- Even after 55 years of planned development and 9 Five-Year Plans, India has failed to solve basic economic problems like poverty and unemployment. Poverty has increased and the benefits of development have mostly gone to affluent sections.
- Gandhi advocated for a rural-based, agriculture-focused model of development to uplift rural populations, but this was not implemented. Instead, Nehru adopted a Western model of heavy industrialization through centralized planning.
- While the goals of early plans were to reduce poverty and establish a socialist society, the benefits have not reached poorer sections. Later poverty programs were poorly designed and funds were misused, providing only acknowledgement but not solutions for the poor.
The document provides an overview of India's 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017). It discusses the plan's goals of faster, more sustainable and inclusive growth. It notes that while the economy has grown significantly in recent decades, expectations are now high. The 12th Plan faces challenges like a global economic slowdown and domestic issues. The plan aims to reverse slowing growth and return to 9% GDP growth by investing in infrastructure and addressing policy uncertainties. Key sectors like agriculture and manufacturing are targeted to grow 4% and 10% respectively. The document provides context on past plan performances and targets across broad economic parameters for the 12th Plan.
The Planning Commission of India was replaced by NITI Aayog in 2015 to promote cooperative federalism, address the diverse needs of states, and transform India into a global competitive economy. Key differences include NITI Aayog functioning as a think tank rather than allocating funds, encouraging participation from states in policymaking, and focusing on evidence-based strategic policy frameworks. It aims to foster multi-directional policy flows between central and state governments to achieve equitable development through collaborative efforts.
The document provides an overview of India's Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017). The Plan aims to achieve faster, more inclusive and sustainable economic growth after growth slowed in the previous years. It focuses on immediately reviving investment to restart growth as well as developing long-term policies and capabilities to achieve the country's full growth potential of 9% annually by the end of the Plan period. Key areas of focus include building infrastructure, improving governance, enhancing private sector participation, and rational management of national resources in a sustainable manner while engaging with the global community.
The document summarizes India's five year plans from 1951-2012. The key points are:
1) The first five year plan (1951-1956) aimed to improve living standards and increase the national income by 3.6% annually. Major projects like dams and industrial development were undertaken.
2) Subsequent plans focused on increasing agricultural production, becoming self-sufficient in food grains, promoting public and private industry, and improving infrastructure, health, education and social welfare.
3) Later plans emphasized reducing poverty, inequality, and generating employment while balancing economic growth, equity and environmental sustainability.
4) The plans showed progress but also weaknesses in unemployment, malnutrition, and access to resources in some areas
Sourajit Aiyer - GSCGI WealthGram, Switzerland - Can the indian elephant move...South Asia Fast Track
1) The document discusses the challenges facing India's new government in reviving the country's economic growth, which is characterized as an "elephant" that has slowed its pace.
2) It notes some initial steps taken by the new government to establish better governance, such as faster decision-making, but that foreign investors remain cautious as they want to see further economic reforms.
3) The main challenges are reviving growth, keeping public finances in check, tackling high inflation, boosting jobs, and promoting industrial and export growth. Addressing these issues is akin to facing a "winner's curse" as solutions require difficult reforms and balancing social welfare programs with development.
The document summarizes the key features of planning in India after the establishment of NITI Aayog to replace the Planning Commission. It provides a brief history of the Planning Commission and introduces NITI Aayog, describing its structure, members, functions, and key differences from the Planning Commission. Some achievements of NITI Aayog are highlighted along with ongoing criticism and challenges.
Five Years Action Plan in India By Media Center IMACMedia Center IMAC
Get to know - five year action plan in India. Since 1947, the Indian economy has been premised on the concept of planning. This has been carried through the Five-Year Plans, developed, executed, and monitored by the Planning Commission.
Keep watching & Sharing...
By: www.mediacenterimac.com
The document provides an overview of India's 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017). It discusses the plan's goals of faster, more sustainable and inclusive growth. It notes that while the economy has grown significantly in recent decades, expectations are now high. The 12th Plan faces challenges like a global economic slowdown and domestic issues. The plan aims to reverse slowing growth and return to 9% GDP growth by investing in infrastructure and addressing policy uncertainties. Key sectors like agriculture and manufacturing are targeted to grow 4% and 10% respectively. The document provides context on past plan performances and targets across broad economic parameters for the 12th Plan.
The Planning Commission of India was replaced by NITI Aayog in 2015 to promote cooperative federalism, address the diverse needs of states, and transform India into a global competitive economy. Key differences include NITI Aayog functioning as a think tank rather than allocating funds, encouraging participation from states in policymaking, and focusing on evidence-based strategic policy frameworks. It aims to foster multi-directional policy flows between central and state governments to achieve equitable development through collaborative efforts.
The document provides an overview of India's Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017). The Plan aims to achieve faster, more inclusive and sustainable economic growth after growth slowed in the previous years. It focuses on immediately reviving investment to restart growth as well as developing long-term policies and capabilities to achieve the country's full growth potential of 9% annually by the end of the Plan period. Key areas of focus include building infrastructure, improving governance, enhancing private sector participation, and rational management of national resources in a sustainable manner while engaging with the global community.
The document summarizes India's five year plans from 1951-2012. The key points are:
1) The first five year plan (1951-1956) aimed to improve living standards and increase the national income by 3.6% annually. Major projects like dams and industrial development were undertaken.
2) Subsequent plans focused on increasing agricultural production, becoming self-sufficient in food grains, promoting public and private industry, and improving infrastructure, health, education and social welfare.
3) Later plans emphasized reducing poverty, inequality, and generating employment while balancing economic growth, equity and environmental sustainability.
4) The plans showed progress but also weaknesses in unemployment, malnutrition, and access to resources in some areas
Sourajit Aiyer - GSCGI WealthGram, Switzerland - Can the indian elephant move...South Asia Fast Track
1) The document discusses the challenges facing India's new government in reviving the country's economic growth, which is characterized as an "elephant" that has slowed its pace.
2) It notes some initial steps taken by the new government to establish better governance, such as faster decision-making, but that foreign investors remain cautious as they want to see further economic reforms.
3) The main challenges are reviving growth, keeping public finances in check, tackling high inflation, boosting jobs, and promoting industrial and export growth. Addressing these issues is akin to facing a "winner's curse" as solutions require difficult reforms and balancing social welfare programs with development.
The document summarizes the key features of planning in India after the establishment of NITI Aayog to replace the Planning Commission. It provides a brief history of the Planning Commission and introduces NITI Aayog, describing its structure, members, functions, and key differences from the Planning Commission. Some achievements of NITI Aayog are highlighted along with ongoing criticism and challenges.
Five Years Action Plan in India By Media Center IMACMedia Center IMAC
Get to know - five year action plan in India. Since 1947, the Indian economy has been premised on the concept of planning. This has been carried through the Five-Year Plans, developed, executed, and monitored by the Planning Commission.
Keep watching & Sharing...
By: www.mediacenterimac.com
An estimate of World Bank says that an additional 64 million people are living in extreme poverty on less
than US$1.25 a day by the end of 2010 as a result of the global recession. Low export dependency, a
large consumption base and the high share of employment and income come from rural areas.
Government’s focus and initiatives at local level will help in sustaining the economic growth at large. India
is among the most attractive destinations globally, for investments and business and FDI had increased
over the last few years. With the inclusive work force participation, development of infrastructural
facilities, encouraging small and medium enterprise MSMEs sector, government can fill the gap of income
disparity in different regions. Better policy measures and awareness programmes regarding many of the
government initiatives for the betterment of society can do wonders for an inclusive society and nation.
Better employment prospects, better technical education and programmes on poverty eradication and
public health must be priory concerned. An action oriented approach in a very aggressive manner would
be needed to facilitate a better livelihood and better market conditions for the society.
The document discusses India's 12th Five Year Plan and its focus on inclusive growth. Some key points:
1) The 12th Five Year Plan aims to accelerate economic growth to 9% through private sector investment while also focusing on inclusive growth and reducing regional disparities.
2) It identifies four critical challenges: managing energy, water, urban transformation, and ensuring environmental protection alongside growth.
3) Inclusiveness will require a focus on scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and minorities, as well as improving access to education, health, water and sanitation for all.
Approaches to Development Planning in Bangladesh: from 5 year plan to PRSP an...Ahasan Uddin Bhuiyan
Bangladesh first introduced the "five-year development plan" in July 1973, which continued until 2002. The government introduced the PRSP as advised by donors in July 2005 setting a target to achieve the millennium development goals (MDGs) by the year 2015. Due to criticism from different quarters on the shortcomings in the ongoing PRSP, the government has taken the initiative to change the nation's public investment policy.
The government has decided to reintroduce the five-year development plan after the implementation period of the ongoing poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP) ends in July 2011.
As a part of my regular academic activities, I was assigned by Professor Dr. Akter Hossain, my honourable course teacher , to complete an assiggnment on “Approaches to Development Planning in Bangladesh: from 5 year plan to PRSP and again reverting back to 5 year plan.”
The First Five Year Plan from 1951-1955 had total budget of 206.8 billion INR. Its objectives were to raise living standards and develop agriculture, energy, irrigation, industry, and social services. The plan achieved GDP growth of 3.6% per year, exceeding its target of 2.1%. The Second Five Year Plan from 1956-1961 aimed to increase national income by 25% and make India more industrialized. It achieved the establishment of 5 steel plants, increased coal and railway production, and land reforms. The Third Five Year Plan from 1961-1966 focused on agriculture, employment, equality, and decentralization through organizations like village councils.
The document discusses India's five-year plans since independence. It provides background on the Planning Commission and objectives of economic planning in India. Key points:
- The Planning Commission was established in 1950 and formulates India's five-year plans aimed at economic development and poverty reduction.
- Early plans focused on rapid industrialization, agriculture, energy, and infrastructure development to address poverty and economic issues post-independence.
- Subsequent plans targeted increasing GDP growth rates, employment, education, health, and self-sufficiency while facing challenges like drought, wars, and economic crises.
- The 12th five-year plan aims for more inclusive and sustainable growth of 8.2% through priorities
The document summarizes India's five year plans from 1951 to 2012. It discusses the key objectives, sectors of focus, and economic growth targets and achievements of each five year plan. The first five year plan (1951-1956) focused on agriculture and irrigation to boost the economy out of poverty. It achieved a growth rate of 3.6% compared to its target of 2.1%. Subsequent plans emphasized industry, infrastructure, poverty alleviation, employment generation, and increasing GDP growth rates to accelerate economic development. Later plans also aimed to improve social indicators like education, health, and empower women.
The document summarizes key details from India's first seven Five Year Plans between 1951-1989. The plans aimed to improve living standards, increase GDP growth, develop infrastructure like roads and railways, and make progress in agriculture, industry and social services. While objectives were largely achieved, challenges included high inflation, drought, and slowing economic progress at times due to global or domestic political issues. The plans laid the foundation for India's economy and self-sufficiency in important areas.
The document summarizes the key characteristics of the Indian economy. It notes that India has a mixed economy with both public and private sectors. It has a large population but low capital formation due to low savings rates and unequal wealth distribution. Other characteristics include high domestic consumption, price instability, rapid urbanization, and a fast-growing services sector. The economy is ranked among the world's largest and continues to experience strong growth, though technological development still lags more advanced countries.
The document outlines India's approach to its 12th Five Year Economic Plan from 2012-2017. It discusses goals of achieving 8.2% annual GDP growth through increased investment, market development, and public-private partnerships. It emphasizes making growth more inclusive by reducing poverty and gender gaps, improving conditions for disadvantaged groups, and generating employment. Key priorities include agriculture, rural development, water management, industry, education, health, infrastructure, energy, and managing urbanization. The conclusion states that achieving high growth while promoting inclusion will require private sector growth within a supportive policy environment and more efficient implementation.
The document provides an overview of India's 12 Five Year Plans from 1951-2012. It discusses the objectives, achievements and challenges of each plan. The key points are:
- The First Five Year Plan (1951-1956) aimed to improve living standards and make judicious use of resources with a total outlay of Rs. 2069 Cr. Major dams and industries were started.
- Subsequent plans focused on increasing GDP growth, agricultural production, employment, education and healthcare. Plans also aimed to reduce poverty, regional disparities and reliance on imports.
- The Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) targeted 9% GDP growth and included priorities like agriculture, irrigation, education, health, and
5 yr master plan final and its approachesnilofar saifi
The document discusses India's five year plans and the transition from the Planning Commission to NITI Aayog. It provides details on the objectives and sectors of the 12th five year plan, including targets for economic growth, industry, agriculture, education and skill development, health, and infrastructure. It introduces NITI Aayog as replacing the Planning Commission to foster greater state government involvement in economic policymaking through a bottom-up approach, in order to improve cooperative federalism and center-state relations.
This document outlines the rationale for transforming India's planning body from the Planning Commission to NITI Aayog. It notes that India has undergone significant political, economic, social and technological changes in the past 65 years. It highlights key transformations like increased population, rapid economic growth, the rise of the private sector, globalization, the evolution of states, and advances in technology. Given these changes, the Planning Commission's structures and practices are no longer aligned with current realities. The document reviews calls from experts and past leaders to reform the Planning Commission so it can better serve India's development needs. It introduces NITI Aayog as the replacement institution to guide development in a changing India.
The document discusses India's five year plans which were formulated to develop the economy after independence. The Planning Commission was established in 1950 to frame, execute and monitor the plans. The early plans focused on development of irrigation, infrastructure, and heavy industry to build a self-reliant economy. Later plans emphasized agriculture, poverty alleviation, rural development and privatization during economic liberalization in the 1990s. The plans aimed to achieve annual GDP growth targets and social development goals.
DRR Component Incorporate With 7FYP Bangladesh Govt.Syadur Rahaman
The document outlines Bangladesh's 7th Five Year Plan from 2016-2020. Some key points:
- The plan aims to accelerate economic growth to 8% annually while empowering citizens through job creation, skills development, and access to credit.
- Major goals include reducing poverty and inequality, boosting sectors like manufacturing, exports, and infrastructure development.
- Targets also focus on human development through education, health, water and sanitation improvements.
- The plan emphasizes sustainable and inclusive development, urban transition management, and building resilience against climate change and disasters.
This document is the budget speech for 2013-2014 presented by the Minister of Finance, P. Chidambaram. Some key points:
- The Indian economy has slowed due to global economic challenges and domestic issues like a high fiscal deficit and current account deficit. The goal is to return to 8% growth through this budget.
- Allocations are made to priority areas like rural development, health, education, women and child development, SC/ST welfare, and infrastructure. Total expenditure is budgeted at Rs. 16,65,297 crore, a 29.4% increase in plan expenditure from the current year.
- Inflation, fiscal deficit, and current account deficit remain challenges but the
NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission as the premier central government think tank in India in 2015. It was formed to foster cooperative federalism through involvement of state governments in economic policymaking. NITI Aayog aims to develop credible plans through technology and innovation to achieve sustainable development goals. It monitors program implementation and pays special attention to disadvantaged sections. Some achievements include progress on entrepreneurship, infrastructure, federalism, agriculture, digitalization and increasing foreign investment. The Prime Minister chairs NITI Aayog, which also includes a vice chairperson and CEO along with part-time and ex-officio members to advise on economic policy.
Diapositives de la presentació final del projecte "Tall i sincronització automàtica de segments audiovisuals", de Quim Llimona, dins l'assignatura Laboratori de So de l'ESMUC.
The document summarizes the scope and size of the IEEE organization. It states that IEEE is a leading authority in technical areas such as computer engineering, biomedical technology, and telecommunications. It produces 30% of electrical engineering literature, holds over 850 conferences annually, and has over 850 active standards. The IEEE is a non-profit association with over 390,000 members across 160 countries, including 74,000 members in Region 8 and 2,000 members in the Greece Section.
The document provides Facebook keyboard shortcuts for the Chrome and Firefox browsers on Windows. For Chrome, pressing ALT + 1-5 accesses the home page, profile page, friend requests, messages, and notifications. ALT + ? opens search and ALT + M composes a new message. For Firefox, the same shortcuts require adding the Shift key, such as Shift + ALT + 1 for the home page. The document also lists the author and links to their blog, email, LinkedIn, Facebook, and Twitter profiles.
Rediscovering yourself: Finding and Releasing the True YouDele Ayo Bankole
At some point in our lives, we are faced with the dilemma of being what others expect of us, or accepting our real selves and living true to who we really are. In this presentation, I shared (with a gathering of teenagers and tweenagers) how their real self is formed, how they can discover it, and how to release it.
I trust you'd have a similar "eye-opening" experience as you peruse the material.
I believe in you!
An estimate of World Bank says that an additional 64 million people are living in extreme poverty on less
than US$1.25 a day by the end of 2010 as a result of the global recession. Low export dependency, a
large consumption base and the high share of employment and income come from rural areas.
Government’s focus and initiatives at local level will help in sustaining the economic growth at large. India
is among the most attractive destinations globally, for investments and business and FDI had increased
over the last few years. With the inclusive work force participation, development of infrastructural
facilities, encouraging small and medium enterprise MSMEs sector, government can fill the gap of income
disparity in different regions. Better policy measures and awareness programmes regarding many of the
government initiatives for the betterment of society can do wonders for an inclusive society and nation.
Better employment prospects, better technical education and programmes on poverty eradication and
public health must be priory concerned. An action oriented approach in a very aggressive manner would
be needed to facilitate a better livelihood and better market conditions for the society.
The document discusses India's 12th Five Year Plan and its focus on inclusive growth. Some key points:
1) The 12th Five Year Plan aims to accelerate economic growth to 9% through private sector investment while also focusing on inclusive growth and reducing regional disparities.
2) It identifies four critical challenges: managing energy, water, urban transformation, and ensuring environmental protection alongside growth.
3) Inclusiveness will require a focus on scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and minorities, as well as improving access to education, health, water and sanitation for all.
Approaches to Development Planning in Bangladesh: from 5 year plan to PRSP an...Ahasan Uddin Bhuiyan
Bangladesh first introduced the "five-year development plan" in July 1973, which continued until 2002. The government introduced the PRSP as advised by donors in July 2005 setting a target to achieve the millennium development goals (MDGs) by the year 2015. Due to criticism from different quarters on the shortcomings in the ongoing PRSP, the government has taken the initiative to change the nation's public investment policy.
The government has decided to reintroduce the five-year development plan after the implementation period of the ongoing poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP) ends in July 2011.
As a part of my regular academic activities, I was assigned by Professor Dr. Akter Hossain, my honourable course teacher , to complete an assiggnment on “Approaches to Development Planning in Bangladesh: from 5 year plan to PRSP and again reverting back to 5 year plan.”
The First Five Year Plan from 1951-1955 had total budget of 206.8 billion INR. Its objectives were to raise living standards and develop agriculture, energy, irrigation, industry, and social services. The plan achieved GDP growth of 3.6% per year, exceeding its target of 2.1%. The Second Five Year Plan from 1956-1961 aimed to increase national income by 25% and make India more industrialized. It achieved the establishment of 5 steel plants, increased coal and railway production, and land reforms. The Third Five Year Plan from 1961-1966 focused on agriculture, employment, equality, and decentralization through organizations like village councils.
The document discusses India's five-year plans since independence. It provides background on the Planning Commission and objectives of economic planning in India. Key points:
- The Planning Commission was established in 1950 and formulates India's five-year plans aimed at economic development and poverty reduction.
- Early plans focused on rapid industrialization, agriculture, energy, and infrastructure development to address poverty and economic issues post-independence.
- Subsequent plans targeted increasing GDP growth rates, employment, education, health, and self-sufficiency while facing challenges like drought, wars, and economic crises.
- The 12th five-year plan aims for more inclusive and sustainable growth of 8.2% through priorities
The document summarizes India's five year plans from 1951 to 2012. It discusses the key objectives, sectors of focus, and economic growth targets and achievements of each five year plan. The first five year plan (1951-1956) focused on agriculture and irrigation to boost the economy out of poverty. It achieved a growth rate of 3.6% compared to its target of 2.1%. Subsequent plans emphasized industry, infrastructure, poverty alleviation, employment generation, and increasing GDP growth rates to accelerate economic development. Later plans also aimed to improve social indicators like education, health, and empower women.
The document summarizes key details from India's first seven Five Year Plans between 1951-1989. The plans aimed to improve living standards, increase GDP growth, develop infrastructure like roads and railways, and make progress in agriculture, industry and social services. While objectives were largely achieved, challenges included high inflation, drought, and slowing economic progress at times due to global or domestic political issues. The plans laid the foundation for India's economy and self-sufficiency in important areas.
The document summarizes the key characteristics of the Indian economy. It notes that India has a mixed economy with both public and private sectors. It has a large population but low capital formation due to low savings rates and unequal wealth distribution. Other characteristics include high domestic consumption, price instability, rapid urbanization, and a fast-growing services sector. The economy is ranked among the world's largest and continues to experience strong growth, though technological development still lags more advanced countries.
The document outlines India's approach to its 12th Five Year Economic Plan from 2012-2017. It discusses goals of achieving 8.2% annual GDP growth through increased investment, market development, and public-private partnerships. It emphasizes making growth more inclusive by reducing poverty and gender gaps, improving conditions for disadvantaged groups, and generating employment. Key priorities include agriculture, rural development, water management, industry, education, health, infrastructure, energy, and managing urbanization. The conclusion states that achieving high growth while promoting inclusion will require private sector growth within a supportive policy environment and more efficient implementation.
The document provides an overview of India's 12 Five Year Plans from 1951-2012. It discusses the objectives, achievements and challenges of each plan. The key points are:
- The First Five Year Plan (1951-1956) aimed to improve living standards and make judicious use of resources with a total outlay of Rs. 2069 Cr. Major dams and industries were started.
- Subsequent plans focused on increasing GDP growth, agricultural production, employment, education and healthcare. Plans also aimed to reduce poverty, regional disparities and reliance on imports.
- The Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) targeted 9% GDP growth and included priorities like agriculture, irrigation, education, health, and
5 yr master plan final and its approachesnilofar saifi
The document discusses India's five year plans and the transition from the Planning Commission to NITI Aayog. It provides details on the objectives and sectors of the 12th five year plan, including targets for economic growth, industry, agriculture, education and skill development, health, and infrastructure. It introduces NITI Aayog as replacing the Planning Commission to foster greater state government involvement in economic policymaking through a bottom-up approach, in order to improve cooperative federalism and center-state relations.
This document outlines the rationale for transforming India's planning body from the Planning Commission to NITI Aayog. It notes that India has undergone significant political, economic, social and technological changes in the past 65 years. It highlights key transformations like increased population, rapid economic growth, the rise of the private sector, globalization, the evolution of states, and advances in technology. Given these changes, the Planning Commission's structures and practices are no longer aligned with current realities. The document reviews calls from experts and past leaders to reform the Planning Commission so it can better serve India's development needs. It introduces NITI Aayog as the replacement institution to guide development in a changing India.
The document discusses India's five year plans which were formulated to develop the economy after independence. The Planning Commission was established in 1950 to frame, execute and monitor the plans. The early plans focused on development of irrigation, infrastructure, and heavy industry to build a self-reliant economy. Later plans emphasized agriculture, poverty alleviation, rural development and privatization during economic liberalization in the 1990s. The plans aimed to achieve annual GDP growth targets and social development goals.
DRR Component Incorporate With 7FYP Bangladesh Govt.Syadur Rahaman
The document outlines Bangladesh's 7th Five Year Plan from 2016-2020. Some key points:
- The plan aims to accelerate economic growth to 8% annually while empowering citizens through job creation, skills development, and access to credit.
- Major goals include reducing poverty and inequality, boosting sectors like manufacturing, exports, and infrastructure development.
- Targets also focus on human development through education, health, water and sanitation improvements.
- The plan emphasizes sustainable and inclusive development, urban transition management, and building resilience against climate change and disasters.
This document is the budget speech for 2013-2014 presented by the Minister of Finance, P. Chidambaram. Some key points:
- The Indian economy has slowed due to global economic challenges and domestic issues like a high fiscal deficit and current account deficit. The goal is to return to 8% growth through this budget.
- Allocations are made to priority areas like rural development, health, education, women and child development, SC/ST welfare, and infrastructure. Total expenditure is budgeted at Rs. 16,65,297 crore, a 29.4% increase in plan expenditure from the current year.
- Inflation, fiscal deficit, and current account deficit remain challenges but the
NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission as the premier central government think tank in India in 2015. It was formed to foster cooperative federalism through involvement of state governments in economic policymaking. NITI Aayog aims to develop credible plans through technology and innovation to achieve sustainable development goals. It monitors program implementation and pays special attention to disadvantaged sections. Some achievements include progress on entrepreneurship, infrastructure, federalism, agriculture, digitalization and increasing foreign investment. The Prime Minister chairs NITI Aayog, which also includes a vice chairperson and CEO along with part-time and ex-officio members to advise on economic policy.
Diapositives de la presentació final del projecte "Tall i sincronització automàtica de segments audiovisuals", de Quim Llimona, dins l'assignatura Laboratori de So de l'ESMUC.
The document summarizes the scope and size of the IEEE organization. It states that IEEE is a leading authority in technical areas such as computer engineering, biomedical technology, and telecommunications. It produces 30% of electrical engineering literature, holds over 850 conferences annually, and has over 850 active standards. The IEEE is a non-profit association with over 390,000 members across 160 countries, including 74,000 members in Region 8 and 2,000 members in the Greece Section.
The document provides Facebook keyboard shortcuts for the Chrome and Firefox browsers on Windows. For Chrome, pressing ALT + 1-5 accesses the home page, profile page, friend requests, messages, and notifications. ALT + ? opens search and ALT + M composes a new message. For Firefox, the same shortcuts require adding the Shift key, such as Shift + ALT + 1 for the home page. The document also lists the author and links to their blog, email, LinkedIn, Facebook, and Twitter profiles.
Rediscovering yourself: Finding and Releasing the True YouDele Ayo Bankole
At some point in our lives, we are faced with the dilemma of being what others expect of us, or accepting our real selves and living true to who we really are. In this presentation, I shared (with a gathering of teenagers and tweenagers) how their real self is formed, how they can discover it, and how to release it.
I trust you'd have a similar "eye-opening" experience as you peruse the material.
I believe in you!
The document discusses the Indian economy during the planning era. Key points:
- Planning was adopted after independence to accelerate growth and reduce poverty through increasing incomes. The first few decades saw 3.5-4% growth.
- Objectives of planning included expanding employment, modernizing the economy, promoting social justice and reducing inequality, ensuring sustainable growth, and achieving self-reliance.
- Five-Year Plans were the main mechanism for achieving planning objectives through targeted programs and investments. The 12th Plan aimed for faster, sustainable, and more inclusive growth.
This document summarizes India's economic reforms that began in 1991 in response to a fiscal crisis. It describes how prior to reforms, India had a closed, licensed economy with slow growth. The reforms aimed to liberalize trade and investment. Key measures included cutting tariffs and import restrictions, encouraging foreign investment, and reducing the bureaucracy. The reforms accelerated GDP growth. However, issues remained around fiscal deficits, poverty reduction, uneven growth across regions, and sustaining growth impulses. Further "second generation" reforms were needed focused on competitiveness, infrastructure, education, and involving all economic sectors.
The document is a project report on the impact of economic liberalization on the Indian economy. It discusses India's pre-liberalization period of protectionism and licensing. In 1991, India faced an economic crisis and introduced reforms like opening to foreign investment and trade. This led to changes in the direction and composition of India's foreign trade, with exports and imports shifting away from developed countries. Liberalization also worsened India's net factor income from abroad, though it has been unable to significantly impact the agricultural sector.
Challenges And Opportunities Of Globalisationloveleenchawla
Globalization: challenges and opportunities
Abstract:
Globalization is a multifaceted phenomenon. The paper identify some of the
Challenges it poses, as well as some of the opportunities it offers. Attention is focused on three major aspects of globalization namely economic, cultural, and political.
During 1990 to 2003, the volume of world trade has increased and the higher and middle-income countries managed to increase their share in world trade mainly due to the opening up of economies because of globalization. The middle-income countries had invited more Foreign Direct Investment during the period and the per capita GDP of the low-income countries was marginally increased. This resulted into the economic inequality, which widened between different income groups. In other words globalization has been confined to developed countries and developing countries were able to participate in the process.
However, globalization should not be accused for loosing share of the low-income countries. These countries suffered from internal problems like rapid rise in population, infrastructure bottlenecks, weak financial markets and so on.
Globalization and its benefits required a conducive environment to ensure higher returns and larger markets for foreign investors. To get a share of global capital, technology and output, developing countries had to upgrade their social and economic institutions through administrative, legislative and legal reforms.
Globalization merely provides opportunities to flourish. Globalization is not a tool to produce equality of outcome but it produces equality of opportunity for those with right mindset. Therefore developing countries require focusing on economic restructuring, developing market-supporting institutions and creating efficient regulatory mechanisms.
The low-income countries cannot survive at their own; they require international assistance and a support mechanism so as to facilitate their participation in the process of globalization. The challenge of the hour is to make globalization work towards global prosperity through disaggregate development. The critically necessity in this context are the collective and cooperative actions which should be realized by all countries of the world and particularly the developed ones.
This document discusses India's 12 Five Year Plans from 1951 to 2017. It outlines the key focuses and achievements of each plan, including agricultural development in the first plan, industrial development in the second, and increasing self-sufficiency in the third. Later plans emphasized reducing poverty, increasing employment, boosting the economy through reforms like liberalization, and ensuring inclusive growth. While planning helped increase incomes, infrastructure, and social development, it did not fully alleviate poverty or reduce inequalities as intended. Overall, Five Year Plans played an important role in shaping India's post-independence development policies and programs.
The document discusses the differences between economic growth and development in the context of India. It defines growth as a quantitative increase in production over time, while development refers to improving economic, social, and political well-being. Key indicators of India's growth include rising GDP, GDP per capita, GNP, and per capita income between 1990-2016. However, development indicators like the HDI, literacy rates, and life expectancy show that not all citizens have benefited equally from growth. The debate around prioritizing growth vs development in India is also summarized.
The document provides a review of the book "Why Growth Matters" by Jagdish Bhagwati and Arvind Panagariya. It summarizes the authors' biographies and discusses several key points made in the book's introduction. The introduction notes that while India was initially expected to outperform China economically due to its democracy, by the late 1950s India had embraced policies that stalled growth and increased poverty. It was not until economic reforms began in 1991 that growth increased, helping reduce poverty.
The document outlines several key objectives of economic development:
1. High rate of economic growth to steadily increase a country's output of goods and services over time. Countries aim for growth rates of 2-3% annually.
2. Economic self-reliance so a country can rely on its own resources and generate enough surplus to import what it needs, without excessive dependence on foreign aid or imports.
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4. Modernization to transform traditional economic and social structures through technological and scientific advancements.
5. Economic stability to avoid large fluctuations in the economy and ensure non-inflation
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The document discusses India's industrial policies and plans from 1951 to the present. Some key points:
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The document summarizes India's economic planning process through its eleven five-year plans from 1951 to 2012. It outlines the key objectives, focus areas, and growth targets and achievements of each five-year plan, highlighting developments in agriculture, industry, infrastructure, education, health, poverty alleviation, and other social and economic goals. Planning is overseen by the Planning Commission to promote growth, self-reliance, and modernization across sectors in a systematic manner.
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
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'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
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to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
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centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
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providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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1. CHAPTER VII
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Even aHer 55 years of planned development, India has not
succeeded to solving the basic problems of the Indian economy. The rate of
poverty and unemploynnent is increasing even after we completed 9 five
year plans. 'l'hough government of India launched various poverty
alleviation programmes they have not benefited properly the people who
were targeted. As P.C. Maholonobis once stated as a "result of economic
planning rich became richer and poor became poorer in India". It is a fact
that the fruits of development in our country is being appropriated by the
affluent sections in the country. It may be argued that the very orientation
of our economic policy is biased towards the upper strata of the Indian
society. Though vast ~n,xjority the people of India living in rural areas
of
nothing worth while has been done to improve the living conditions of the
rural people of our country. Progress and facilities were available only in
the urban centers of our country.
During the freedo'm struggle Gandhiji highlighted the central role of
agriculture and allied activities and cottage and traditional industries for the
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2. emancipation of the rural population. As Gandhi stated a number of times
"India lives in villages'. By neglecting the villages India can never make
any progress. Gandhiji during the freedom struggle stressed the importance
of a indigenous and rural based programme for India's reconstruction.
Gandhiji had a programme for the economic upliftment of the vast majority
of the rural people. The Ciandhian model of economic development was
never given a try in independent India. Nehru chosen the Western model.
Based on heavy industrialisation and implemented it through a centralised
planning mechanism that he borrowed from the Soviet Union. The
Development policy introduced by Nehru aimed at the elimination of
poverty and unemployment and the establishment of a socialistic pattern of
society in India. With this over all aim, government of India formulated a
programme of planned development of the Indian economy. Every five
year, a separate plan was formulated and each five year plan had its own
special objectives.
The first five year plan launched in 195 1 had visualised a doubling
of per capita income by 1980-81 leading to a sharp reduction in poverty
levels. The first plan lay )more emphasis on Agriculture. The plan was able to
attain its objectives in the agricultural sector. Though the first five year plan
achieved in increasing agricultural production. The actual achievement was
not more than half. Per capita income increased by only 50 percent during
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3. 40 years upto 1990-91. I'he overall development strategy of Government
of India was clearly defined in the Second Plan (1956-61), whose launch
coincided with the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, which delineated
the roles of the public and private sector, a division that was to last for the
next 35 years. rhe focus on heavy industry during the 2ndplan is well
known. What was not so well known at that time and the price for which
was paid later was the export of pessimism that crept into the economy and
more tragically, the neglect of land reforms. The second plan lay more
emphasis on heavy industries. A number of such industries were
established during the plan period. The importance of the
zndfive year plan
was that the subsequen~.plans more or less followed the development
strategy with minor changes here and there upto the late 80's.
During the early '70's there was increasing awareness among our
policy makers and planners that the benefits of development have not
reached the poorer sections of the people, though the five year plans were
intended to improve the lots of the poorer sections of the people. Therefore,
the government of India launched a number of poverty alleviation
programmes during the period. Integrated Rural Development Programme
(IRDP), Rural L.andless En~ploymentGeneration Programme (RLEGP),
National Rural Employmerlt Programme @REP) are the notable examples.
The design of these programmes was (and has been) faulty and a large part of
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4. the funds were appropriated by the local functionalizes. Yet, the expansion of
the programmes perhap:$ constituted the first acknowledgement that the poor
did matter, even if only in terms of electoral politics.
There was stagnation of growth. It was recognized in the beginning of
the eighties (by Lndira Gandhi) that unless higher growth was achieved, the
economy would collapse. So she started liberalizing the economy by
removing some of the restrictions of investment. The result was remarkable.
Rajiv Gandhi liberalized further. and faster growth was marked in the 2"*
half of the 80's.
But it was fed by reckless extemal borrowing and
irresponsible fiscal expansion at home. The wages of such mismanagement
had to be paid in the early 90's, and the balance of payment crisis snow balled
into a serious external crasis in 199 1. It opened the watergate of sweeping
changes in the economic policy of the country. In order to tide over this
crisis Narasimha Rao introduced the new economic policy of globalisation.
The New Economic Policy announced by the Government of India in
June 1991 amounted to a 'U' turn in economic policy. It gave a deep burial to
the twin basic principles that gave the basic orientation to the planning process
throughout namely maintaining political independence, sovereignty and the
insistence that the main beneficiary should be the weaker sections and the
rural poor. Export promotion as against import substitution, dominance of the
market in place of direction by the state, pron~inencefor the private sector
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5. instead of dominance of the public sector, openness to the international
economy and to foreign are the chief components of the NEP.
The central problems of the Indian economy still however, continue to
be widespread and extreme poverty, low productivity and ever increasing
disparities. If the performance of the post-1991 era is to be judged by these
yardsticks then there is little that can be said for the process that was ushered
in by the Narasimha Rao government. The only 'real' benefit of liberalization
was that it freed certain sections from the oppressive control of the state,
which under the pretext of central planning aimed at creating a socialist
pattern of society, gave us a corrupt system that resulted in a vastly unequal
and under-productive society.
The sections of population who were liberated from the oppressive
control of the state, not surprisingly, were the very ones who benefited
most when we were trying to create a 'socialist society'. Liberalization, as
we know it so far, has failed to address India's core economic problems.
Poverty has grown, pl.oductivity has fallen, and income inequality has
widened. That is mostly due to the fact that instead of becoming an all
encompassing process that would not only free the economy and stimulate
entrepreneurship and creativity. but also restructure government to make it
more accountable, transparent and honest, it just became an initial first step
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6. that did away with the quota allocating industrial licensing policy, opened
up more areas to foreign investment and little else.
One could argue that without the liberalization package the economic
condition would have worsened. This is plausible. The roots of the problems
that afflict us today were sown in the previous decades. We know what these
are. Therefore. the biggest failure of the reform process ushered in 1991
was that it is based on partial judgements and false premises of the
economy. It has now remained stalled for long in the mire of crony
capitalism and bureaucratic sloth.
Stripped of all rhetoric, liberalisation was intended primarily to do
two things. First and foremost it was supposed to accelerate industrial
growth. Next it was meant to attract huge inflows of foreign investment to
finance infrastructure development. Neither happened. Industrial growth in
the decade 1981-91 was 7.7%. Since 1991-92 it has been 5.8%.' Foreign
Direct Investment or FDI[ from 1991 to 1999 amounted to US$ 12879
million. Of this IJS$ 2440 million are NRI investments suggesting that a
good part of it is actually money clandestinely stashed abroad and
returning to bolster equity positions of owner-managers, a somewhat quaint
terms to describe people with small individual holding who are still permitted
to manage companies as personal properties and private fiefdoms.
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7. Former Finance Minister P. Chidambaram, was of the view that
India needed about US $ lo2 billion or Rs. 43, 000 crore of FDI a year to
pull itself up to world standards by the middle of the current century.
Instead of the US$ 90 billion we wanted, we have so far attracted only US$
13 billion. So how good was our liberalization?
There are other indicators too that strongly suggest that liberalization
rather than speeding up growth and development actually slowed it down.
Agricultural growth, which averaged 4.04% p.a. for the decade 1981-91, fell
to 2.3% p.a. for the period 1991-99.j The impact of this can be most seen in
food prices. The average annual price rise during the 1980s for food articles
was rice 5.6%. wheat 5.7% and pulse-11.2%. During the following decade
these changed respectively lo: rice 10.2% wheat 9.5% and pulses 11.4%.
Since 1981 the area under food grains and oil seeds crops has
remained almost static at about 150 million hectares, while the number of
people working on the land increased from 186.2 million in 1991 to 228.2
million in 1999. This suggest a major slowdown in the growth of real
incomes and wages in the rural sector because foodgrains production only
grew from 176.4 million tonnes in the year 1990-91 to 192.4 million tonnes
in the year 1997-98.'
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8. The World Bank estimates the annual average growth of wage rates
of unskilled agricultural male workers in the 80's to be 4.6% as opposed to
2.5% in the 90s. It would seem that but for lower wages given the greater
availability of farm workers, the rise in food prices would have been
higher. While all through the 1980s the wholesale price index rose at an
average annual rate of 6.9%,it grew at 8.8% in the liberalized 9 0 s . ~
Employment generation in the organized sector too suffered. It was
growing at a modest 1.6% during 1981-91, just keeping pace with the
population growth rate. Since then the growth in jobs in the organized
sector has halved to 0.8% while the population continues to grow as before.
The power sector, which was a major source of concern at the
beginning of the last decade, too did not show any great leap forward
though the centerpiece of the liberalization policy was the opening up of
the sector to foreign capital and ownership. As a part of liberalization we
noted the worst examples of crony capitalism unfold. Promoters of power
projects were not only assured an extraordinarily high rate of return, 16% p.a.,
but were given all sorts of other guarantees as well. They were protected
against currency fluctuations, and payments and off-take were both
guaranteed, thus insulating them against all risks, giving the terms risk capital
an entirely new meaning.'
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9. 7'he foreign trade picture too was to radically change as a result of
liberalization. This it probably did. For imports. which were growing
modestly at the rate of 4.5% p.a. during 1991-2000. But did it make a big
difference to exports? Not really, because the change was miniscule from
8.28% to 8.41%. All the time we were being told that if imports grew so
would exports. But that just did not happen.'
The trade deficits have been growing exponentially. In 1980-81 the
adverse balance was Rs. 5838 crore; in 1990-91 this was Rs 10645 crore.
By 1998-91 it had swelled to Rs. 55478 crore. It would seem that besides
devaluation, ostensibly to make exports more competitive, we have had no
foreign trade policy worth the name. In 1981 one dollar was worth Rs. 8. In
1991 this changed to Ks. 18 and now to little more than Rs. 48.8
Table 7.1
India's External Debt Outstanding
Categories
Long-termdebt
Short-term debt
Total debt
1
- - -
/
1991
1
End -March
1 1 1995
6 /
US$ billion
nxmnii602001R
75.3
92.6
78.2 94.7
88.5
8.5
7
4.3
5.0
4.3
3.9
85.3
83.8
96.9
99.0
93.5
External debt -kev indications (ratios as ver cent)
-Sept.
2.80
I
Short - term to
6.7
Source : Economic Survey Minislry ojFinuncr Government oflndiu 2001-2002.
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10. The 199 1 Census confirms that even after four and a half decades of
independence over 80% of all rural workers are employed by the
agricultural sector. As many as 52% of the men, and 18% of the women
living in rural India are farm workers. In many states the dependence on
the agricultural sector for employment has increased. This continuous
assured supply of labour to the rural sector clearly has a depressive effect
on the daily wages of agricultural and other rural workers. It is small
wonder that they comprise the bulk of the poorest among the poor.
In 1991 Mohan Guruswamy along with Shantanu Nagpal, tired to
estimate the incidence of poverty using basic human needs and quality of life
parameters. Among these were proper nutrition, shelter, access to services like
education, health. clean drinking water, and public transportation. Using these
expanded set of criteria we estimated that over 70% of Indians fell below
the poverty line. The conclusion of their analysis was that if those
yardsticks were adopted, the government would be pushed into adopting a
new set of policies to target its goals and prioritize them more
systematically. Evidently the system is still not ready for such a major
change.
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11. Table 7.2
India's Global Position on Human and Gender Development
category y i k : e n t
index
Development
Gender
Index
Empowerment
Gender
Measure
2001
Norway
2001
1992
2001
0.939
0.91 1
0.937
0.752
0.836
0.936
0.901
0.935
0.568
0.738
0.735
0.933
-
1992
0.660
0.732
0.288
0.308
Australia
0.927
Sri. Lanka
0.7.4
China
0.594
0.718
-
0.578
0.715
0.474
0.321
Indonesia
0.637
0.677
0.591
0.671
0.362
0.362@
India
0.439
0.571
0.401
0.533
0.226
0.240@
Pakistan
0.483
0.498
0.360
0.466
0.153
0.176@
Nepal
0.364
0.480
0.310
0.461
0.315
Bangladesh
0.364
-
0.470
0.334
0.459
0.287
0.309
Mozambique
0.246
0.323
-
0.229
0.309
0.350
0.428@
[ 0.196
0.260
Niger
0.207
--
--
-
-
0.274
.
-
-
0.120@
@ relates: to 1999
Source: Human L)evelopment .Reports 1999 and 2001
Note:
Two papers by S8.P Gupta, Member Planning Commission and
Gaurav Dattl after analyzing the data thrown up by the latest National
Sample Surveys. concluded that the incidence of poverty has actually gone
up since 1991. Ciupta's co~nclusionsare quite disturbing. According to him
the incidence of poverty, ,which dropped from 44.5% in 1983 to 34.3% in
1990, grew to 43% in 1998. Datt is more charitable and came to the
conclusion that while urban poverty has shown a declining tendency, rural
poverty levels have been static because "the trickle down" did not take
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12. place. He even suggests that it will not work-it is a make believe situation.
Even the experience of the USA has shown that growth does not trickle down
voluntarily. Only an enabled and empowered population that can
meaninghlly join in the growth process can suck it down. Indian record in
this is pathetic.
What direction the economy should take is the cruse of the debate
that is going on in this country. Protagonists of market guided globalisation
argue that the present problems sprang up because the economy was not
properly liberalised. So they advocate 'bold steps' means more liberalization,
opening up the economy fully to the global market forces etc. They base
their argument on the premise that there is no alternative to globalisation
'Globalise or Perish' is their maxim. Those who are critical of the present
variety of globalisation have adduced evidence to show that the new
economic policy will only lead to extreme concentration of wealth and
power in the hands of hardly 20% of the global population. The rest will be
left to compete for what left over. Multinational corporations have become
richer and more powerful than countries and World Trade Organization has
started playing political r,ole besides economic. This will create a deeply
divided world, an asymmetry that is portentous. So, they argue that we
should change our econclmic policy, take a turn towards an equitable,
sustainable and self-reliant path of development. Many believe that there
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13. are thousands of alternative's others say that if alternatives are not
available we must bring in new alternatives. In this context, the present
study has come to the conclusion that the model presented by Gandhi as
outlined in chapter 6 as it based on self-reliance sustainability equity and
justice can provide a viable alternative for a country like India and that the
basic approach of Gandhi towards economic development will serve as a
suitable guide for the third world countries in general and even for the first
world if they are keen on creating a just and sustainable world order.
References and Notes
1
Economic Survey, Ministry of Finance. Govt. of India various issues
2
P. Chidamparam on Indian Economy, problems and prospects- lndia Today Weekly,
200 1
3
Economic Survey, Minist01 of Finance. Govt. of lndia various issues
4
Indian Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2000
'
'
World Development Report, 2000
~nron
power project controversy in Maharashtra
Economic Survey, Ministry of Finance, Govt. of lndia various issues
Economic Survey, Ministly of Finance, Govt. of lndia various issues
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