Type 1 diabetes mellitus, primarily affecting children and young adults, results from the body's inability to produce insulin, requiring regular blood sugar monitoring to manage levels. Various methods for monitoring include laboratory tests, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMS), and insulin pumps, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Effective monitoring is crucial for adjusting treatment and reducing the risk of diabetic complications.

1. MONITOR YOUR SUGAR
AND CONTROL TYPE 1
DIABETES
Ketki Damle
(Registered Dietician)

2. TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
 Also known as Juvenile or insulin dependent
diabetes.
 Usually diagnosed in children and young adults.
 It results from body's failure to produce insulin, a
hormone which controls
blood sugar.
 This leads to high blood sugar levels and requires
the person to inject insulin.
 Common symptoms are frequent urination, increased
thirst, increased hunger and weight loss.

3. WHAT IS BLOOD SUGAR
MONITORING?
•Blood sugar/glucose monitoring is a
way of testing
the amount of glucose in your blood.
•Besides lab tests, monitoring blood
sugar levels on a day to day basis is
also important.
•For type 1 patients, frequent
monitoring helps improve blood sugar
control.

4. METHODS OF BLOOD SUGAR
MONITORING FOR TYPE 1 PATIENTS
 Laboratory method
 Self monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)
 Continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS)
 Newer methods - Insulin pump & artificial
pancreas

5. LABORATORY METHOD
 This includes various tests such as fasting blood
sugar (FBG) which
is performed after an overnight fast of 10-12 hours.
 2 hrs post lunch blood sugar test measures the post
meal blood glucose.
 Urine test - To detect the presence of glucose
and/or ketones in the urine.
 Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) measures the
average blood sugar concentration over the past 8-10
weeks. This test should be performed every
3 months.

6. SELF MONITORING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE
• Referred as home blood glucose
testing. For type 1 patients, it should
be performed at least 3-4 times a
day.
• It gives detailed information about
blood sugar levels at different time
points in a home based setting.
• Helps adjust your therapeutic
regimen like your dietary intake,
physical activity or insulin dose in
response to the blood glucose values,
thus improving glycemic control.
• Helps recognize high and low blood
sugar levels

7. ADVANTAGES OF
SMBG
•Effective and convenient method
to measure blood sugar levels.
• Results are displayed
immediately.
•
•SMBG device is portable and can The results can be used
be used at home, work , while to monitor sugar levels
travelling or over a period of time
exercising. • helps us know the effect
of food, medication and
activity on blood glucose
levels.

8. DISADVATAGES OF SMBG
•Blood glucose levels cannot be monitored
continuously.
•The patient needs to be pricked several times in a
day to obtain results which can be quite painful
and lead to psychological burden on the patient
especially small children with type 1
diabetes.
•The test can be demoralizing, if the results are
outside the target
range.

9. CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING
SYSTEM (CGMS)
Continuous glucose monitors measures glucose continuously
and updates glucose levels every 1-5 minutes over a 72 hour
period.
A CGMS device consists of -
 A sensor that is inserted in the body tissue (A&B)
 A monitor to display information (C)
 A transmitter that transmits the sensor data
to the monitor (D)
The sensor inserted in the skin stays in place
for several days and the transmitter sends information about
glucose levels via radio waves from the sensor to the monitor.

10. ADVANTAGES OF CGMS
- It is more reliable and accurate and provides
continuous glucose
readings.
- Helps to identify fluctuations and trends in
blood sugar levels
which often go undetected.
- It helps identify periods of high and low blood
sugars.
- It also studies the impact of lifestyle
modifications on blood
glucose levels.

11. DISADVANTAGES OF CGMS
- It is expensive.
- It can be painful.
- There are chances of dislodging of the
sensor.
- The sensor adhesive can cause skin
irritation.
- Calibration errors are possible.

12. INSULIN PUMPS
•It delivers rapid acting and short
acting insulin over a period of 24
hours.
•Insulin pumps replace the need for
periodic insulin injections.
•They deliver insulin more accurately
than injections.
•They help in management of blood
sugar levels with fewer large swings
in blood glucose.

13. ARTIFICIAL PANCREAS
•The artificial pancreas uses a continuous automatic
glucose monitor that continuously measures sugar
and an insulin pump that delivers insulin.
•This device allows you to modify insulin delivery in a
way that mimics natural pattern of pancreatic insulin
re lease.
•The problem in developing artificial pancreas is with
the continuous sensor that measures the blood sugar
and the implanted insulin

14. IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD SUGAR MONITORING IN
TYPE 1 DIABETES
•Helps in identifying and responding to high and low
blood sugar levels and enables better sugar control.
•Helps in making appropriate treatment choices
(insulin, diet, exercise) on a daily basis.
•Reduces the risk of future diabetic complications.

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