Module3 computer fundamentals

Module 3
Computer Fundamentals,
Telecommunication & Networks

Prof. Puneet K Bhardwaj

© 2009 ab Consulting

Computer

• It is an electronic device that has the ability to
accept data; internally store and execute the
program of instructions; perform
mathematical, logical and manipulative
operations on data and report the same.
• It is a programmable machine


Characteristics of Computer


Generation of Computers
• First generation:1945-1955: UNIVAC (University
automated computers) was introduced



• Second generation:1955-1965
• Used transistors made of semi conductors,
therefore less bulky and could store more data
• Higher processing speed
• IBM 700 series computers emerged


• Third generation 1965-1975
• Development of Integrated Circuits (IC) advanced
in miniaturization, reliability and reduction of
manufacturing cost of electronic devices
• IC‟s with the equivalent of more than 100
components is called LSI (large scale Integration)
• IC‟s with 1000 components is VLSI (Very large
Scale Integration)
• Modern IC‟s are built on wafer thin size crystal
called Chips


• Fourth generation: 1976-1985
• Used silicon chips only eight-hundredth of an
inch square called Microprocessor
• Microcomputers can display data in
colour, retain data files and uses voice
synthesizers to talk



• Fifth generation
• Current trends are featuring:
– Artificial intelligence
– Massive parallel machines
– Extensive distribution systems


Computer Processing Speed

• Milliseconds
• Microseconds
• Nanoseconds
• Picoseconds
• Teraflops
• MIPS (million instructions per second)
• Megahertz or millions of cycle per second
• Gigahertz billions of cycles per second

Classification of computer
• Microcomputer systems
– Usually called personal computer
– Some are powerful workstation computers
• Midrange systems
– High end network servers
– Less costly to buy, operate and maintain
– Manages internet websites, intranets and extranets
• Mainframe systems
– They are large, fast and powerful systems
– E.g. international banks, airlines, oil companies

Types of computer systems
• Super computer systems
– Powerful computers designed for scientific,
engineering and business applications requiring
high speed for massive alpha-numeric computation
– Used by government, research agencies, large
universities and corporations
– Can execute many instructions at the same time
• Next wave of computing
– Distributed or grid computing


Hardware Devices

• Input- they convert data into electronic form e.g.
keyboard, touch screens, pens
• Processing- CPU
• Output – video display unit, printer, audio
• Storage- primary and secondary devices
• Control


Hardware Devices
CENTRAL
PROCESSING
UNIT

ARITHMETIC
CONTROL
–LOGICAL
UNIT
UNIT

SPECIAL CACHE PRIMARY
INPUT PURPOSE MEMORY STORAGE
PROCESSORS OUTPUT
DEVICES DEVICES

SECONDARY
STORAGE
DEVICES


Input Devices
OPTICAL
HANDWRITING
DEVICES CHARACTER
RECOGNISERS
RECOGNITION
• KEY DEVICES • BARCODE • VOICE
• PUNCH CARD SCANNER RECOGNISERS
READER • WAND READER • MAGNETIC INK
• KEY BOAED • OPTICAL MARK CHARACTER
• POINT OF SALE READER DEVIES
• POINTING • OPTICAL • ATM CAMERAS
DEVICES CHARACTER • SMART CARD,
• MOUSE READER TELEPHONES
• TOUCH SCREEN • CORDLESS • DIGITISERS FOR
READER MAPS GRAPHS
• JOY STICK
ETC
• LIGHT PEN
• TRACK BALLS


Input Units- Functions

• It accepts and list instructions from outside
• Converts this data in computer acceptable form
• Supplies data to the computer system for
processing


CPU
• A microprocessor that executes instructions to
perform processing tasks.
• Components:
– Control Unit
– Arithmetic-Logic Unit
– Registers
– Primary Storage
• Unit
– Access program instructions
– Decode (interpret) instructions
– Data flows through paths called buses

CPU
• Primary Storage (Main Memory)
– Stores instructions from programs
– Stores data to be processed
• Machine Instruction Cycle
– An instruction is fetched from primary storage by
the Control Unit
– The Control Unit decodes the instruction
– The ALU receives the data and the instruction and
performs the calculation or comparison
– The result is stored in primary storage


CPU

• Computer performance is measured in part by the
number of Machine Instruction Cycles performed per
second.
• Factors affecting this performance include:
– Clock Speed
– Word Length
– Bus Width
– Line Width


CPU

• Microprocessors evolved rapidly due to
– Miniaturization of transistors
– Decreasing distance between transistors on the
chip (decreasing line width)
– Improved conductivity (flow) of electricity
– Improved instruction sets programmed into the
chip.
• Smaller, faster, cheaper, more powerful chips
with each generation.


Memory
• Computers are digital, and represent data in bit
patterns
• Bit is shorthand for Binary digiIT. The binary
system consists of two values: 0 & 1
• 8 bits = byte
• Bytes are the basic measure of storage in computers
• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange) assigns a unique character to each
pattern of 0s &1s in a byte.
• Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes, Terabytes


Primary Storage (Main Memory)
• Main memory is a temporary storage area that
has three things:
– information you are working with
– the application software you are using
– the operating system software
• Increasing memory capacity increases the
performance of the system


Primary Storage (Main Memory)

• Types of Primary Storage
– Registers – part of the CPU; very fast; very limited capacity
– Random Access Memory (RAM) – memory chips on
motherboard; general storage of program instructions and data; volatile
– Cache Memory – faster than RAM; used to provide intermediate
storage between secondary storage and RAM
– Read-only Memory (ROM) – chips storing permanent
instructions needed by computer; non-volatile


Secondary Storage

• Non-volatile storage of data and instructions
• Huge storage capacity
• Cheaper than Primary Storage
• Slower than Primary Storage
• Magnetic and optical storage media


Secondary Storage
• Magnetic tape
– Cheap, slow, sequential access: good for backup
• Magnetic Disk
– Floppy
– Hard disk
– Zip drive
• Memory Cards and Cartridges
• Optical
– CD-ROM, CD-RW
– DVD
– FMD-ROM


Output Devices
1. Monitor
2. Printers
• Basic- character, line and base printers
• Based non impact
• Non impact- Laser printer
• LCD and LED printers – Liquid crystal diodes or light
emitting diodes
3. Plotters
4. Synthesizers


Output devices-Functions

1. Coded result is accepted which is produced
by the computer
2. Converts this coded results to human
acceptable form
3. Supplies the result to the user


Software

• Some basic terms
– Computer programs - sequences of instructions for the
computer
– Stored program concept – instructions written in
programs are stored and executed by CPU when needed
– Programming - process of writing (or coding) programs
– Programmers - individuals who perform programming


Software

• Refers to the complete set of instructions that
enables people working with the information
system perform the task
• Categories of software
– Application software
– System software


Software classification


Application SW
• Programs performing specific information
processing activities and user functionality
• Spreadsheets
• Multi media
• Data management
• Word processing
• Desktop publishing
• Graphics
– Presentation; Analysis; CAD


System software
– Controls and supports the computer system‟s
activities
– Supports application software by directing the
computer‟s basic functions
– Facilitates program development, testing, and
debugging
– Is independent of any specific type of application


Operating system

• OS is the system software that manages and
controls the activities of the computer
• It performs the following basic tasks:
– Recognize the input from the keyboard and mouse
– Sending output to the computer
– Keeping track of files and directories
– Sending documents to the printer


Types of OS

• Major Desktop Operating Systems:
– Microsoft Products: MS-DOS, Windows 95,
Windows XP
– Other Products are:
• UNIX Linux Java Operating System (Java OS)
• IBM O/S 2
• Macintosh Operating System

• © 2009 ab Consulting

Operating system

ALLOCATE AND ASSIGNS
SYSTEMS RESOURCES

MAJOR FUNCTIONS SCHEDULE THE USE OF
OF OS COMPUTER RESOURCES
AND JOBS

MONITORS COMPUTER
SYSTEMS ACTIVITIES


Operating System

TRADITIONAL SYSTEM MULTI PROGRAMMING
ENVIRONMENT
PROGRAM PROGRAM
PROGRAM 2
1 1

OS
OS
PROGRAM 3
UNUSED
MEMORY

PROGRAM n
UNUSED
MEMORY


Operating System- Function

1. User interface
2. Resource management
3. File management
4. Task management
5. Utilities and support services


Programming Languages
• Machine Language (first generation of
programming languages)
– The computer‟s „native language‟
– Composed of binary digits (0s, 1s)
– The only language that computers understand
• Assembly Language (second generation of
programming languages)
– One-to-one correspondence to machine language
– Somewhat more user-friendly than machine language
(mnemonic rather than binary digits)
– Assembler – program that translates an assembly
language program into machine language

• Procedural Languages (third generation
languages)
– One instruction translates into many machine
language instructions
– Programs describe the computer‟s processing step-
by-step
– Closer to natural language; uses common words
rather than abbreviated mnemonics
– Examples: Cobol, C, Fortran, QuickBasic
– Compiler - translates the entire program at once
– Interpreter - translates and executes one source
program statement at a time

• Nonprocedural Language (fourth generation
languages)
– Allows the user to specify the desired result without
having to specify the detailed procedures needed for
achieving the result
– Example – data base query language - SQL
– Can be used by non technical users
• Natural Language Programming Languages (fifth
generation (intelligent) languages)
– Translates natural languages into a structured,
machine-readable form
– Are extremely complex and experimental

Current Programming Languages

• Visual Programming Languages
– Used within a graphical environment
– Example : Visual Basic and Visual C++
– Popular to non technical users
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
– Standard language used in World Wide Web
– Contains text, images, and other types of
information such as data files, audio, video, and
executable computer programs


Current Programming Languages
• Extensible Markup Language (XML)
– Improved on web document functionality
• Component ware
– Software components that may be assembled by
developer as needed
– “Plug and Play” software development
• Object-Oriented Programming Languages (OOP)
– Examples: Java, C++
– Unified Modeling Language (UML)- modeling tool
for object-oriented systems


Types of Networks

• Depends upon:
a) Size
b) Transmission media and technology
c) Ownership
d) Topology
e) Distance covered
f) Physical architecture


Network Topologies

• It is a structure in telecommunications
networks
– Ring Network
– Bus Network
– Star Network


Network Topologies


Types of Networks
• Star
– It centralise file information, software and
equipment at host computer site
– Can connect both terminals and micro-computer to
the same host
– Has ability to use new software
• Bus- configures computer devices to simple
non looping channel
• Ring- does not rely on central host computer
for operations
– It connects in ring or peer network

Advantages of Networking

• It allows efficient management of resource
• Multiple user can access data from different
locations
• Helps speedup data sharing
• Efficient communication among the users


Telecommunication Network
Alternatives
• Networks- internet, extranet etc
• Media- twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, wireless
mobile
• Processors- modem, multiplexers
• Software- network operating systems, web
browsers
• Channels- analog, digital, bandwidth alternatives
• Topology/Architecture- star, ring, bus topologies


Communication

• It is essential in today‟s smooth business
operations
• It is basically transmission of data from one
part to another


Communication
– Communication network is an arrangement in which a
sender transmits a message to a receiver over a channel
consisting of some type of medium
TELECOMMUNICATION
CHANNEL

TELECOMMUNICA TELECOMMUNICA
PC AND TION PROCESSOR TION PROCESSOR COMPUTER
OTHER
TERMINALS


Telecommunication-Components

1. Terminals
2. Telecommunication processors
3. Telecommunication channels
4. Computers
5. Software


Telecommunication Functions

1. Transmit information and controls the flow of
information
2. Establish interface between sender and
receiver
3. Routes messages along the most efficient path
4. Performs elementary processing
5. Performs editorial tasks in data


Types of Telecommunication
Network
• Network – the communication devices, media,
and software needed to connect two or more
computer systems.
• Wide area network-network that spans a large
geographic distance
• Local area network- a network that spans a
relatively small geographic distance
• Virtual Private area network
• Client server network

Types of Telecommunication
Network
• Peer-to-peer processing
– Simplified form of client/server
– Devices attached to network have access to all
other devices
– No file server involved
– Simple set up and maintenance
– Implemented in many operating systems such as
Windows 2000 and Windows XP


Telecommunication Media
1. Wired technologies
– Twisted pair wire
– Coaxial cable
– Fiber optics
2. Wireless technologies
1. Terrestrial microwave
2. Communication satellites
3. Cellular systems
4. Wireless LAN‟S
5. Bluetooth
6. Wireless web

Bluetooth
• It is a short range wireless technology for computing
and networking that enables mobile phones,
computers etc to talk to each other using radio
waves
• Operating at 1 Mbps
• Effective range 10- 100 mtrs
• Application:
– Data can be transferred from PDA to PC
– MP3 files can be transferred from PC to MP3 player
– Used for debiting the user bank account after transaction

Wireless Technologies
• Also called Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
• In this mobile phone talk to the server installed in
the mobile phone network
• Security issues
– Authentication
– Identification
– Denial of services
– Certification
– Securing messages


• The World Wide Web
• Hypertext
• Web servers
• Searching for information on the Web
• Web 2.0


Telecommunication Processors
• Modems
– Most common type of communications processors
– Convert digital signals from computer into analog
frequencies that can be transmitted through telephone
– Transmitted data is converted back into digital format
receiving end.
– This process is called modulation and demodulation, thus
called modem
– Comes in several forms-small stand alone units plug in
circuit boards removable cards for laptops


• Inter-network Processors
– These are special purpose communications
processors such as:
– Switches: makes connection between
telecommunication circuits in network
– Routers- is a processor that interconnects networks
based on rules or protocol
– Hubs- is a port switching communication
processor
– Gateways- a processor used when network with
different architecture are interconnected


• Multiplexers
– It is a communication processor that allow a single
communications channel to carry data from many
terminals
– Two ways:
• FDM- frequency division multiplexing- it divides high
speed channels into multiple slow speed channels
• TDM- time divisional multiplexing- high speed line can
be used into short time slots or time frames


Telecommunication Signals

• Analog signals
– Continuous waves
– Information conveyed by changing wave
characteristics (amplitude and frequency)
• Digital signals
– Discrete pulses
– Information conveyed in binary form (on or off
pulses)
– Easily understood by computer


Telecom application
1. Electronic Mail – computer-based
messaging
2. Videoconferencing – group meetings
between separate locations
3. Electronic Data Interchange – electronic
transmission of routine business transactions
4. Electronic Funds Transfer – electronic
processing of financial transactions
5. Distance learning


What is Internet?

• Is the largest computer network in the world (a
network of network)
• Information exchange is seamless using open,
non-proprietary standards and protocols,
within interconnected networks
• Spirit of information sharing and open access
underlies the internet


The Internet today

• Internet is international, with users across the
world
• Cost of personal computer and internet
connection is high
• Political, cultural and regulatory barriers have
slowed the rate of internet adoption
• Majority of the sites are in English
• Content majorly generated in US


Infrastructure of the internet

• Commercial companies are primary provider
of physical network
• US government contributes some funds
• Infrastructure provided by network service
provider
• Connection between and flow of information
between back bone providers has been open
and free of charge


Internet Communications
1. E-mail
2. Usenet
3. Chatting
4. Instant messaging
5. Telnet
6. Internet telephony
7. Internet Fax
8. Streaming audio and video

Internet Services
• An application that uses the internet transport
functions
• A system with universally accepted standards
for storing, formatting and displaying
information via a client/server
• Based on HTML
• Handles text, hypermedia, graphics and sound
• Home
Page, Website, Hyperlinks, Webmaster, URL,
HTTP

Internet Challenges

• Website collects information with or without
users knowledge
• Cookie- is a small file placed on the users hard
drives when a site is visited. It collects data on
sites visited and content viewed
• Financial transaction security threat
• Difficult for the government to take action as
enough laws are not formed


Importance of Internet
1. Generate revenue from online sales
2. Reduces cost
3. Attract new customer via web marketing,
advertising and online sales
4. Increase loyalty of the existing customer
5. Develop new web based market and
distribution network
6. Develop new information based products


Intranet
• An intranet is a private computer network that
uses IP technologies to securely share any part
of an organization's information or network
operating systems within that organization.
• It refers to a network within an organization.
• It may host multiple private websites and
constitute an important component and focal
point of internal communication and
collaboration.


Characteristics
• An intranet can be understood as a private analog
of the Internet, or as a private extension of the
Internet confined to an organization.
• The first intranet websites and home pages began
to appear in organizations in 1990-1991 in
universities and technology corporations
• Intranets are generally restricted to employees of
the organization.
• Intranets may provide a gateway to the Internet


Uses of Intranet
• Intranets are being used
– to deliver tools and applications, e.g., collaboration (to
facilitate working in groups and teleconferencing) or
sophisticated corporate directories, sales and CRM
– Also used as corporate culture-change platforms. For
example, large numbers of employees discussing key
issues in an intranet forum application could lead to new
ideas in management, productivity, quality, and other
corporate issues.
– Intranet user-experience, editorial, and technology
teams work together to produce in-house sites.


Intranet- Benefits
• Benefits are:
– Workforce productivity increases
– Intranets allow organizations to distribute information to
employees on need to know basis
– Tools for communication within an organization
– Web publishing allows cumbersome corporate
knowledge to be maintained and easily accessed
throughout the company
– Users can view information and data via web-browser
rather than maintaining physical documents such as
procedure manuals, internal phone list and requisition
forms.

Extranet
• An extension of an internet to selected outside
business partner like suppliers, distributors and
key customers with access to corporate
information
• Security is a concern to prevent unwanted entry
into internal systems
• Configuration:
– One company set up Extranet for its
dealers, customers and suppliers
– Within industry a mutual benefit
– Companies collaborate over Extranet for joint venture

Extranet- Benefits

1. Lower communication cost
2. Better communication
3. Improved order entry and customer service
4. Improvement in business effectiveness


Corporate PC criteria

• Solid performance at a reasonable price
• Operating system ready
• Connectivity
• Security equipped


Questions
1. What is the latest configuration for buying a new
computer? (7)
2. What is operating system? Classify different types
of software. (7)
3. What is internet? Differentiate internet, intranet and
extranet. (7)
4. Explain network topologies with diagram. (7)
5. List and explain input output devices. (7)
6. Internet is driving force behind development of
telecommunication and network. Discuss (7)

Questions
7. List different types of programming languages.(3)
8. Draw a sketch of hardware components. (3)
9. Explain input output devices.(7)
10.Define software. Explain types of SW with eg.(10)
11.Distinguish between LAN and WAN. (3)
12.Briefly explain most important features of Java.(7)
13.How information systems applications support
businesses? (7)
14.Draw diagram of logical units of computer and
explain its components. (7)

Thank you


Module3 computer fundamentals

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