Business Environment - Unit-4 - IMBA - Osmania University
Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation (LPG) in Indian Economy:
Concept of LPG
Process of LPG followed in India
Globalization and role of WTO
Regional Trading Blocks
India’s Foreign Trade and Agreements with Trading Blocks.
Highlights of the LPG Policy
Foreign Technology Agreements
Foreign Investment
MRTP Act 1969 (Amended)
Industrial Licensing
Deregulation
Beginning of Privatisation
Opportunities for overseas trade
Steps to regulate inflation
Tax reforms
Abolition of License-Permit Raj
Advantages of Globalisation in India
Industrial Licensing
Deregulation
Beginning of Privatisation
Opportunities for overseas trade
Steps to regulate inflation
Tax reforms
Abolition of License-Permit Raj
Advantages of Globalisation in India
Types of Regional Trading Blocs
Trade blocs can be stand-alone agreements between several states (such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or part of a regional organization (such as the European Union).
Depending on the level of economic integration, the trade blocs can fall into the 6 different categories, such as preferential trading areas, the free trade areas, the customs unions, the common markets, the economic union and monetary unions & the political union.
Preferential Trade Area: Preferential Trade Areas (PTAs) exist when countries within a geographical region agree to reduce or eliminate tariff barriers on selected goods imported from other members of the area. This is often the first small step towards the creation of a trading bloc.
Business Environment - Unit-5 - IMBA - Osmania UniversityBalasri Kamarapu
Business Environment - Unit-5 - IMBA - Osmania University
Unit-V
Economic Survey and Union Budget
Fiscal Policy and Present Tax Environment
Direct and Indirect Taxes
Concept of Value Added Tax
Current Year’s Economic Survey and Union Budget
Fiscal Policy and Present Tax Environment
Fiscal policy deals with the taxation and expenditure decisions of the government.
Some of the major instruments of fiscal policy are as follows: Budget, Taxation, Public Expenditure, public revenue, Public Debt, and Fiscal Deficit in the economy.
Fiscal policy means the use of taxation and public expenditure by the government for stabilization or growth of the economy.
According to Culbarston, “By fiscal policy we refer to Government actions affecting its receipts and expenditures which ordinarily as measured by the government’s receipts, its surplus or deficit.”
General objectives of Fiscal Policy are given below:
1. To maintain and achieve full employment.
2. To stabilize the price level.
3. To stabilize the growth rate of the economy.
4. To maintain equilibrium in the Balance of Payments.
5. To promote the economic development of underdeveloped countries.
Business Environment - Unit-1 - IMBA (Osmania University)Balasri Kamarapu
Unit -I: Business Environment and Analysis:
Nature, Composition and Scope of Business Environment.
Business Environment and its impact on different kinds of business decisions.
Economic growth and Economic Development. Analysis of India’s National Income.
Recent trend in the growth of National Income and its important components: Saving, Investment, Industry, Agriculture and Tertiary Sectors. Micro Environment Factors
Macro Environment Factors
Indicators of economic growth
GDP
GNI
Per capita income
Business Environment - Unit-3 - IMBA - Osmania UniversityBalasri Kamarapu
Business Environment - Unit-3 - IMBA - Osmania University
Unit-III: Economic Policies of India
Industrial Environment and Policy
Role of SSUs, and MNCs
Policy of Public Sector and its role in the economy
Competition Law
Policies on Foreign Investment and Trade (EXIM).
Unit-II: Indian Financial Systems
Evolution and Structure of Indian Financial System.
Elements of Indian Financial System— Markets, Institutions, and Environment.
Money Market and the role of banking, Non-banking and Unorganized Sector.
Regulatory function of RBI with special reference to Money market.
Components of Capital Market—Primary, Secondary, Debt and Equity Market.
Problems and Prospects of Indian Capital Market.
Business Environment - Unit-5 - IMBA - Osmania UniversityBalasri Kamarapu
Business Environment - Unit-5 - IMBA - Osmania University
Unit-V
Economic Survey and Union Budget
Fiscal Policy and Present Tax Environment
Direct and Indirect Taxes
Concept of Value Added Tax
Current Year’s Economic Survey and Union Budget
Fiscal Policy and Present Tax Environment
Fiscal policy deals with the taxation and expenditure decisions of the government.
Some of the major instruments of fiscal policy are as follows: Budget, Taxation, Public Expenditure, public revenue, Public Debt, and Fiscal Deficit in the economy.
Fiscal policy means the use of taxation and public expenditure by the government for stabilization or growth of the economy.
According to Culbarston, “By fiscal policy we refer to Government actions affecting its receipts and expenditures which ordinarily as measured by the government’s receipts, its surplus or deficit.”
General objectives of Fiscal Policy are given below:
1. To maintain and achieve full employment.
2. To stabilize the price level.
3. To stabilize the growth rate of the economy.
4. To maintain equilibrium in the Balance of Payments.
5. To promote the economic development of underdeveloped countries.
Business Environment - Unit-1 - IMBA (Osmania University)Balasri Kamarapu
Unit -I: Business Environment and Analysis:
Nature, Composition and Scope of Business Environment.
Business Environment and its impact on different kinds of business decisions.
Economic growth and Economic Development. Analysis of India’s National Income.
Recent trend in the growth of National Income and its important components: Saving, Investment, Industry, Agriculture and Tertiary Sectors. Micro Environment Factors
Macro Environment Factors
Indicators of economic growth
GDP
GNI
Per capita income
Business Environment - Unit-3 - IMBA - Osmania UniversityBalasri Kamarapu
Business Environment - Unit-3 - IMBA - Osmania University
Unit-III: Economic Policies of India
Industrial Environment and Policy
Role of SSUs, and MNCs
Policy of Public Sector and its role in the economy
Competition Law
Policies on Foreign Investment and Trade (EXIM).
Unit-II: Indian Financial Systems
Evolution and Structure of Indian Financial System.
Elements of Indian Financial System— Markets, Institutions, and Environment.
Money Market and the role of banking, Non-banking and Unorganized Sector.
Regulatory function of RBI with special reference to Money market.
Components of Capital Market—Primary, Secondary, Debt and Equity Market.
Problems and Prospects of Indian Capital Market.
MSME - All you need to know about this sectorshubhadeep saha
here in the slide, I have presented all the necessary information regarding MSME i.e Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises. From the opportunities, challenges to the benefits of MSMED act, loan schemes, projects that the FMC has submitted till date are all presented. although I couldn't provide all the happenings in MSME this presentation can be named as MINI WIKI for MSME. in recent days msme has contributed a lot to the Indian economy and makes it stronger. also, the MSME sector provides huge employment that has surely lower down the tension of the govt. e6arao aro onek ki6u a6e, jeta apnara net ghatle bujhte parben, apatoto ja korar ata diei korun. porer ta pore dekha jbe
This slide gives an insight to the financial sector reforms of India which looks into banking reforms, monetary policy reforms and financial market. It is quick to learn and easy to understand with major points highlighted in regards of reforms.
Macro-economic stabilisation and structural adjustment in India (1991)Antara Chakrabarty
These slides mainly give an insight into the major macroeconomic stabilization and structural adjustments that were made in India during severe financial crisis of 1991. It discusses the situation sector-wise and provides with a detailed glossary of important terms towards the end of the slide-show.
This presentation will help the reader to know when and from where the entrepreneurial class emerged in India, the history behind the emergence of the entrepreneurial class, and
the major events that mark this emergence.
MSME - All you need to know about this sectorshubhadeep saha
here in the slide, I have presented all the necessary information regarding MSME i.e Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises. From the opportunities, challenges to the benefits of MSMED act, loan schemes, projects that the FMC has submitted till date are all presented. although I couldn't provide all the happenings in MSME this presentation can be named as MINI WIKI for MSME. in recent days msme has contributed a lot to the Indian economy and makes it stronger. also, the MSME sector provides huge employment that has surely lower down the tension of the govt. e6arao aro onek ki6u a6e, jeta apnara net ghatle bujhte parben, apatoto ja korar ata diei korun. porer ta pore dekha jbe
This slide gives an insight to the financial sector reforms of India which looks into banking reforms, monetary policy reforms and financial market. It is quick to learn and easy to understand with major points highlighted in regards of reforms.
Macro-economic stabilisation and structural adjustment in India (1991)Antara Chakrabarty
These slides mainly give an insight into the major macroeconomic stabilization and structural adjustments that were made in India during severe financial crisis of 1991. It discusses the situation sector-wise and provides with a detailed glossary of important terms towards the end of the slide-show.
This presentation will help the reader to know when and from where the entrepreneurial class emerged in India, the history behind the emergence of the entrepreneurial class, and
the major events that mark this emergence.
The October edition of the Newsletter outlines the Indian priorities and the road ahead for the G20; provides brief information on the happenings at the World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB), International Finance Corporation (IFC), World Trade Organization (WTO), International Trade Centre (ITC) and highlights the key remarks made by the Minister of State for External Affairs at the 8th IBSA Trilateral Ministerial Commission Meeting.
Challenges And Opportunities Of Globalisationloveleenchawla
Globalization: challenges and opportunities
Abstract:
Globalization is a multifaceted phenomenon. The paper identify some of the
Challenges it poses, as well as some of the opportunities it offers. Attention is focused on three major aspects of globalization namely economic, cultural, and political.
During 1990 to 2003, the volume of world trade has increased and the higher and middle-income countries managed to increase their share in world trade mainly due to the opening up of economies because of globalization. The middle-income countries had invited more Foreign Direct Investment during the period and the per capita GDP of the low-income countries was marginally increased. This resulted into the economic inequality, which widened between different income groups. In other words globalization has been confined to developed countries and developing countries were able to participate in the process.
However, globalization should not be accused for loosing share of the low-income countries. These countries suffered from internal problems like rapid rise in population, infrastructure bottlenecks, weak financial markets and so on.
Globalization and its benefits required a conducive environment to ensure higher returns and larger markets for foreign investors. To get a share of global capital, technology and output, developing countries had to upgrade their social and economic institutions through administrative, legislative and legal reforms.
Globalization merely provides opportunities to flourish. Globalization is not a tool to produce equality of outcome but it produces equality of opportunity for those with right mindset. Therefore developing countries require focusing on economic restructuring, developing market-supporting institutions and creating efficient regulatory mechanisms.
The low-income countries cannot survive at their own; they require international assistance and a support mechanism so as to facilitate their participation in the process of globalization. The challenge of the hour is to make globalization work towards global prosperity through disaggregate development. The critically necessity in this context are the collective and cooperative actions which should be realized by all countries of the world and particularly the developed ones.
Recently, IMF said that India will grew at 7.5% overtaking China as the fastest growing economy in 2015-16 due to recent policy initiatives made by government of India.But the prospects could change depending on the implementation of the reforms of the new Modi government.
Unit: 1 Introduction to Indian Economy : Alternative Development Strategies – Trends in
National Income, Growth and Structure since 1991 - New Industrial Policy 1991 – Recent changes
in Trade Policy - Competition Policy - Public Sector Reform - Privatization and Disinvestments –
Progress of Human Development in India
Unit: 2 Planning and Economic Development : Redefining the Role of the State – Human Capital
Formation in India – Problem of Foreign Aid – Economic Reforms and Reduction of Poverty –
Measures to Remove Regional Disparities
Unit: 3 Indian Industries : Review of Industrial Growth under 10th and 11th Five year plan -
Growth and present state of IT industry in India – Outsourcing, Nationalism and Globalization –
Small Sector Industrial Policy
Unit: 4 a) Foreign Trade: Trends of Exports and Imports of India – Composition of India’s
Foreign Trade - Direction of India’s Foreign Trade – Growth and Structure of India’s Foreign
Trade since 1991 – Balance of Payments since the New Economic Reforms of 1991.
b) Foreign Capital : Need for Foreign Capital – Foreign Investment Inflows – Role of Special
Economic Zones (SEZ)
Unit: 5 India in the Global Setting : India in Global Trade – Liberalization and Integration with
the Global Economy – Globalization Strategies – India’s Foreign Exchange Reserves –
Convertibility of the Rupee – WTO and India.
India’s chemical industry contributes approximately 7% to the country’s GDP and accounted for ~13-14% of the total Indian exports in 2015. The Indian chemical industry accounts for ~4% of the global chemical industry. Indian chemical industry is currently estimated at ~USD 151 billion (including pharmaceuticals) and has been growing at 9.8% CAGR over the past three years. The demand growth is expected to primarily be fuelled by domestic consumption because per capita consumption of most of the chemicals is much lower than global averages. Moreover, with a strong outlook for key end user industries, the demand for chemical products is expected to surge in the coming years.
In November 1891, entrepreneurs Bob Walker Smith and Albert Eadie buy George Townsend & Co. of Hunt End, Redditch. Townsend’s is a well-respected needle manufacturer of almost 50 years standing which has recently begun manufacturing bicycles.
The duo win a contract to supply precision parts to the Royal Small Arms Factory of Enfield, Middlesex. To celebrate this prestigious order, they rename their undertaking the Enfield Manufacturing Company Ltd. and call their first Bob Walker Smith designed bicycle, the Enfield. The following year, their bicycles are renamed Royal Enfields and the trademark ‘Made Like A Gun’ is introduced.
Sales Organization
Need for Sales Organizations, their structures
Sales Manager’s functions and responsibilities
Planning for major customers and sales budget
Specific characteristics of a successful salesman
Functional Structure
Geographic Structure
Market-Based Structure
Product Sales Force Structure
Skills for Sales Managers
General sales skills
Recruitment skills
People skills
Training and mentoring skills
Communication skills
Forecasting skills
Financial, and general numeracy, skills
Public speaking skills
Leadership skills
Technology skills
Organizational skills
MARKET STRUCTURES AND PRICING
Concept of market structures
Perfect competition market and price determination
Monopoly and abnormal profits
Monopolistic Competition
Price Discrimination
Oligopoly-Features of oligopoly
Syndicating in oligopoly
Kinked demand curve
Price leadership and market positioning
Conditions for Company Equilibrium
To achieve Equilibrium, a Company must meet two conditions:
You need to make sure that the marginal revenue is equal to the marginal cost (MR = MC).
If MR> MC, the Company has an incentive to expand production and sell additional units.
If MR<MC, the Company needs to reduce production because additional units generate more costs than revenue.
Only when MR = MC does the Company achieve maximum profit.
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania UniversityBalasri Kamarapu
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-3 IMBA Syllabus Osmania UniversityBalasri Kamarapu
PRODUCTION AND COST CONCEPTS
Theory of production
Production function
Input output combination
Short run production laws
Law of diminishing marginal returns to scale
ISO-quant curves
ISO-cost curves
Business Economics - Unit-2 for IMBA, Osmania UniversityBalasri Kamarapu
DEMAND CONCEPTS & ELASTICITY OF DEMAND :
Concept of Demand
Determinants of Demand
Law of Demand
Exception to the law of demand
Elasticity of Demand
Types of demand elasticity
Uses of demand elasticity
Concept of Supply
Determinants of Supply
Law of Supply
Elasticity of Supply
Business Economics unit-1 Osmania University IMBA Balasri Kamarapu
Introduction to Business Economics-Characteristics-Nature and scope, concept of opportunities Cost- Incremental Cost- Time perspective-Discounting and Equi-Marginal Principle, Features of Business Economics
CRM and Marketing Strategy
CRM Marketing initiatives
Sales Force Automation
Campaign Management, Call Centers
Practice of CRM: CRM in Consumer Markets
CRM in Services Sector, CRM in Mass Markets
CRM in Manufacturing Sector
Customer Relationship Management Unit-4 IMBA Osmania University
Planning for CRM
Steps in Planning
Building Customer Centricity
Setting CRM Objectives
Defining Data Requirements, Planning Desired Outputs
Relevant issues while planning the Outputs
Elements of CRM plan
CRM Strategy: The Strategy Development Process
Customer Strategy Grid
Customer Relationship Management Unit-3 IMBA Osmania University
EVOLUTION OF CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP
CRM-Definition, emergence of CRM practice, factors responsible for CRM growth, CRM Process, framework of CRM, Benefits of CRM, Types of CRM, Scope of CRM, Customer Profitability, Future Trends in CRM, CRM and Cost-Benefit Analysis, CRM and Relationship Marketing, Customer Relationship Management Unit-1 IMBA Osmania University
Retailing Management unit - 5 - IMBA Osmania universityBalasri Kamarapu
Retail Management Information System and Retail Research:
Retail Technology and Automations;
Retail Technology and CRM;
Human resources and Executive information systems;
Developing a research Methodology;
Retail audit
Retail Operations and e-Tailing:
Store Operating parameter;
Using strategic resource model in Retailing;
Designing performance programme;
Online retailing, and
Online retail categories.
Standard Operating Procedures(SOP’s)
and
Checklists for Store Operations
Some important practical terminology
Impulse Products
Ticker (Used to count foot falls)
F&V Dump
FIFO
UDL (Uniform Distribution Load in shelves)
Ethylene generating Vs Ethylene sensitive F&V
Average Bill Value = Total Sales/No. of Bills
Private Labels
TI/TO Register (Transfer In/Transfer Out)
To find success, retail managers must continue to motivate their employees:
Motivators for online shopping
Advantages of online retailing
Disadvantages of online retailing
Strategic Retail Model
Retail Marketing and Advertising
Retail Marketing Strategies;
Strategic Positioning;
Retail marketing mix;
Customer relationship management;
Direct marketing;
Micro marketing in retailing, and
Advertising in retailing.
Retailing management unit - 2 - IMBA- Osmania UniversityBalasri Kamarapu
Store planning;
Design and Layout;
Retail merchandising;
Supply Chain Management in Retailing, key areas of retail store planning , Steps involved in choosing a Retail Location, Three elements of a good design, Significance/Importance of Store layout, Types of store layout, Layout selection – Chief Considerations, The Rights of Merchandising, basic an in-store merchandising plan , Factors affecting retail merchandising, Process of merchandise planning, Merchandise Buying, Merchandise Performance, Supply Chain Management in Retailing, Supply Chain Integration, Vendor Managed Inventory(VMI), Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment(CPFR), Benefits of CPFR
Definition and Scope of Retailing;
Retailing Scenario – Global;
Retailing Scenario-India;
Prospects of Retailing in India;
Trends in Retailing;
Retailing formats;
Retail Strategies.
Characteristics of Retailing, Scope of Retailing, Functions of Retailing, History of Retailing In India, Trends in Retailing, Emerging Trends In Retail, Retailing Formats
Steps involved in developing a retail strategy,
Product and brand management unit-2
Product Market Evolution: Strategy and Planning. New Product Development: Innovation and New Product Development (NPD), Theories of NPD, Models of NPD, Generic Product Development process.
New Product Introduction, Growth Strategies Intensive, Interactive, Diversification Strategies. Product Portfolio analysis BCG, GE, Ad little. Shell International, Risk-Return analysis.
*************************************
The General Electric/McKinsey matrix
• Shell directional policy matrix
• Arthur D. Little strategic condition matrix
Business Law unit-3 - sale of goods act 1930 and Consumer Protection Act 1986Balasri Kamarapu
Business Law unit-3 - sale of goods act 1930 and Consumer Protection Act 1986.
SALE OF GOODS ACT 1930
Contract of Sale: Essentials of Valid Sale - Sale and Agreement to Sell – Definition and Types of Goods - Conditions and Warranties - Caveat Emptor - Exceptions - Transfer or Passing of Property: Time When Property Passes, Rules of Transfer of Property, Transfer of Ownership - Sale by Non-Owners and its Exceptions - Unpaid Seller - Rights of Unpaid Seller.
Consumer Protection Act 1986: Definitions of Consumer – Person – Goods - Service –Consumer Dispute - Unfair Trade Practice - Restrictive Trade Practice – Defect - Deficiency – Consumer Protection Councils - Consumer Dispute Redressal Agencies - District Forum – State Commission and National Commission - Procedure to Lodge a Complaint for Redressal – Appeals.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Business Environment - Unit-4 - IMBA - Osmania University
1. Business
Environment
Unit - 4
PRESENTED BY
K.BALASRI PRASAD
B.Sc(KU), M.B.A(OU), NET(UGC), (Ph.D)(MGU)
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN MANAGEMENT
VISHWA VISHWANI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
2. BBA/MBA 5 year Integrated Course II Year -III Semester
Paper No. 3.5 Business Environment
Unit -I: Business Environment and Analysis:
Nature, Composition and Scope of Business Environment. Business Environment and its impact on different kinds of business
decisions. Economic growth and Economic Development. Analysis of India’s National Income. Recent trend in the growth of
National Income and its important components: Saving, Investment, Industry, Agriculture and Tertiary Sectors.
Unit-II: Indian Financial Systems:
Evolution and Structure of Indian Financial System. Elements of Indian Financial System— Markets, Institutions, and Environment.
Money Market and the role of banking, Non-banking and Unorganized Sector. Regulatory function of RBI with special reference to Money
market. Components of Capital Market—Primary, Secondary, Debt and Equity Market. Problems and Prospects of Indian Capital
Market.
Unit-III: Economic Policies of India:
Industrial Environment and Policy. Role of SSUs, and MNCs. Policy of Public Sector and its role in the economy. Competition Law.
Polices on Foreign Investment and Trade (EXIM).
Unit-IV: Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation (LPG) in Indian Economy:
Concept of LPG, Process of LPG followed in India. Globalization and role of WTO. Regional Trading Blocks. India’s Foreign Trade
and Agreements with Trading Blocks.
Unit-V: Economic Survey and Union Budget:
Fiscal Policy and Present Tax Environment –Direct and Indirect Taxes. Concept of Value Added Tax. Current Year’s Economic Survey
and Union Budget.
References:
1. Justin Paul, 2010, “Business Environment”, McGraw-Hill Companies.
2. Misra and Puri V.K, 2010 “Indian Economy”, Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay.
3. Shaik Saleem, “Business Environment”, Pearson Edition.
4. K. Aswathappa, 2010, “Essentials of Business Environment”, HPH
5. VIvek Mittal, “Business Environment”, 2010, Excel Books, New Delhi.
28-Mar-22
2
3. Unit-IV
Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation (LPG) in Indian Economy:
Concept of LPG
Process of LPG followed in India
Globalization and role of WTO
Regional Trading Blocks
India’s Foreign Trade and Agreements with
Trading Blocks.
4. Concept of LPG, Process of LPG followed in India
The economy of India had undergone significant policy
shifts in the beginning of the 1990s.
This new model of economic reforms is commonly known
as the LPG or Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation
model.
The primary objective of this model was to make the
economy of India the fastest developing economy in the
globe with capabilities that help it match up with the
biggest economies of the world.
The chain of reforms that took place with regards to
business, manufacturing, and financial services industries
targeted at lifting the economy of the country to a more
proficient level.
5. Highlights of the LPG Policy
Foreign Technology Agreements
Foreign Investment
MRTP Act 1969 (Amended)
Industrial Licensing
Deregulation
Beginning of Privatisation
Opportunities for overseas trade
Steps to regulate inflation
Tax reforms
Abolition of License-Permit Raj
6. Liberalisation
Liberalisation refers to the slackening of government regulations
It implies greater autonomy to the business enterprises in decision-making and
removal of government interference.
Objectives
To boost competition between domestic businesses
To promote foreign trade and regulate imports and exports
Improvement of technology and foreign capital
To develop a global market of a country
To reduce the debt burden of a country
To unlock the economic potential of the country by encouraging the private
sector and multinational corporations to invest and expand.
To encourage the private sector to take an active part in the development
process.
To reduce the role of the public sector in future industrial development.
To introduce more competition into the economy with the aim of increasing
efficiency.
7. Privatisation
Privatisation refers to the participation of private entities
in businesses and services and transfer of ownership from
the public sector (or government) to the private sector
Privatization is the transfer of control of ownership of
economic resources from the public sector to the private
sector.
It means a decline in the role of the public sector as there
is a shift in the property rights from the state to private
ownership.
Privatisation is also called as Disinvestment.
The objective of disinvestment were to raise resources
through sale of PSUs
8. Globalisation
Globalization essentially means integration of the national economy
with the world economy.
It implies a free flow of information, ideas, technology, goods and
services, capital and even people across different countries and
societies.
It increases connectivity between different markets in the form of
trade, investments and cultural exchanges.
Advantages of Globalisation in India
Increase in Employment
Increase in Compensation
High Standard of Living
Extension of Market
Development of Infrastructure
Development of healthy competition
Multiplicity of Manufacturing Plants
9. Outcome of the LPG reforms
Positive outcomes:
India’s GDP growth rate increased. During 1990-91 India’s GDP
growth rate was only 1.1% but after 1991 reforms GDP growth rate
increased year by year and in 2015-16 it was 7.5%. The growth in GDP
during 2021-22 is estimated at 8.9 per cent
Since 1991, India has firmly established itself as a lucrative foreign
investment destination and FDI equity inflows in India in 2020-21
stood at US$ 81.97 billion.
In 1991 the unemployment rate was high but after India adopted new
LPG policy more employment got generated as new foreign
companies came to India and due to liberalization many new
entrepreneurs started companies.
Per Capita income increased to Rs. 86,659 in 2020-21 due to an
increase in employment.
Exports have increased and stood at USD 27.24 billion as of October,
2019.
10. Negative outcomes
In 1991, agriculture provided employment to 72 percent of the
population and contributed 29.02 percent of the GDP.
Now the share of agriculture in the GDP has gone down drastically to
18 percent.
This has resulted in a lowering the per capita income of the farmers
and increasing the rural indebtedness.
Due to opening up of the Indian economy to foreign
competition, more MNCs are competing local businesses and
companies which are facing problems due to financial constraints,
lack of advanced technology and production inefficiencies.
Globalization has also contributed to the destruction of the
environment through pollution by emissions from manufacturing
plants and clearing of vegetation cover.
LPG policies have lead to widening income gaps within the country.
The higher growth rate is achieved by an economy at the expense of
declining incomes of people who may be reduced to jobless.
11. Globalization and role of WTO
India’s massive economic growth is largely due to globalization
Globalization is the integration of a national economy and
culture with that of the global economy.
A country throws open its gates, welcoming in communication,
international trade, capital, technology and cultural practices
from foreign countries.
Globalization increases international economic interdependence
due to the increasing scale of cross-border trade of capital,
commodities, services and technologies.
Impacts of globalization on India’s economy
The reduction of export subsidies and import barriers enabled
free trade that made the untapped Indian market incredibly
attractive to the international community.
12. Significant changes made to its industrial, financial and agricultural sectors:
Industrial – There has been a massive influx of both foreign capital
investment and companies expanding to and offshoring in India,
particularly in the pharmaceutical manufacturing, chemical and
petroleum industries. They brought with them advanced technologies
and processes that have helped modernize the Indian industrial sector.
Financial – Prior to globalization and privatization, India’s financial sector
had been mismanaged by a combination of corrupt and inept
government officials—many of whom were risk-averse and reluctant to
embrace change. By taking control of the financial sector out of the
hands of the bureaucracy, market competition spurred on innovation,
creating a much more dynamic financial services sector.
Agricultural – India used to be a largely an agrarian society, with a
significant majority of the country’s population depending on this sector
either directly or indirectly for their livelihood. Thanks to India opening
its doors, the technological capabilities of farmers have increased—
helping drive global exports of Indian products such as tea, coffee and
sugar.
13. Globalization of the Indian economy has helped change the
world economy for the better.
And for foreign companies, it presents them with the
competitive advantage of accessing massive consumer and
labor markets, thus creating an attractive opportunity for
strategic investment and expansion.
India is quickly becoming a top destination for new
operations—and if it’s not on your radar, it should be.
14. Role of WTO in Globalisation
Created in 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international
institution that oversees the global trade rules among nations.
It superseded the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) created in
the wake of World War II.
The WTO is based on agreements signed by the majority of the world’s trading
nations.
The main function of the organization is to help producers of goods and services, as
well as exporters and importers, protect and manage their businesses.
As of 2021, the WTO has 164 member countries, with Liberia and Afghanistan the
most recent members, having joined in July 2016, and 25 “observer” countries and
governments.
The WTO’s main focus is to provide open lines of communication concerning trade
among its members.
The history of international trade has been a battle between protectionism and free
trade, and the WTO has fueled globalization, with both positive and adverse effects.
15.
16.
17. Regional Trading Blocks
A regional trading bloc is a group of countries within a
geographical region that protect themselves from imports
from non-members.
A trade bloc is basically a free-trade zone, or near-free-trade
zone, formed by one or more tax, tariff, & trade agreements
between two or more countries.
The Trading blocs are a form of economic integration, &
increasingly shape the pattern of the world trade.
Regional trade blocks promote the trade within the block &
defend its members against global competition.
Defense against the global competition is obtained through
established tariffs on goods produced by member states,
import quotas, government subsidies, onerous bureaucratic
import processes, & technical & other non-tariff barriers.
18. Members of successful trade blocs usually share four common traits:
similar levels of per capita GNP, geographic proximity, similar or
compatible trading regimes, & political commitment to the regional
organization.
Types of Regional Trading Blocs
Trade blocs can be stand-alone agreements between several states
(such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or part of
a regional organization (such as the European Union).
Depending on the level of economic integration, the trade blocs can
fall into the 6 different categories, such as preferential trading areas,
the free trade areas, the customs unions, the common markets, the
economic union and monetary unions & the political union.
Preferential Trade Area: Preferential Trade Areas (PTAs) exist when
countries within a geographical region agree to reduce or eliminate
tariff barriers on selected goods imported from other members of the
area. This is often the first small step towards the creation of a trading
bloc.
19. Free trade area: Free Trade Areas (FTAs) are created when 2
or more countries in a region agree to reduce or eliminate
barriers to trade on all the goods coming from other
members.
This is the most basic form of economic cooperation.
Member countries remove all barriers to trade among
themselves but are free to independently determine trade
policies with nonmember nations.
An example is the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA).
20. Customs union:
This type provides for economic cooperation as in a free-trade zone.
Barriers to trade are removed between member countries.
The primary difference from the free trade area is that members agree to treat trade with non-
member countries in a similar manner.
The customs union involves the removal of the tariff barriers among the members, as well as the
acceptance of the common (unified) external tariff in contradiction to the non-members.
This means that the members may negotiate as a single bloc with third parties, such as with other
trading blocs, or with the WTO.
The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf is an example.
Common market:
All barriers to trade in goods, services, capital, & labor are removed.
In addition, as well as removing tariffs, non-tariff barriers are also reduced & eliminated.
There may also be common policies affecting key industries, such as the Common Agricultural
Policy (CAP) & Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) of the European Single Market (ESM).
This type allows for the creation of economically integrated markets between member countries.
Trade barriers are removed, as are any restrictions on the movement of labor & capital between
member countries.
The primary advantage to the workers is that they no longer need the visa or work permit to work in
another member country of the common market.
An example is the Common Market for Eastern & Southern Africa (COMESA).
21. Economic & monetary union:
This type is created when countries enter into an economic agreement to
remove barriers to trade & adopt common economic policies.
An example is the European Union (EU).
Monetary union is a type of trade bloc which is composed of an economic
union (common market & customs union) with a monetary union.
Political union:
Political union is a final stage in the economic integration with more formal
political links among the countries.
A limited form of the political union may exist when two or more countries
share common decision-making bodies & have common policies.
It is the unification of previously separate nations.
The unification of West & East Germany in 1990 is an example of the total
political union.
22. Advantages of Regional Trading Blocs
Free trade within the bloc:
Knowing that they have free access to each other’s markets, members
are encouraged to specialize.
This means that, at a regional level, there is the wider application of
the principle of the comparative advantage.
Market access & trade creation:
Easier access to each other’s markets means that trade between
members is likely to increase.
Trade creation exists when free trade enables high-cost domestic
producers to be replaced by lower-cost, & more efficient imports.
Because low-cost imports lead to lower-priced imports, there is a
‘consumption effect’, with increased demand resulting from lower
prices.
Due to a reduction or removal of tariffs, cooperation results in
cheaper prices for consumers in the bloc countries.
23. Economies of scale: Producers can benefit from the application
of scale economies, which will lead to lower costs & lower prices
for consumers.
Jobs: Jobs may be created as the consequence of increased
trade among the member economies.
By removing the restrictions on the labor movement, economic
integration can help expand job opportunities.
Protection: Firms inside the bloc are protected from cheaper
imports from outside, such as the protection of the EU shoe
industry from cheap imports from China & Vietnam.
Consensus & cooperation: Member nations may find it easier to
agree with smaller numbers of countries.
Regional understanding & similarities may also facilitate closer
political cooperation.
24. DISADVANTAGES OF REGIONAL TRADING BLOCS
Loss of benefits: The benefits of free trade among the
countries in different blocs is lost.
Distortion of trade: Trading blocs are likely to distort world
trade, & reduce the beneficial effects of specialization & the
exploitation of comparative advantage.
Inefficiencies & trade diversion: Inefficient producers
within the bloc can be protected from more efficient ones
outside the bloc.
For example, inefficient European farmers could be
protected from low-cost imports from developing countries.
25. India’s Foreign Trade and Agreements with Trading Blocks
India actively engages in regional and bilateral trade negotiations to diversify
and expand its export markets while ensuring access to the raw materials,
intermediates, and capital goods needed to stimulate value-added domestic
manufacturing.
Presently, India shares preferential market access and economic cooperation
through trade agreements with over 50 countries.
The ASEAN–India Free Trade Area (AIFTA) is a free trade area among the ten
member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
and India.
The ASEAN–India Free Area emerged from a mutual interest of both parties to
expand their economic ties in the Asia-Pacific region.
India's Look East policy was reciprocated by similar interests of many ASEAN
countries to expand their interactions westward.
The Agreement on South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) came into force from
1st January, 2006.
India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka are categorized as Non-Least Developed
Contracting States (NLDCS) and Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives and Nepal are
categorized as Least Developed Contracting States (LDCS).
26. S.
No
Acron
ym
Grouping Member Countries FTA/
PTA
No. Names
1 APTA Asia Pacific Trade
Agreement
6 Bangladesh, China, India, Lao PDR,
Republic of Korea, Sri Lanka.
PTA
2 India
ASEAN
TIG
India ASEAN Trade in
Goods Agreement
11 Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and India.
FTA
3 GSTP Global System of
Trade Preferences
42 Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Benin,
Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Chile, Colombia,
Cuba, Republic of Korea, Ecuador, Egypt,
Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, India, Indonesia,
Iran, Iraq, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico,
Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar,
Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru,
Philippines, Republic of Korea, Singapore,
Sri Lanka, Sudan, Thailand, Trinidad and
Tobago, Tunisia, Tanzania, Venezuela,
Vietnam, Zimbabwe.
PTA
4 SAFTA South Asia Free Trade
Agreement
7 India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka,
Bangladesh, Bhutan, and the Maldives
FTA