This document provides an overview of audio and audio media. It discusses the characteristics of sound including amplitude, frequency, wave form, and speed of propagation. It also covers recording formats, types of audio media like radio, podcasts, music, film/TV, and alternative audio. The dimensions of sound are described as film sound, literal sound, and nonliteral sound. Finally, the document discusses why sound is important and some of its functions like providing information through dialogue, narration, and helping to reveal the location or environment through outer orientation sounds.

1. Module 10
Audio
Information
and Media

2. Introduction
Table of contents
01
02
Characteristics
of Sound
03 Recording Formats
04
Types of Audio
Media
05
Dimensions of
Sound
06
Why sound is
important?
07 File Format
08
Hearing vs.
Learning
09
Advantages and
Disadvantages

3. 01
Introduction
Audio and Audio Media

4. Audio
● sound that is within the acoustic range of human
hearing.
● is defined as anything related to sound in terms of
receiving, transmitting or reproducing or its specific
frequency.
Audio Media
● a media communication that uses audio or recordings
to deliver and transfer information through the means
of sound

5. Sound
● is an energy form that is propagated by vibrating
objects.
● vibrations that travel through the air or another
medium and can be heard when they reach a
person's or animal's ear.

6. 02
Characteristics
of Sound
…

7. 1. Amplitude
● refers to how sound particles are displaced or scattered
that produce a certain level or intensity of loudness.
● The unit of measurement for amplitude is decibels.
Characters of Sound

8. Characters of Sound
2. Frequency
● is measured by
counting the number of
vibrations of sound
particles in the path of
a wave in a span of a
second.
● typically associated
with pitch which is
measured in Hertz (Hz).

9. Characteristics of Sound
3. Wave Form
● the actual shape of the
sound wave.
● is the characteristic that
distinguishes one sound
coming from a source with
that of another sound from
another source.
● is commonly associated to
the timbre or quality of
sound.

10. Characters of Sound
4. Speed of Propagation
● pertains to how quickly sound travels.
● this characteristic is dependent on the medium on
which the sound is propagated, as well as on the
medium's temperature.

11. Sound has both technical and aesthetic roles in media production. It
has depth and perspective, which is why it can be a mode of
information exchange. As suggested by Roberts- Breslin (2008),
sound is "a powerful tool of expression, both alone and in
combination with images."
According to Roberts- Breslin (2008), sound;
1. encourages you to imagine the experience of visuals in your minds,
creating a unique experience for each listener; and
2. allows you to hear what people are talking about, and hearing
their voices, which, as opposed to reading their words, can give you
information about the speaker's "attitude, mood, geographical
origin, and age."

12. 03
Recording Formats
…

13. Sound may be recorded through analog (as in the case of audio
tapes) or digital (in the form of digital audiotape or disc-based
format such as compact dises, recordable CDs, rewritable CDs,
digital versatile discs, and mini discs). When you want to record
straight to the computer, you may use digital audio recorders
(Roberts-Breslin, 2008).
Sound is vital in film and television production. You see sound
manifesting as dialogue, music, and sound effects; thus, it is not
merely an additional element to the video component but is rather
considered the fifth dimension of media aesthetics. As Zettl (1999)
puts it, "sound is an indispensable element in television and film
communication."

14. Ways to Store Audio
Information:
1. Tape - magnetic tape on which sound can be
recorded
2. CD (Compact Disc) - a plastic-fabricated,
circular medium for recording, storing, and
playing back audio, video, and computer data

15. Ways to Store Audio
Information:
3. USB Drive - an external flash drive, small
enough to carry on a key ring, that can be used
with any computer that has a USB Port
4. Memory Card (aka Flash Memory Card or
Storage Card) - is a small storage medium used
to store data such as text, pictures, audio, and
video, for use on small, portable, or remote
computing devices.

16. Ways to Store Audio
Information
5. Computer Hard Drive - secondary storage
devices for storing audio file
6. Internet / Cloud - websites or file
repositories for retrieving audio files, and more
precisely the files are stored in some
datacenter full of servers that is connected to
the Internet

17. 04
Types of Audio Media
Noise and Types of Audio Media

18. NOISE
● One randomly generated type where its audible
vibrations are found at another time.
● This is any sound that may be ambient or
natural and may cause distraction to the
desired kind of sound. These desired sounds are
produced by different audio media types.

19. Types of Audio Media
a.) RADIO/ RADIO BROADCAST
● Transmission of audio
signals through the air
(broadcasting).
● Live or recorded audio
sent through radio
waves to reach a wide
audience.

20. b.) PODCAST/ AUDIO PODCAST
● A radio broadcast, audio blog, digital audio, video file or
recording, usually part of a themed series, that can be
downloaded or streamed from a website to a media player or
a personal computer.
● Can be listened to from the computer or downloaded to a
portable media player.
● Enabled by a group of Web formats
called RSS that allow for automatic
updating .
● Created by large media outlets and
individuals alike, ranging in topic
from major news events to esoteric
special interests.

21. c.) MUSIC/ MUSIC RECORDING
● Vocal or instrumental
sounds combined in such
a way as to produce
beauty of form, harmony,
and expression of
emotion.
● Most common format of
music/ or music
recording is the MP3.
● Takes digital audio files
(such as those recorded
on an audio CD).

22. d.) FILM AND TELEVISION
● Audio is integral to
the sound design of
movies and
television.
● Music videos
revolutionized TV
programming and
film and editing
styles.

23. e.) ALTERNATIVE AUDIO
Some forms include:
1. SOUND RECORDING
● this is where the
recordings or
documentaries based
on interviews,
meetings, or any from
the environment.

24. ● which is any sound and
might artificially
reproduced to create in a
dramatic presentation
and etc.
2.) SOUND EFFECTS
● is a dramatized, purely
acoustic performance with no
visual component. Radio
drama depends on dialogue,
music and sound effects to
help the listener imagine the
characters and story
3.) RADIO DRAMA

25. ● This is where sonic or acoustic artists uses sound as a
medium of expression or this is the creation of visual art
using sound waves and vibrations.
● Refer to practices, activities, research, creative work,
events, or performances that deal with sound, audio,
sonics, listening, or hearing as one of their primary topics
or mediums.
4.) SONIC ART
5.) Sound that combines with dance, performance, or
visual arts in a multimedia expression

26. 05
Dimensions of Sound
…

27. Dimensions of Sound
According to Zettl (1999) sound has the following dimensions:
1. FILM SOUND - Sound has to match the aesthetic impact of an
image; thus, most films these days are aiming at using surround-
sound technology.
2. LITERAL SOUND - Sound may be referential, which means it
conveys a specific literal meaning and describes the source of the
sound. In film language, literal sound is also called diegetic sound.
For instance, when you hear a sound of a baby crying, you will
know that the sound is really coming from a baby who is crying.
You will still know this even if the sound is mute because you
associate the image of a baby crying with the sound that is
produced when you see such scene.

28. Dimensions of Sound
3. NONLITERAL SOUND - Sound may also be nonreferential and
may only evoke a visual image of the source of the sound.
Nonliteral sound is also called nondiegetic sound. Its purpose is
more symbolic and it accompanies a particular image to
intensify the intent of that image. An example would be the
"boings, hisses, and whams in a cartoon that accompany the
incredible feats of the cartoon character, the romantic music
during a tender love scene on the beach, or the rhythmic theme
that introduces the evening news."

29. 06
Why sound is
important?
Functions of Sound

30. Why sound is important?
● Sound is a crucial aspects of our everyday
lives. most of us communicate verbally,
and its pretty hard to understand body
language alone. This sound the primary
source of information. Words help us be
clear and hearing a voice can already tell a
lot about the message

31. Functions Of Sound
GENERAL FUNCTION FORM DESCRIPTION/ CHARACTERISTICS
INFORMATION -
Sound or audio
communicate
specific
information
verbally. It is
certainly easier
to simply deliver
the message in
some form of
speech.
DIALOGUE (or a
conversation
between two or
more persons)
● Dialogue on television is the
chief means of conveying
what the event is all about
(theme), developing the story
progression (plot), saying
something specific about the
people in the story
(characterization), and
describing where, when, and
under what circumstances the
event takes place
(environment, context).

32. ● Information is contained in a
few lines of carefully crafted
dialogue.
DIRECT
ADDRESS
This happens when the performer
speaks directly to you from her or
his screen position.
● You are no longer passive
observers but have become
active dialogue partners, even
if the dialogue is one-sided.
● It provides for optimal
information exchange.

33. ● People on television tell you
what to watch, what to buy,
what to think, what to feel, and
how to behave.
● It carries a high degree of
intimacy because this (one-
sided) conversation also takes
place in the most familiar
surroundings possible-your
home
NARRATION ● The spoken word is often
much more effective in
advancing a plot than
pictures are.

34. OUTER
ORIENTATION
SPACE (where
specific
sounds can
help reveal
and define the
location of an
event, its
spatial
environment,
and off-
screen space
● LOCATION Certain sounds
identify a specific location,
provided that the audience is
familiar with those
environmental sounds.
● ENVIRONMENT You can use
various sounds to indicate the
specific spatial characteristics
of an environment by simply
switching sounds from
expansive to restricted space.
● OFF-SCREEN PACE
● TIME Sounds are powerful
indicator of clock time and the
seasons.

35. ● SITUATION Sounds can
describe a specific situation.
Predictive sound (or a signal
of an upcoming situational
change)
● LEITMOTIV (leading motif),
which is a short musical
phrase or specific sound effect
that signals the appearance
of a person, action, or
situation. This leads the
audience to expect a specific
recurring phenomenon, and
may only be effective only if
used repeatedly to signal the
same event.

36. ● EXTERNAL CONDITION indicate
whether something is big or
small, smooth or rough, high
or low, old or new, fast or slow
INNER
ORIENTATION
MOOD ● You can create or underscore
mood by a variety of
nonmusical sounds (usually
synthesized or otherwise
electronically distorted
sound) or a combination of
music and nonmusical
sounds.

37. INTERNAL
CONDITION
● Sounds can express a variety
of internal conditions, such as
an unstable environment
(often in conjunction with the
contextual visual clue) or a
person who feels calm,
excited, or agitated.
ENERGY ● Music and other nonliteral
sounds such as electronic
hisses, whistles, and whines,
can provide or increase the
aesthetic energy of scene.

38. STRUCTURE ● Sound establishes or
supplements the rhythmic
structure or the visual vector
structure of the screen event.
● The sound rhythm acts like a
clothesline on which you can
"hang" shots of various lengths
without sacrificing rhythmic
continuity.

39. Sounds are essential in communication.
Use sounds to communicate positive
messages and you end up making the
world a better place.
BIG IDEA!!

40. 07
File Format
…

41. File Format
GENERAL FILE
FORMAT
FILE TYPE DESCRIPTION
Open File
Formats
(Supported by
most software)
WAV
(Waveform
Audio File
● Standard audio file
format used mainly in
Windows PC's
● Commonly used for
storing uncompressed
(PCM), CD-quality
sound files, which
means that they can
be large in size-
around 10MB per
minute of music.

42. ● Can also be encoded
with a variety of
codecs to reduce the
file size (for example
the GSM or mp3
codecs)
MP3 (Media
Player 3) MP3
(MPEG Layer-3)
● The most popular
format for
downloading and
storing music

43. ● By eliminating
portions of the audio
file that are
essentially inaudible,
mp3 files are
compressed to
roughly one-tenth the
size of an equivalent
PCM file while
maintaining good
audio quality
● Recommended for
music storage
● Not that good for
voice storage

44. OGG ● Free, open source
container format
supporting a variety
of codecs, the most
popular of which is the
audio codec Vorbis
GSM (Global
System for
Mobile)
● Designed for
telephony use in
Europe
● A very practical
format for telephone
quality voice

45. ● Makes a good
compromise between
file size and quality
● Recommended for
voice recording
DCT (Database
Container File)
● A variable codec
format designed for
dictation
● Has dictation header
information and can
be encrypted (often
required by medical
confidentiality laws)

46. FLAC (Free
Lossless Audio
Codec)
● A lossless
compression codec
(lossless compression
is like a ZIP file for
audio)
● If you compress a PCM
file to flac and then
restore it again it will
be a perfect copy of
the original
● The cost of this
losslessness is that
the compression ratio
is not good

47. ● Recommended for
archiving PCM files
where quality is
important (e.g.,
broadcast or music
use)
AU ● The standard audio
file format used by
Sun, Unix, and Java
AIFF (Audio
Interchange File
Format)
● The standard audio
file format used by
Apple .
● It is like a wav file for
the Mac

48. VOX ● Most commonly uses
the Dialogic ADPCM
(Adaptive Differential
Pulse Code
Modulation) codec
● Similar to wave files
except that the vox
files contain no
information about the
file itself so the codec
sample rate and
number of channels
must first be specified
in order to play a vox
file

49. ● A very old file type and
is pretty poor
● Not recommended for
anything except for
supporting legacy
systems
RAW ● Can contain audio in
any codec but is
usually used with PCM
audio data
● Rarely used except for
technical tests

50. Proprietary
Formats
WMA
(Windows
Media Audio)
● Owned by Microsoft
● Designed with Digital
Rights Management
(DRM) abilities for copy
protection
AAC (Advance
Audio Coding)
● Format is based on the
MPEG4 audio standard
owned by Dolby. A
copy-protected
version of this format
has been developed by
Apple for use in music
downloaded from their
iTunes Music Store.

51. RA (Real Audio) ● Designed for
streaming audio over
the Internet
● Allows files to be
stored in a self-
contained fashion on a
computer, with all of
the audio data
contained inside the
file itself
MSV (Memory
Stick Voice)
● A Sony proprietary
format for Memory
Stick compressed
voice files

52. Other ATRAC (.OMA,
.OMG, ATP)
● The newer style Sony
proprietary format
designed for minidisc
use
● Always has a oma, omg
or .atp file extension
● Is similar to mp3 and
probably only useful if
you are reading files
from minidiscs or
writing for minidiscs
● Most of these files are
rights managed so you
cannot open them in
any software programs

53. 08
Hearing vs. Learning

54. HEARING VS. LEARNING
HEARING LEARNING
● the act of perceiving sound
by the ear.
● Specifically, it is the special
sense by which noises and
tones are received as stimuli.
● If you are not hearing
impaired, hearing simply
happens.
● Something you consciously
choose to do because it requires
concentration so that your brain
processes meaning from the
sound that you receive.
● Entails receiving, sharing
information, taking note of
warnings & threats, learning with
other people, and experiencing
the pleasure brought about by
different sounds.

55. 09
Advantages and
Disadvantages
Audio Media

56. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
● Audio media is relatively
inexpensive, accessible, and
easy to use.
● With a wide array of choices for
storing audio files, you are no
longer limited to analog formats
of sound storage.
● There is no necessity of literally
writing every bit of information
that you want to share, since you
can record sound and transmit it
digitally.
● Sound can also augment visuals
in ways that can enhance your
appreciation of information.
● Some of the limitations of
handling audio media
would be the necessity to be
familiar with various
software on audio
technology.
● There may also be
occasions when audio-only
format restricts the content
that can be conveyed.
● Abstract concepts are
usually challenging to
convey using only audio
media (A Teacher's Guide to
Distance Learning).

57. References:
 Media and Information Literacy Curriculum Guide
by DepEd
 Media and Information Literacy Teaching Guide by
CHED
 Media and Information Literacy by Boots C.
Liquigan, Diwa Learning Systems Inc.