressures from
agencies such as the
International Monetary Fund,
CUTS
World Bank, World Trade
Organisation?
Yes and no! In late 1980s, India went into a serious balance of payments
problem, i.e. our foreign exchange reserve became so low that we had to
pledge our gold reserves abroad to borrow money.
Furthermore, India also took loans and assistance from the World Bank and
the International Monetary Fund (IMF). As in all such cases these two
institutions imposed their conditions for reforms to be carried out, deficit to
be curbed etc.
Therefore India had to carry out the necessary reforms both due to external
pressure and the internal realisation that in the current economic situation the
country cannot afford to be profligate and mismanage.
At that time, the country had two options:
• Close its economy completely and get isolated, and
• open it up to participate actively in the process of globalisation and
integration of the world economy.
India chose the second option to gear its economy onto a high growth path
and gain material prosperity.
Globalisation and India u 17
18. Figure (b): Selected Economic Indicators
Per capita Net National Product,
at 1993-94 prices (Rupees)
12000
10204
10000 9036
7698
8000 7323
6000
4000
2000
0
1990 1993 1996 1999
Figure (c): Indicators of Openness
20
16.5
15
13.4
12.3
11.5 11.6
10
10
8.5 8.2 8.4 8.5
7.6
5.1
5
0
1980-81 to 1991-92 1992-93 to 1999-00 1999-2000
E xport growth % Import growth % E xports as %age of GDP Imports as %age of GDP
Moreover, the country has progressed by bringing about changes in its
economic policy, though in 1991 it was a conditional economic liberalisation.
India was hit by the foreign exchange crisis, and to get out of the debt trap, it
borrowed from IMF. She had to abide by its conditions but this was for her
own good. The figure (b) & figure (c) show that reforms have accelerated the
rate of growth.
Some may question why we accepted the conditions of lending institutions
like the IMF and the World Bank. The phrase ‘external pressures’ is a myth.
The reality is nobody lends without conditions. It is true for village
moneylenders to inter-governmental lending institutions, and conditions are
not necessarily bad, as experienced in our country. Otherwise we will not
have improved.
18 u Globalisation and India
19. 6
Is the liberalisation
and globalisation
Times
The Economic
strategy an
invitation for the
repetition of the East
India Company?
No, this is not true. Because globalisation is a process of deepening economic
integration, increasing economic openness and growing interdependence
between countries. It is not that only foreign companies can do business in
India. In fact, Indian companies can invest in any part of the world and they
do.
We have no such instances in the recent past that any foreign company, which
came for doing business, took over the country’s government. For example
ASEAN countries progressed by liberalising their trade and investment regime
and they never faced such a threat or action.
In any event, with a rapid global communication system through phone, fax
and internet, it is impossible to visualise capture or dominance by a foreign
power or company.
Globalisation and India u 19
20. 7
Will globalisation
increase the
division between
the rich and the
poor?
Liberal Times
Going by past experience and the future course of reforms and initiatives,
globalisation has not led to much improvement in the living standards of the
poor.
But it would not be wise to attack the process of globalisation for that reason
only.
For globalisation to have a positive effect, all it requires is that countries respond
to opportunities and adjust to constraints with proper safety nets.
The real effect of growth has to be in terms of providing basic minimum
needs for which we do not have any specific strategy because ours is a reactive
liberalisation and not a proactive and planned liberalisation. Thus, what is
required:
• the need to revisit our approach to globalisation and reforms on our terms,
keeping in mind our requirements and interests; and
• to make it an agricultural and people-led liberalisation rather than just a
corporate and business-led liberalisation.
It is also true that globalisation is commonly characterised as increasing the
gap between the rich and the poor, but it is a matter of looking at poverty in
relative terms.
20 u Globalisation and India
21. India’s prior concern is of absolute poverty, which is worse than death, and if
India makes efforts, globalisation can be a key to get rid of it.
Moreover, the percentage of people below the poverty line has been decreasing
progressively, from 36 percent in 1993-94 to 26 percent in 1999-00 as show
by the figure (d).
Figure (d): Estimates of Poverty
40
36
30 26.1
20
10
0
1993-94 1999-2000
Even in relative terms, the poorest fifth of India’s population accounted for 8.1
percent of total income or consumption while the richest fifth accounted for
46.1 percent.
The disparity between rich and poor is less than six times, less than the US
where the gap was 15 times. The index of world income inequality is 66.9,
whereas that of India is 37.8, i.e. income distribution in many other countries
is worse than that in India.
Furthermore, according to a study by the National Council of Applied Economic
Research, New Delhi, a broad-based movement occurred from poverty and
near-poverty to the ranks of the lower middle-class between 1983 and 1993-94.
Trends observed in the 1990s point to future developments in this regard.
As per figures provided in National Human Development Report 2001
(published by the Planning Commission, Government of India), the country
has achieved considerable progress in social fields. Table 3 provides data of
selected social indicators.*
Table 3
Indicator Unit Year Value Year Value
Per capita consumption Rupees/month 1993-4 328.18 1999-00 590.98
expenditure
Literacy Percentage 1991 52.21 2001 65.20
Life expectancy at birth Years 1991-5 60.3 1992-6 60.7
Fully vaccinated children Percentage 1992-3 35.4 1998-9 42.0
aged 12-23 months
* This paragraph and table 3 are added in the Reprint, June 2002.
Globalisation and India u 21
22. 8
Is privatisation a
solution to ending
corruption in public
sectors like banks,
insurance etc?
Liberal Times
Government is privatising its institutions by selling its assets to the private
sector, not only to regain its locked up investment, but also to reduce its
involvement in the system, and thereby increase the efficiency in such units,
with the aim that:
• these units will be managed and function more effectively and efficiently
so as to withstand/beat the competition of the market and also make profits;
and
• proper tools can be employed to stop corruption and other illegal dealings
thus ensuring the credibility of the enterprise.
We see much degradation in the quality of services provided by nationalised
banks. There have been cases of shady deals. Even the failure of banks in
recovering their loans is due to corruption and negligence of their employees.
Thus, privatisation is one of the ways to mend the system.
22 u Globalisation and India
23. 9
Will globalisation
Liberal Times
lead India to
become a
dumping ground
for cheap and low
quality imports?
No, this is not true. In fact, trade brings vital inputs for domestic production
and fosters competition and efficiency in the economy.
The key issue is whether Indian industry will rely on anti-dumping and
safeguard action to protect itself, or rise to the challenge of meeting competition
fairly.
Indian industry must recognise that the only way to fight competition is by
cutting costs of production and improving quality. One way forward is through
collaborations with foreign companies.
To make a point, let us take an example of a ballpoint pen. Earlier, a number
of local pen manufacturing industries used to exist. But consumers were not
satisfied with the quality and range of pens.
As the market opened up, these local enterprises, with their poor quality of
pens, could not compete with foreign manufacturers who marketed superior
quality pens. Pens like Parker, Flair, Luxor, and particularly Reynolds beat
them by their better quality and low price.
Globalisation and India u 23
24. However where there is actual unfair competition, the government has to ensure
a level-playing field and protect domestic industries from cheap imports by:
• raising tariff rates to the permissible maximum limit;
• negotiating for higher maximum limits where they are currently low;
• taking anti-dumping action if the goods are being dumped and causing
injury to local industries; and
• taking safeguard action, where there is an import surge and is causing
harm to the Indian economy.
But, all this should the done after a careful cost-benefit analysis over the whole
economy.
24 u Globalisation and India
25. 10
Will globalisation and
liberalisation destroy
small-scale industries?
SS
I
Since a large number of small-scale industries (SSIs) including traditional and
cottage industries remained over-protected for a long period, they did not face
competition, whether from within or abroad. As a result they are becoming
inefficient over time. They are either closing down or are sick.
But the problem of sick and unviable SSIs is age old. It is not only competition
but also a horde of other factors such as mismanagement, bad intentions, non-
availability of credit etc that can cause sickness.
However, globalisation is an opportunity to build a level playing field for
domestic industries, i.e. to provide measures to improve their competitiveness
and efficiency. It can rebuild or revive these enterprises through collaboration
with foreign companies and other big domestic industries and increase their
productivity and profitability.
Thus, the solution does not lie in closing down these units, rather the
government should formulate complementary policies to enable them to
produce quality products with their unrivaled skills and craftsmanship. This
applies especially in the area of handicrafts, where Indian goods have started
gaining popularity all over the world.
For illustration, if we compare the percentage of sick SSIs during 1991-92
and 1999, we see that in 1992 around ten percent of 22.46 lakh units were sick
and in 1999 around ten percent of 32.25 lakh units were sick.
Globalisation and India u 25
26. The figures (e) (f) and (g) show that liberalisation and globalisation have not
worsened the situation. There has been a sustained increase in the number of
SSI units, its production and its exports.
Figure (e): No. of SSI Units in lakhs
35 31.21 32.25
30.14
28.57
30 27.24
25.71
23.81
25 22.46
20.82
20
15
10
5
0
1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00
Figure (f): Production at constant prices Rs. crore
350000
312576
300000 288807
268159
247311
250000
222162
199427
200000 181133
169125
160156
150000
100000
50000
1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00
Figure (g): Export at current prices Rs. crore
60000 53975
55000 48979
50000 44437
45000 39249
40000 36470
35000
29068
30000 25307
25000
17785
20000 13883
15000
10000
1991- 92 1992- 93 1993- 94 1994- 95 1995- 96 1996- 97 1997- 98 1998- 99 1999- 00
26 u Globalisation and India
27. 11
What type of
Liberal Times
protective measures
should India use to
withstand
competitive
pressures and
encourage national
economic growth?
Economic reforms of any nature, including trade reforms, produce winners and
losers. But it does not imply that there are no ‘win-win’ solutions.
Faced with challenges arising from liberalisation and World Trade Organisation
(WTO) agreements, it has become necessary to focus on the mantra of
competitiveness with proper safety nets/precautionary measures to ensure
survival as well as growth of the nation.
• Adopt the concept of ‘welfare economics’ i.e. target the overall national
net gain and design compensation mechanisms so that losers are adequately
compensated.
• Domestic economic reforms as well as multilateral negotiations must be
undertaken as long as national net gains are positive.
• The sustainability of support from a majority of people for reforms would
require some compensation for losers through mechanisms such as
retraining, fast and guaranteed access to other jobs, financial support for
starting new businesses, etc.
Globalisation and India u 27
28. • Industries need to improve their products, overall marketing efficiency and
energy management and cut their costs to survive i.e. radical corporate
restructuring across the board.
• There is a need to focus on newer areas of growth apart from the traditional
markets for instance tourism, life science, fashion and real estate.
• State governments should support the development of industries and
infrastructure in the state.
• The Government should fund educational schemes on the process/impact
of globalisation. For instance, the Human Resource Development (HRD)
Ministry has initiated a campaign to educate people about Intellectual
Property Rights (IPRs) at its own cost.
• ‘Anti-globalisation’ protests reflect a lack of confidence in the system,
while better governance is the basis for the sort of globalisation, which
will benefit the majority in a sustainable manner.
• There is a need for rules and regulations to manage the economic process
of globalisation and establish well functioning legislative groups.
• Trade policy must work in partnership with other policy fields because
trade is a powerful factor capable of bringing benefits to many if managed
well.
There is a need to find the right balance between the various forces at work,
governments, markets and other institutions, which take into account the
interests of all players. Perhaps, the answer is to look into all parts of the
system and tackle weaknesses and inadequacies of the same and reinforce
pillars of governance, creating organisations in the environmental and social
development fields that work to improve coherence in the system.
28 u Globalisation and India
30. ‘CUTS’ PUBLICATIONS
TRADE, ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT
STUDIES
1. Policy shift in Indian Economy
A survey on the public perceptions of the New Economic Policy in the
states of Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal in India
conducted during June/July 1995 and recommendations to the government
which were discussed at the above mentioned India-Nepal Training
Seminar. (100pp #9512 Rs 100/US$ 25)
2. Policy shift in Nepal Economy
A survey on the public perceptions of New Economic Policy in Nepal
conducted during June/July 1995 and recommendations to the government
which were discussed at the above mentioned India-Nepal Training
Seminar. (80pp, #9513 Rs 30/US$ 15)
3. Environmental Conditions in International Trade
A study on the impact on India’s exports in the area of Textiles and
Garments including Carpets, Leather and Leather Goods, Agricultural
and Food Products including Tea and Packaging for the Central Pollution
Control Board, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India.
(39pp # 9508 Rs200/$50)
4. Costs on Consumers due to Non-Cooperation Among SAARC
Countries
A study by noted scholars on the costs on consumers of the countries in
South Asia due to economic non-cooperation among them.
(#9605 Rs.50/$25)
5. Tariff Escalation—A Tax on Sustainability
The study finds that the existence of escalating tariff structure, particularly
in developed countries, results in “third-best” allocation of resources. It
also harms both environment and development, and crucially the balance
of trade. (Rs.100/$25) ISBN 81-87222-00-X
30 u Globalisation and India
31. 6. Trade, Labour, Global Competition and the Social Clause
The social clause issue has remained one of the most heated areas of
international debate for a number of years. The study says that the quality
of that debate has not met its volume and the real issues underlying the
issue have rarely been analysed as a whole. It attempts to string the various
debates together. (Rs.100/$25) ISBN 81-87222-01-8
7. TRIPs, Biotechnology and Global Competition
The study shows, with some evidence, that the provisions in the TRIPs
agreement concerning biotechnology are of great concern to the
developing world. According to the new GATT agreement, all bio-
technology products may be patented. Nearly 80% of all biotechnology
patents are currently held by large multinationals.
(Rs.100/$25) ISBN 81-87222-02-6
8. Eradicating Child-Labour While Saving the Child
In the scenario of a growing interest in banning child labour this research
report argues that the trade restricting measures have every potential of
eliminating the child itself. The report provides logical arguments and a
case study for those groups who are against the use of trade bans for the
solution of this social malaise. It also makes certain recommendations
for the effective solution of the problem.
($25/Rs.100) ISBN 81-87222-23-9
9. Non-trade Concerns in the WTO Agreement on Agriculture
This research reportwritten by Dr. Biswajit Dhar and Dr. Sachin
Chaturvedi of the Research and Information System for the Non-Aligned
and Other Developing Countries, New Delhi, provides a detailed analysis
of non-trade concerns, covering the various dimensions indicated by
the Agreement on Agriculture of the World Trade Organisation.
($10/Rs.50) ISBN 81-87222-30-1
10. Liberalisation and Poverty: Is there a virtuous circle?
This is the report of a project: “Conditions Necessary for the
Liberalisation of Trade and Investment to Reduce Poverty”, which was
carried out by the Consumer Unity & Trust Society in association with
the Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Research, Mumbai, the
Sustainable Development Policy Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan and the
Centre for Policy Dialogue, Dhaka, Bangladesh, with the support of the
Department for International Development, Government of the UK.
($25/Rs.100) ISBN 81-87222-29-8
Globalisation and India u 31
32. 11. Analyses of the Interaction between Trade and Competition Policy
This not only provides information about the views of different countries
on various issues being discussed at the working group on competition,
but also informs them about the views of experts on competition concerns
being discussed on the WTO platform and the possible direction these
discussions would take place in near future. It also contains an analyses
on the country’s presentations by CUTS.
($25/Rs.100) ISBN 81-87222-33-6
12. The Functioning of Patent Monopoly Rights in Developing
Economies: In Whose Interest?
Advocates of strong international protection for patents argue that
developing countries would gain from increased flows of trade,
investment and technology transfer. The paper questions this view by
examining both the functioning of patents in developing economies in
the past and current structural trends in the world economy in these areas.
The historical research revealed no positive links between a strong patent
regime and FDI and technology transfer. Current trends are largely limited
to exchanges amongst the industrialised countries and to some extent,
the newly industrialising countries. While increased North/South trade
flows are expected, negative consequences are possible.
($25/Rs.100) ISBN 81-87222-36-0
DISCUSSION PAPERS
1. Existing Inequities in Trade - A Challenge to GATT
A much appreciated paper written by Pradeep S Mehta and presented at
the GATT Symposium on Trade, Environment & sustainable
Development, Geneva, 10-11 June, 1994 which highlights the
inconsistencies in the contentious debates around trade and environment.
(10pp #9406 Rs 30/US$5)
2. Multilateralisation of Sovereignty: Proposals for multilateral
frameworks for investment
The paper written by Pradeep S Mehta and Raghav Narsalay analyses
the past, present and future of investment liberalisation and regulation. It
also contains an alternative draft International Agreement on Investment.
(#9807, Rs.100/$25)
32 u Globalisation and India
33. 3. Ratchetting Market Access
Bipul Chatterjee and Raghav Narsalay analyses the impact of the GATT
Agreements on developing countries. The analyses takes stock of what
has happened at the WTO until now, and flags issues for comments.
(#9810, Rs.100/$25)
4. Domestically Prohibited Goods, Trade in Toxic Waste and
Technology Transfer: Issues and Developments
This study by CUTS Centre for International Trade, Economics &
Environment attempts to highlight concerns about the industrialised
countries exporting domestically prohibited goods (DPGs) and technolo-
gies to the developing countries that are not capable of disposing off
these substances safely and protecting their people from health and envi-
ronmental hazards. (ISBN 81-87222-40-9)
MONOGRAPHS
1. Role and the Impact of Advertising in Promoting Sustainable
Consumption in India
Economic liberalisation in India witnessed the arrival of marketing and
advertisement gimmicks, which had not existed before. This monograph
traces the the impact of advertising on consumption in India since 1991.
(25 pp, # 9803 Rs.15/US$5)
2. Social Clause as an Element of the WTO Process
The central question is whether poor labour standards results in
comparative advantage for a country or not. The document analyses the
political economy of the debate on trade and labour standards. (14 pp
#9804 Rs.15/US$5)
3. Is Trade Liberalisation Sustainable Over Time?
Economic policy is not an easy area for either the laity or social activist
to comprehend. To understand the process of reforms, Dr. Kalyan
Raipuria, Adviser, Ministry of Commerce, Government of India wrote a
reader-friendly guide by using question/answer format. (29 pp #9805
Rs.15/US$5)
4. Impact of the Economic Reforms in India on the Poor
The question is whether benefits of the reforms are reaching the poor or
not. This study aims to draw attention to this factor by taking into account
inter-state investment pattern, employment and income generation, the
Globalisation and India u 33
34. social and human development indicators, the state of specific poverty
alleviation programmes as well as the impact on the poor in selected
occupations where they are concentrated. (15 pp #9806 Rs.15/US$5)
5. Regulation: Why and How
From consumer’s viewpoint, markets and regulators are complementary
instruments. The role of the latter is to compensate in some way the
failings of the former. The goal of this monograph is to provide a general
picture of the whys of regulation in a market economy.
(34 pp#9814 Rs.15/$5)
6. Snapshots from the Sustainability Route — A Sample Profile from
India
Consumption is an indicator of both economic development and also
social habits. The disparity in consumption pattern has always been
explained in the context of the rural urban divide in India. The monograph
analyses the consumption patter of India from the point of view of the
global trend towards sustainable consumption. (16pp #9903 Rs.15/$5)
7. Consumer Protection in the Global Economy
This monograph outlines the goals of a consumer protection policy and
also speaks about the interaction between consumer protection laws and
competition laws. It also highlights the new dimensions about delivering
consumer redress in a globalising world economy, which raises
jurisdictional issues and the sheer size of the market.
(38pp #0101, Rs.20/$5).
Monographs on Investment and Competition Policy
1. Role of Competition Policy in Economic Development and The Indian
Experience
Competition and efficiency are the guiding principles of the liberal
economic order. Any healthy competition must have rules that the players
should follow. This is more so when the players are business organisations
and their activities will have a larger impact on the society. This
monograph examines the role of an effective competition policy in
economic development from the Indian perspective.
(32pp #9908 Rs.15/$5)
34 u Globalisation and India
35. 2. FDI, mega-mergers and strategic alliances: is global competition
accelerating development or heading towards world monopolies?
Foreign Direct Investment, mergers, amalgamations and strategic alliances
are the rules of the present day global economy. However, the crucial
question is whether the movement of capital leads to further development
and welfare of the society or the growth of monopolies. The monograph
sheds light on the main contours of the global competion and its implication
for the consumers. (24pp #9909 Rs. 15/$5)
3. Competition Regimes Around the World
In this paper, an attempt has been made to comply briefly, the current
state of Competition Law in some select countries, on which information
is readily available. The paper steers clear of any value judgements on
the design and implementation of the Competition Law in the countries
covered herein. (40pp #2002, Rs.20/$5).
4. Globalisation, Competition Policy and International Trade
Negotiations
This paper maps out the issues concerning multilateral competition policy,
from southern perspective. It concludes that there is a need for a realistic
assessment of the Extent to which developing countries would be able to
control MNCs under the disciplines of competition law.
(38pp #2003, Rs.20/$5).
5. Trade, Competition & Multilateral Competition Policy
As the title suggests, this monograph clarifies the areas of interaction
between trade and competition through case studies, and shows that such
interactions are on rise. It also highlights efforts being taken for a
multilateral competition policy after Second World War in form of Havana
Charter till the present happenings at the World Trade Organisation. It
further points out the provisions in various agreements of the WTO acquis,
which have the elements of competition. Most importantly, the paper
brings forward the debate vis-à-vis multilateral competition policy that
is currently taking place at various fora. It analytically points out the
hindrances in such a policy and highlights the need for a multilateral
competition policy. (36p #0005, Rs.20/$5).
6. All About Competition Policy & Law
This monograph meant for advance learner, deals with various elements
of competition law and policy in comprehensive manner. It describes
about various restrictive business practices (RBPs) at the market place.
Globalisation and India u 35
36. It further clarifies what are competition law and policy, their elements and
how they can be used to curb various kinds of RBPs. It further draws out
interface of competition policy with economic development, poor and
foreign investment. Finally it describes the genesis of competition law/
policy and in which direction it is moving. (70pp #0006, Rs.20/$5).
7. All About International Investment Agreements
This briefing kit for the general reader provides an overview of recent
trends in the proliferating number of bilateral and regional investment
agreements. The kit highlights the key issues in these agreements and
considers past initiatives and prospects at the multilateral level.
(64pp #0102, Rs.20/$5)
GUIDES
1. Unpacking the GATT
This book provides an easy guide to the main aspects of the Uruguay
Round agreements in a way that is understandable for non-trade
experts, and also contains enough detail to make it a working
document for academics and activists. (US$5, Rs.60)
2. Consumer Agenda and the WTO—An Indian Viewpoint
Analyses of strategic and WTO-related issues under two broad heads,
international agenda and domestic agenda. (#9907)
NEWSLETTERS
Economiquity
A quarterly newsletter of the CUTS Centre for International Trade,
Economics & Environment for private circulation among interested
persons/networks. Contributions are welcome: Rs.50/$15 p.a.
ReguLetter
A Quarterly Newsletter covering developments relating to competition
policy and economic regulations. The purpose of this newsletter is to
provide a forum, in particular to civil society, to understand the issues
clearly and promote a healthy competition culture in the world.
Contributions are welcome: Rs.50/$15 p.a.
36 u Globalisation and India
37. BRIEFING PAPERS
Our Briefing Papers inform the layperson and raise issues for further debate.
These have been written by several persons, with comments from others. Re-
publication, circulation etc are encouraged for wider education. They are
available for free, but contributions towards postage (Rs.5/$5) are welcome.
1995
1. GATT, Patent Laws and Implications for India
2. Social Clause in the GATT - A Boon or Bane for India
3. Greening Consumer Choice? - Environmental Labelling and the
Consumer
4. Trade & Environment: the Inequitable Connection
5. Anti-Dumping Measures under GATT and Indian Law
6. Rational Drug Policy in South Asia - The Way Ahead
7. No Patents on Life Forms!
8. Legislative Reforms in a Liberalising Economy
1996
1. The Freezing Effect - Lack of Coherence in the New World Trade Order
2. Competition Policy In A Globalising And Liberalising World Economy
3. Curbing Inflation and Rising Prices - The Need for Price Monitoring
4. Globalising Liberalisation Without Regulations! - Or, how to regulate
foreign investment and TNCs
5. The Circle of Poison - Unholy Trade in Domestically Prohibited Goods
6. Swim Together or Sink - Costs of Economic Non-Cooperation in South
Asia (revised in Sept. 1998)
7. Carrying The SAARC Flag - Moving towards Regional Economic
Cooperation (Revised in Oct. 1998)
8. DPGs, Toxic Waste and Dirty Industries—Partners in Flight
9. WTO: Beyond Singapore - The Need for Equity and Coherence
1997
1. The Uruguay Round, and Going Beyond Singapore
2. Non-Tariff Barriers or Disguised Protectionism
3. Anti-Dumping Under the GATT - The Need For Vigilance By
Exporters
4. Subsidies & Countervailing Measures
5. Textiles & Clothing - Who Gains, Who Loses and Why?
6. Trade in Agriculture—Quest For Equality
7. Trade in Services-Cul de Sac or the Road Ahead!
Globalisation and India u 37
38. 8. TRIPs and Pharmaceuticals: Implications for India
9. Movement of Natural Persons Under GATS: Problems and Prospects
1998
1. TRIPs, Biotechnology and Global Competition
2. Tariff Escalation—A Tax on Sustainability
3. Trade Liberalisation, Market Access and Non-tariff Barriers
4. Trade, Labour, Global Competition and the Social Clause
5. Trade Liberalisation and Food Security
1999
1. The Linkages: Will It Escalate?
2. Trade and Environment—An Agenda for Developing Countries
3. Dispute Settlement at WTO—From Politics to Legality?
4. TRIPs and Biodiversity
5. Eradicating Child Labour While Saving the Child—Who Will Pay the
Costs?
6. Overdue Reforms in European Agriculture—Implications for Southern
Consumers
7. Liberalisation and Poverty: Is there a virtuous circle for India?
8. The Non-trade Concerns in the WTO Agreement on Agriculture
9. Negotiating History of the Uruguay Round
10. Professional Services under the GATS–Implication for the Accountancy
Sector in India
2000
1. Implementation of the WTO Agreements: Coping with the Problems
2. Trade and Environment: Seattle and Beyond
3. Seattle and the Smaller Countries
4. Dispute Settlement under the GATT/WTO The Experience of
Developing Nations
5. Competition Regime in India: What is Required?
6. Biosafety Protocol: Sweet ‘N’ Sour
7. Process and Production Methods (PPMs)–Implications for Developing
Countries
8. Globalisation: Enhancing Competition or Creating Monopolies?
9. Trade, Competition & Multilateral Competition Policy
10. The Functioning of Patent Monopoly Rights in Developing Countries:
In Whose Interest?
38 u Globalisation and India
39. 2001
1. Trade And Sustainable Development
An Outline of A Southern Agenda
2. Contours of a National Competition Policy: A Development Perspective
3. Human Rights and International Trade: Right Cause With Wrong
Intentions
For more details, visit our website at www.cuts.org.
Globalisation and India u 39
40. “Though in recent past many monographs, literatures etc have been published on
Globalisation and Liberalisation but they treated the subject superficially advocating only
one-sided views and publishing only half-truths.
However for the first time the referred monograph, which has been sent to me, have treated
the most important subject impartially bringing out the real challenges India is facing from
the World Trade Organisation treaty with its factual analysis to take the advantages for the
benefit of our beloved nation.”
Mr. Kailash Joshi
MP (Rajya Sabha) and former
Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh
40 u Globalisation and India
CUTS Centre for International Trade, Economics & Environment
D-217, Bhaskar Marg, Bani Park, Jaipur 302 016, India
Ph: 91-141-2207482, Fx: 91-141-2207486
Email: cuts@cuts.org Website: www.cuts.org