This document provides details about the planning and design of a reinforced concrete bridge at Challathadi, Aivarnadu. A team of civil engineering students conducted surveys of the site, designed a T-beam bridge using limit state methods, and created drawings, estimates, and a model. They reviewed literature on bridge design and failure factors. The objective was to plan, analyze, and design an RCC bridge to connect local villages. The methodology included site visits, surveys, fixation of dimensions, AutoCAD drawings, manual design, estimation, and model making. The work was carried out from December to March under the guidance of a professor.

1. Planning & Design
of RCC Bridge at
Challathadi, Aivarnadu
By - Bhanuprasad, Chetan, Puneeth, Vaishnavi
7th sem, Civil dept.
Under the guidance of Mr. Arun Kumar H, Associate Prof.
Planning & Design of RCC Bridge at Challathadi, Aivarnadu

2. 1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Objectives
4 Methodology
5 Schedule
6 References
Contents of this project

3. INTRODUCTION
01
Planning & Design of RCC Bridge at Challathadi, Aivarnadu

4. 1.1 Description
• A bridge is a man-made structure built to
avoid physical obstacles without closing
the way underneath such as a body of
water, valley, or road.
• It is constructed for the purpose of
providing passage over the obstacle.
• The first bridges made by humans were
probably spans of cut wooden logs or
planks and eventually stones, using a
simple support and crossbeam
arrangement.

5. • The Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts. The Romans also used
cement, which reduced the variation of strength found in natural stone.
• Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge, the nature
of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material
used to make it, and the funds available to build it.
• At present, bridge engineering has become specialized subject by itself, due
to the advances made in other branches of engineering, advent of new
material of construction, concept of new design idea in theory,
improvement in method of constructions, increase in the loads of railway
and highway etc.

6. 1.2 Components of the Bridge
The main part of the bridge structure are as below:
• Deckling, consisting of a slab, girder, trusses etc
• Bearing of the decking
• Abutment and piers
• Foundation for the abutment & piers.
• River training works, like revetment for the slopes at
abutment, aprons at bed level, etc.
• Approaches to the bridge to connect the bridge to the
road on either side ; and
• Hand rails, guard stones, etc
The components above the level of bearing are grouped as
superstructure, while parts below the bearing level are
classed as substructure.

7. 1.3 Types of Reinforced Concrete Bridges
• Slab Bridges
• Girder & Slab ( T Beam) Bridges
• Hollow Girder Bridges
• Balanced Cantilever Bridges
• Rigid Frame Bridges
• Arch Bridges
• Bow String Girder Bridges

8. 1.3.1 T- Beam Bridges
• T – Beam construction
consists of transversely
reinforced slab deck which
spans across to the
longitudinal support girders.
• T- Beam bridges are
economical for spans 12m –
18m.
• Optimum lateral spacing of
longitudinal girders is typically
between 1.8m to 3m.
Fig : General view of two span T- Beam Bridge

9. LITERATURE
02
REVIEW
Planning & Design of RCC Bridge at Challathadi, Aivarnadu

10. 2.1 Azadeh et.al.,(2013) paper entitled “Reliability-Based Calibration of Load and
Resistance Factors for Design of RC Bridges under Multiple Extreme Events: Scour
and Earthquake”
● In this discussed about A multi hazard reliability-based framework is developed through this
study to evaluate the structural response of RC bridges under the combined effects of pier
scour and earthquake events.
● This framework is used to calibrate the scour load-modification factors for the design of
bridges located in high seismic areas.
● Toward this goal, a series of case study bridges are investigated. For each bridge case, the
joint probability of failure owing to scour and earthquake hazards is determined for a range
of expected combinations of these two extreme events.
● The occurrence probability of each scour-earthquake scenario is identified by taking into
account all of the major sources of load uncertainty through scour risk and seismic hazard
curves.
● Furthermore, the uncertainties inherent in the structural response of bridges are included in
the frame work to improve the accuracy of estimated failure probabilities. The calculated
probabilities are then compared with the maximum acceptable probability of failure (or its
equivalent target reliability index) given by current design codes to obtain scour load-
modification factors.
● The developed framework provides a reliable approach for the calibration of code
specifications in the extreme event situations and can be extended to other combinations of
natural hazards.

11. ● Explained about the performance of empirically designed reinforced concrete bridge decks versus
those designed using traditional analytical design methods and to check the adequacy of both
design methods by correlating the theoretical results with field observations.
● A case study of Buffalo Creek Bridge was selected for this study, because it was originally
constructed with an empirical deck that developed severe cracking and required demolition and
was reconstructed again with a traditional deck.
● Three-dimensional finite-element modelling of the Buffalo Creek bridge superstructure was
developed, taking into consideration real-life loading configurations of environmental loads.
● Both the empirical deck and the current traditionally designed deck were modeled and the state
of-stress developed in each design was identified.
● The connections between the steel main girders and the concrete deck were identified as the
primary constraints for deck expansion and contraction in the transverse direction; hence, high
tensile stresses were developed over the girders in the transverse direction.
● Additionally, the sharp edge of the clip angle protruding into the concrete deck, in addition to the
top of the slope of the stay-in-place forms, were identified as stress risers that contribute to the
longitudinal cracking problem. Therefore, additional reinforcement is needed in these areas to
control the occurrence of such cracks.
2.2 Samir et.al.,(2011) paper entitled “Performance Evaluation of Empirically and
Traditionally Designed Bridge Decks”

12. ● Currently there are around 14,000 bridges serving both major and minor transportation systems
in Taiwan. Damages incurred to these bridges would surely affect the social and economic well-
being of the society.
● In this study, after analyzing more than 900 pieces of data regarding bridges in Taiwan, it was
found that in terms of overall bridge damage, bridges that have been in service 15 years or more,
located farther from the ocean, and designed to resist seismic activities have a higher possibility
to sustain overall structural damage; in comparison, bridges that have been in service 10 years or
less, have more than four traffic lanes, and are designed as T-girder or I-girder are less prone to
overall damage.
● In terms of severity of damage, bridges that are located farther from the ocean, crossing poor flow
conditions, and possess a gravity type-deck are prone to more severe damage, while bridges
designed as plate composite structures and possess asphalt concrete pavement are less prone to
severe damage.
● In the life span of a bridge, the planning and design phase accounts for 4-6%, the construction
phase 4-6%, and the service/maintenance phase 88-92%.
● It is clear that the maintenance of a bridge constitutes a major portion of the overall cost.
● Therefore, if managed well, periodic inspection and occasional retrofitting can reduce the life-
cycle cost of a bridge project.
2.3. Tung-Tsan (2017) paper entitled “Factors in Bridge Failure, Inspection, and
Maintenance”

13. OBJECTIVE
03
Planning & Design of RCC Bridge at Challathadi, Aivarnadu

14. 03. Objective
• To survey the area and create plan section of
required area.
• To plan, analyze and design of the RCC T-beam
bridge as per limit state method.
• To create detailed estimate.

15. METHODOLOGY
04
Planning & Design of RCC Bridge at Challathadi, Aivarnadu

16. 04. Methodology
• Site visit & Reconnaissance Survey
• Detailed survey
• Fixation of linear water way & span of bridge
• Auto cad drawing which includes Plan, Section, Elevation
• Manual design
• Estimation
• Model making

17. 04.2 Study Area
• Challathadi is a place which is 15km
away from Sullia town.
• The proposed bridge is connecting
Birmukaje – Challathadi – Devaralana
– Kalloni at Aivernadu.

18. 04.2 Site Visit with our guide

19. SCHEDULE
05

20. 05. Schedule
Task Description DEC JAN FEB MAR
1
Site visit &
Reconnaissance Survey
2 Survey
3
Analysis & Design of
Bridge
4 Estimation
5
Report and Model
making
Feb - Mar
Dec
Jan
Jan - Feb
Jan - Feb - Mar

21. REFERENCES
Planning & Design of RCC Bridge across Payaswini river at Perlampady
06

22. 06. Reference

23. Thank you!
Planning & Design of RCC Bridge at Challathadi, Aivarnadu