Law of Dominance - Recessive alleles will always be masked by dominant alleles .
Law of Segregation - At the time of gametes formation the two copies of each hereditary factor segregates so that offspring get one factor from each parent .
Law of Independent Assortment - Genes for one trait are not inherited together with another trait .
This presentation is carrying all summary about the history of genetics that who discover genes which scientist work on it and there work summary of all these things is given here and it is very helpful for the students of genetics whether they are students of plant genetics or animals.
We could define Mendel´s laws as the basic laws that talks about the inheritance of biological features that every human being has. They were created by Gregor Johann Mendel in 1865. Mendel created three laws: The law of Segregation, the law of Independent Assortment and the law of Dominance.
The rules of Mendel's inheritance: In a cross between pure contrasting traits, the dominant trait will be observed in the phenotype of the organism whilst the recessive trait will be concealed. Only a single gene copy is allocated in a gamete cell and this is carried out in a random manner.
Mendel’s Procedure: (i) Mendel observed one trait at a time. For example, he crossed tall and dwarf pea plants to study the inheritance of one gene. (ii) He hybridised plants with alternate forms of a single trait (monohybrid cross). The seeds produced by this cross were grown to develop into plants of Fillial 1 progeny or F 1 -generation
IF YOU ARE GOING TO DOWNLOAD THIS FILE, PLEASE NOTIFY me by sending a message via Facebook.
It's a pleasure to help you through my presentation. Thank you so much!
Law of Dominance - Recessive alleles will always be masked by dominant alleles .
Law of Segregation - At the time of gametes formation the two copies of each hereditary factor segregates so that offspring get one factor from each parent .
Law of Independent Assortment - Genes for one trait are not inherited together with another trait .
This presentation is carrying all summary about the history of genetics that who discover genes which scientist work on it and there work summary of all these things is given here and it is very helpful for the students of genetics whether they are students of plant genetics or animals.
We could define Mendel´s laws as the basic laws that talks about the inheritance of biological features that every human being has. They were created by Gregor Johann Mendel in 1865. Mendel created three laws: The law of Segregation, the law of Independent Assortment and the law of Dominance.
The rules of Mendel's inheritance: In a cross between pure contrasting traits, the dominant trait will be observed in the phenotype of the organism whilst the recessive trait will be concealed. Only a single gene copy is allocated in a gamete cell and this is carried out in a random manner.
Mendel’s Procedure: (i) Mendel observed one trait at a time. For example, he crossed tall and dwarf pea plants to study the inheritance of one gene. (ii) He hybridised plants with alternate forms of a single trait (monohybrid cross). The seeds produced by this cross were grown to develop into plants of Fillial 1 progeny or F 1 -generation
IF YOU ARE GOING TO DOWNLOAD THIS FILE, PLEASE NOTIFY me by sending a message via Facebook.
It's a pleasure to help you through my presentation. Thank you so much!
Examples of Codominance. The best example, in this case, is the codominance blood type. ABO group is considered to be a codominant blood group where both father’s and mother’s blood group is expressed. It means that the properties of the blood groups exist in the ABO type.
Codominance is a relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele usually will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked.
This Power Point Presentation is designed to explain Mendel's experiment on hybridization and dihybrid cross which considers inheritance of two traits at a time and to know whether they are inherited independently or are influenced by each other and also about Law of Independent assortment
MENDELE'S EXPERIMNENT AND TERMINOLOGY, BY MR. DINABANDHU BARAD, MSC TUTOR, DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRIC, SUM NURSING COLLEGE, SIKSHA 'O' ANUSANDHAN DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY
Examples of Codominance. The best example, in this case, is the codominance blood type. ABO group is considered to be a codominant blood group where both father’s and mother’s blood group is expressed. It means that the properties of the blood groups exist in the ABO type.
Codominance is a relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele usually will be expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked.
This Power Point Presentation is designed to explain Mendel's experiment on hybridization and dihybrid cross which considers inheritance of two traits at a time and to know whether they are inherited independently or are influenced by each other and also about Law of Independent assortment
MENDELE'S EXPERIMNENT AND TERMINOLOGY, BY MR. DINABANDHU BARAD, MSC TUTOR, DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRIC, SUM NURSING COLLEGE, SIKSHA 'O' ANUSANDHAN DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY
Mendelian Inheritance and Post-Mendelian Developments.pptxBhanu Yadav
This Project Aims at discussing Mendel's Laws of Inheritance with a brief introduction to his work, followed up by the developments that occured post mendelism
MENDELIAN GENETICS
I am sure that this topic will be clearly cleared to the viewers.
Easy note on mendelism. I am sure that this is the easyest notes and ppt of mendelism for +2 and +3 students.
if i made any mistake then please forgive me.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. Early Life
• Johann Gregor Mendel was a Moravian
• Born in 1822 in Hyncice, Czechoslovakia on July 22nd.
• His father was a peasant and his grandfather was a gardener.
Mendel was initially taught by a local priest but later on he
was admitted in an Institute of Philosophy in Olmutz.
• But he was not financially well to do therefore in 1843, he
terminated his studies and went back to the monastery in
Brunn.
3. • Mendel thought that monastery was the best place for him to
study without worrying about how he’d finance his studies. He
was made in charge of the garden at the monastery and
named himself Gregor. He became a priest in 1847. After four
years he went to University of Vienna where he studied
physics, mathematics, chemistry, and botany.
• When he returned to the monastery after completing his
studies, he took a position as a teacher of natural sciences at
the Technical School at Brno.
4. The experiments carried out
by Gregor Mendel
• He formulated the principles of Inheritance by carrying out
experiments with garden peas.
• Mendel chose garden peas because
•
•
•
•
they were easy to grow,
produced new generations quickly
peas had easily distinguishable characteristics
was also able to strictly control the breeding patterns of his peas.
5. Mendel examined the following seven characteristics
found in peas:
• Flower colour - purple or white
• Flower position - axial or terminal
• Seed colour - yellow or green
• Seed shape - round or wrinkled
• Pod shape - inflated or constricted
• Pod colour - green or yellow
• Stem height - tall or short.
6. • Mendel needed to control the types of fertilisation.
• Experiments were done on both self-pollinated and
cross-pollinated pea plants.
• Self-fertilization was ensured by placing a bag over
the flowers to make sure pollen from the stamens
lands on the carpel of the same flower.
• Cross-fertilization was ensured by cutting off
stamens from a flower before pollen was produced,
then dusting the carpel of the flower with pollen
from another plant.
• To ensure reliability, Mendel used thousands of
plants in each experiment.
7.
8. • Mendel worked with true-breeding plants:
self-fertilised plants which produced all
offspring identical to the parents.
• Mendel first cross-fertilized two truebreeding plants for one characteristic,
• for example tall plants were crossed with
short plants
• The offspring produced are called F1 (1st filial)
generation.
• The F1 generation were then self-fertilised or
cross-fertilised to produce a second
generation, F2.
9. Each of the seven traits that Mendel studied had a dominant and a recessive
factor. When two true-breeding plants were crossed, only the dominant factor
appeared in the first generation. The recessive factor appeared in the second
generation in a 3:1 (dominant : recessive) relationship.
10.
11. This 3:1 ratio occurs in later generations as well. Mendel realized that this
underlying regularity was the key to understanding the basic mechanisms of
inheritance.
12. • He came to three important conclusions from these
experimental results:
• the inheritance of each trait is determined by "units" or "factors"
that are passed on to descendants unchanged. These units are
now called genes.
• an individual inherits one such unit from each parent for each
trait
• a trait may not show up in an individual but can still be passed on
to the next generation.
13. Mendel’s laws
• Mendel formulated 3 principles of genetics with
his results of his experiments.
• They are:
• The Law of Dominance
• The Law of Segregation
• The Law of Independent Assortment
14. Law of Dominance
• In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting
traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the
next generation. Offspring that are hybrid for a
trait will have only the dominant trait in the
phenotype.
•
15. • While Mendel was crossing his pea plants, he noticed
something interesting. When he crossed pure tall plants
with pure short plants, all the new pea plants were
tall. Similarly, crossing pure yellow seeded pea plants
and pure green seeded pea plants produced an F1
generation of all yellow seeded pea plants. The same
was true for other pea traits.
• The results genotype were more like – Tt, Tt, Tt, Tt
• So what was observed is that when there is a dominant
trait present in a genotype, the phenotype is affected
by the dominant allele and not the recessive one.
17. Law of Segregation
• During the formation of gametes (eggs or
sperm), the two alleles responsible for a
trait separate from each other. Alleles for
a trait are then "recombined" at
fertilization, producing the genotype for
the traits of the offspring.
18. • Now, when completing a Punnet Square, we model this "Law of
Segregation" every time.
• When you "split" the genotype letters & put one above each
column & one in front of each row, you have SEGREGATED the
alleles for a specific trait. In real life this happens during a
process of cell division called "MEIOSIS".
• Meiosis leads to the production of gametes (sex cells), which are
either eggs or sperm.
19. • You can see from the p-square that any time you cross two
hybrids, 3 of the 4 boxes will produce an organism with the
dominant trait - "TT", "Tt", & "Tt”.
• 1 of the 4 boxes ends up homozygous recessive, producing an
organism with the recessive phenotype - "tt” .
20. Law of Independent assortment
•Alleles for different traits
are distributed to sex cells
(& offspring) independently
of one another.
21. • Mendel noticed during all his work that the height of the plant
and the shape of the seeds and the color of the pods had no
impact on one another.
• The different traits seem to be inherited INDEPENDENTLY.
• The genotypes of the parent pea plants will be:
•
RrGg x RrGg
• Where,
• "R" = dominant allele for round seeds
• "r" = recessive allele for wrinkled seeds
• "G" = dominant allele for green pods
• "g" = recessive allele for yellow pods
22. The results from a dihybrid cross are always the same: 9/16
boxes (offspring) show dominant phenotype for both traits
(round & green), 3/16 show dominant phenotype for first
trait & recessive for second (round & yellow), 3/16 show
recessive phenotype for first trait & dominant form for
second (wrinkled & green), & 1/16 show recessive form of
both traits (wrinled & yellow).
23. • So, as you can see from the results, a green pod
can have round or wrinkled seeds, and the same
is true of a yellow pod.
• The different traits do not influence the
inheritance of each other. They are inherited
INDEPENDENTLY.
24. Reasons for Mendel’s success
Mendel was successful because :
• He used peas, which were easily grown
• Peas produced successive generations rapidly
• He selected easily observable characteristics
• strictly controlled the fertilization process
• He used mathematics rigorously to analyze his results
• used large numbers of plants.
• He studied traits that had two easily identified factors.
• One of the main advantages Mendel had over the other
scientists was that he excelled in mathematics which was
majorly used in his experiments.
• He maintained an accurate record of all the observations.