2. LEARNING COMPETENCIES
Students will be able to…
• describe the different dimensions of people
media
• categorize different examples of people and
state reasons for such categorization
• cite studies showing proofs of positive and
negative effects of media, information on
individual and society.
3. CONTENT
11. People Media
A. People as Media and People in Media
1. Definition
2. Characteristics
3. Format and Types
4. Advantages and Limitations
5. Value
6. Others
4. PEOPLE MEDIA
refers to persons that are
involved in the use, analysis,
evaluation and production of
media and information (Source:
MIL Curriculum Guide by DepEd)
People in Media and People as
Media
How do you understand the term
“people media”?
5. Who do you think are “people media”?
Photo Credit: https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1251676-stock-
footage-business-people-shaking-question-mark-signs.html
6. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT.
KEY TYPE. WRITE “PAS” FOR PEOPLE AS MEDIA AND
“PIN” FOR PEOPLE IN MEDIA.
1. SHS Teacher 6. Radio Commentator
2. Independent Blogger 7. YouTubers
3. Print Journalist 8. News Reporter
4. Your Classmate 9. Facebook User
5. Movie Director 10. College Professor
7. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: VENN DIAGRAM
People
as
Media
People
in
Media
• People who are
well-oriented
to media
sources and
messages and
able to provide
information as
accurate and
reliable as
possible.
• Media
practitioners
who provide
information
coming from
their expert
knowledge or
first- hand
experience of
event.
PEOPLE MEDIA
8. PEOPLE AS MEDIA
1.Opinion Leaders
2.Citizen Journalism
3.Social Journalism
4.Crowdsourcing
Photo Credit: https://anhsg11gasa.wordpress.com/tag/people-as-media/
9. PEOPLE AS MEDIA
OPINION LEADERS
• highly exposed to and
actively using media
• source of viable
interpretation of messages
for lower- end media users
• opinions are accepted by a
group
11. PEOPLE AS MEDIA
CITIZEN JOURNALISM
• People without
professional journalism
training can use the tools
of modern technology and
internet to create,
augment or fact-check
media on their own or in
collaboration with others. Photo Credit: http://www.dgiwire.com/what-
citizen-journalism-means-for-your-company/
12. PEOPLE AS MEDIA: CITIZEN JOURNALISM
Photo Credit:
https://medium.com/
@stephenkhan/move-
over-citizen-
journalism-here-
comes-smart-
journalism-
ace72f97a389#.sken4r
j5m
13. PEOPLE AS MEDIA
SOCIAL JOURNALISM
• Journalists are using social
media to make their
content available to more
people.
Photo Credit:
http://www.cision.com/us/resources/white-
papers/social-journalism-study/
14. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
CARTOON ANALYSIS: SOCIAL JOURNALISM
Source: http://www.socialconnectblueprint.com/citizen-journalism-and-
social-media-are-driving-the-information-revolution/
16. PEOPLE AS MEDIA
CROWDSOURCING
•the practice of obtaining
needed services, ideas,
or content by soliciting
contributions from a
large group of people
and especially from the
online community…
(Source: https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/crowdsourcing)
Photo Credit:
http://www.richmedia.com/richideas/articles/c
rowdsourcing-how-to-hire-the-world
20. PEOPLE IN MEDIA
• media practitioners
• provide information
coming from their
expert knowledge or
first- hand experience
of events
Photo Credit:
http://www.medianewser.com/2015/01/mnp-q-maricel-halili-news-correspondent.html
21. PEOPLE IN MEDIA
TYPES OF JOURNALIST BY
MEDIUM
• Print Journalists
• Photojournalists
• Broadcast Journalists
• Multimedia Journalist
Photo Credit:
http://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/camera.html
http://www.nwitimes.com/entertainment/columnists/offbeat/offbeat-superman-s-alter-ego-clark-kent-
quits-reporter-job/article_d1daf262-0f4a-5f37-92ff-f17dbafa0132.html
http://karrierebibel.de/ausbildung-journalist/
https://clipartfest.com/">clipartfest.com</
23. PEOPLE IN MEDIA
Photo Credit: http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/387200/cbb/gma-news-and-public-
affairs-announces-big-changes-in-news-lineup
24. PEOPLE IN MEDIA
Photo Credit: http://www.medianewser.com/2014/02/alex-santos-resurfaces-on-radio.html
25. PEOPLE IN MEDIA
Photo Credit: https://twitter.com/josemariaclaro and http://www.philstar.com/opinion
Philippine Daily Inquirer The Philippine Star
26.
27. SUMMARY OF THE LESSON:
PEOPLE IN MEDIA AND PEOPLE AS MEDIA
People in
Media
People as
Media
Lower - end
Media Users
• media users
• well-oriented to media sources and
messages
• intermediaries, provide information to
lower- end media users
• media practitioners
• experts
• provide information to media users
• people with limited
access to media and
information
28. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: RECITATION
1. What is the difference
between people as media
and people in media?
2. What are the advantages and
limitations of people as
media? People in media?
29. CLASS ACTIVITY: CASE STUDY
IMPACT OF CITIZEN JOURNALISM
AND SOCIAL MEDIA
• The video of the road rage turned into shooting
incident in Quiapo became viral after it was shared
by Top Gear Philippines on Facebook.
• Top Gear wrongfully accused Mr. Nestor Punzalan
as the suspect in the said shooting incident.
30. CLASS ACTIVITY: CASE STUDY
IMPACT OF CITIZEN JOURNALISM
AND SOCIAL MEDIA
• Mr. Nestor Punzalan and his wife deactivated their
Facebook accounts after receiving bashings and
death threats. Mr. Punzalan even went to the police
to clear his name.
• Undeniably, social media was also instrumental in
the arrest of the suspect Vhon Tanto who later
admitted his crime on national television.
31. CLASS ACTIVITY: CASE STUDY
CLASS DISUSSION
•How was Mr. Nestor Punzalan affected by
being wrongfully accused in social media as
the suspect in the said shooting incident?
•What is the liability of Top Gear, other media
outlets, and netizens who wrongfully accused
Mr. Nestor Punzalan as the suspect in the said
shooting incident?
32. CLASS ACTIVITY: CASE STUDY
CLASS DISUSSION
•What role was played by citizen journalism
and social media in this incident?
•What positive and negative effects of media
and information on individual and society
were evident in this incident?
33. CLASS ACTIVITY: CASE STUDY
CLASS DISUSSION
•What important lessons can we learn from
this event as a social media user?
•How can we prevent this kind of incident as
experienced by Mr. Punzalan from happening
in the future?
34. REFERENCES
• Media and Information Literacy Curriculum
Guide by DepEd
• Media and Information Literacy by Boots
Liquigan, Diwa
• http://communicationtheory.org/two-step-
flow-theory-2/
• http://mediashift.org/2006/09/your-guide-
to-citizen-journalism270/
Note: This lesson is designed for 3 meetings with one hour per meeting.
People Media
Refers to persons that are involved in the use, analysis, evaluation and production of media and information.
The best example is a teacher inside the classroom.
Source: MIL Curriculum Guide
People Media
Refers to persons that are involved in the use, analysis, evaluation and production of media and information.
The best example is a teacher inside the classroom.
Source: MIL Curriculum Guide
Answers
1.PAS
2. PAS
3. PIN
4. PAS
5. PIN
6.PIN
7. PAS
8. PIN
9. PAS
10. PAS
What is the commonality?
Both are people media which means they are involved in the use, analysis, evaluation and production of media and information.
Both are people who provide information.
What are the differences?
People in Media are media practitioners which means they are media related professionals while people as media are not media practitioners but rather media users.
Opinion Leader is a leader for a certain group who gives details and information to lesser active persons in the group. In office, the managing director is an opinion leader and in public, a political leader is an opinion leader. They interpret the information to their own group. But one thing the Opinion leader is a leader only for their own group not for all.
Source: http://communicationtheory.org/two-step-flow-theory-2/
Point of Argument:
This model was introduced in 1944, do you think it is still acceptable at present? Why or why not?
Source: https://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20Clusters/Mass%20Media/Two_Step_Flow_Theory-1/
The two-step flow of communication hypothesis was first introduced by Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet in The People's Choice, a 1944 study focused on the process of decision-making during a Presidential election campaign.
Source: http://study.com/academy/lesson/two-step-flow-communication-model.html
Why a Two-Step Model?
How much of an impact do you think the mass media has on your opinions? Most of us would confidently answer, 'Not much.' We don't envision ourselves to be mindless sheep, flocking toward whatever trends or opinions our radios, televisions, magazines, or newspapers present to us. Yet, it seems that the mass media does have persuasive power. Why else would advertisers and politicians spend millions of dollars to air their commercials?
We often think that the media do not persuade us, because the media's persuasive effects are not strong and immediate. We don't watch one positive political campaign ad and then immediately decide to vote wholeheartedly for that candidate. We often get influenced more by the conversations we have with others than by the things we see, hear, or read about in the media. And this is essentially the idea of theorists Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet. Instead of the mass media having direct effects on most people's hearts and minds, these three argued that the media more likely influence audiences in a two-step flow communication model.
What Are the Two Steps?
In the first step, a mass-media message is sent to those who pay close attention to it. These avid media audiences are the opinion leaders. They receive the media's messages about the topic. But, like all communication, the messages from the mass media are open to multiple interpretations, and the opinion leaders form their own judgments about the information the media provides.
In the second step, the opinion leaders spread their own interpretations of the media content to those around them - friends, family, co-workers, and anyone else willing to listen. While the original theory (formulated in 1944) talked mostly about word-of-mouth conversations between opinion leaders and other members of the public, today these conversations can also happen among friends and followers on social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. These opinion leaders then use their own personal influence to try to sway those around them to their interpretation of the broadcast. The opinion leaders tend to have influence among those they try to persuade, because they communicate on a personal level with others, and because people tend to be friends with those who are similar to them.
Source: http://communicationtheory.org/two-step-flow-theory-2/
Opinion Leader:
Opinion Leader is a leader for a certain group who gives details and information to lesser active persons in the group. In office, the managing director is an opinion leader and in public, a political leader is an opinion leader. They interpret the information to their own group. But one thing the Opinion leader is a leader only for their own group not for all.
In Public, Political leader is an opinion leader. Here few people are not influenced by the leader and their political views and thought. These people won’t support opinion leaders and isolated from the population.
Katz and Paul seems “the flow of media messages from radio and print to opinion leaders and then the leaders leads the messages to lesser active users in the population”. Through this transformation of message, the leaders may add their opinion on the actual content which may affects the low active users. In some cases the Opinion leaders are filtering the actual content ensures the information is needed by the people. Mostly the opinion leaders are selective and they pass the messages to the group. (Low-end media users: Poor, Worker and People who are not affordable for getting information directly).
Note: The Opinion leaders have enough voice only in structured social groups not in an isolated individual in the population.
Example:
Carol watching News in ANB Channel they flash the headlines with “Research reveals some toys are leads the children’s aggressive and Violent”. That day Carol calls her little son and went for shopping and carol warn her son some toys are not good and made skin allergy which leads her son to avoid those toys.
Opinion leader: Mom
Audience: Her Son
Added information in actual content: Skin Allergy
Critics:
-Researchers found substantial evidence that initial mass media information flows directly to people on the whole and is not relayed by opinion leaders.
-The two-step hypothesis does not adequately describe the flow of learning. Lazarsfeld and his associates in the 1940 election study were unable to determine the specific flow of influence.
– Today most of the advertising researches are based on this theory. Especially opinion leaders role in the society as well as in home to which helps to improve the market with less efforts.
Source: http://mediashift.org/2006/09/your-guide-to-citizen-journalism270/
What Is Citizen Journalism?
The idea behind citizen journalism is that people without professional journalism training can use the tools of modern technology and the global distribution of the Internet to create, augment or fact-check media on their own or in collaboration with others. For example, you might write about a city council meeting on your blog or in an online forum. Or you could fact-check a newspaper article from the mainstream media and point out factual errors or bias on your blog. Or you might snap a digital photo of a newsworthy event happening in your town and post it online. Or you might videotape a similar event and post it on a site such as YouTube.
All these might be considered acts of journalism, even if they don’t go beyond simple observation at the scene of an important event. Because of the wide dispersion of so many excellent tools for capturing live events — from tiny digital cameras to videophones — the average citizen can now make news and distribute it globally, an act that was once the province of established journalists and media companies.
There is some controversy over the term citizen journalism, because many professional journalists believe that only a trained journalist can understand the rigors and ethics involved in reporting the news. And conversely, there are many trained journalists who practice what might be considered citizen journalism by writing their own blogs or commentary online outside of the traditional journalism hierarchy. (See more on this in the Terminology section below).
One of the main concepts behind citizen journalism is that mainstream media reporters and producers are not the exclusive center of knowledge on a subject — the audience knows more collectively than the reporter alone. Now, many of these Big Media outlets are trying to harness the knowledge of their audience either through comments at the end of stories they post online or by creating citizen journalist databases of contributors or sources for stories.
Source: http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/List_of_citizen_journalism_websites
The following list of citizen journalism websites illustrates some of the efforts underway to develop new forms of inclusive, participatory journalism. Sites which are intended as complements or supplements to the development of stories, and not as publication sites, are in italics. Please check out this link http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/List_of_citizen_journalism_websites
Journalist- a person who writes news stories or articles for a newspaper or magazine or broadcasts them on radio or television (http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/journalist)
Journalism- the work of collecting, writing, and publishing news stories and articles in newspapers and magazines or broadcasting them on the radio and television (http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/journalism)
http://sustainablejournalism.org/socialmedia/journalism-social-media-examples
People no longer seek out news. Instead, it often comes to them through social networks. Journalism and information in general is all becoming more social, and this trend will only continue. So, it’s important for people in the media to think about how to make their content social and how to use their social networks to their advantage.
Social media is speedy and empowering, yet journalists are still needed to help make sense of it all. Here are 15 ways journalists and media publications have used social media, including examples using Facebook, Twitter, Storify, Foursquare and Google Plus. Check this link http://sustainablejournalism.org/socialmedia/journalism-social-media-examples
Guide Questions
What is the message of the cartoon?
Is this scenario true today? Why or why not?
Is this scenario a good or a bad thing? Why?
CITIZEN JOURNALISM VS. PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISM
https://journalismthefuture.wordpress.com/citizen-journalism-vs-professional-journalism/
Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crowdsourcing
CROWDSOURCING- the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from the online community rather than from traditional employees or suppliers
Source: https://dailycrowdsource.com/training/crowdsourcing/what-is-crowdsourcing
Crowdsourcing is the process of getting work or funding, usually online, from a crowd of people. The word is a combination of the words 'crowd' and 'outsourcing'. The idea is to take work and outsource it to a crowd of workers.
Famous Example: Wikipedia. Instead of Wikipedia creating an encyclopedia on their own, hiring writers and editors, they gave a crowd the ability to create the information on their own. The result? The most comprehensive encyclopedia this world has ever seen.
Crowdsourcing & Quality: The principle of crowdsourcing is that more heads are better than one. By canvassing a large crowd of people for ideas, skills, or participation, the quality of content and idea generation will be superior.
Different Types of Crowdsourcing
Crowdsource Design
If you’re looking for a logo design, you can tell a crowd of designers what you want, how much you will pay, and your deadline. All interested designers will create a finished design specifically for you. You’ll receive 50-300+ different finished logo designs, and you can keep whichever design you like the best. By doing design this way, crowdsourcing actually increases the quality & decreases the price, compared to online freelancing.
Crowdsourcing can also be used to get designs for furniture, fashion, advertisements, video, & product design. Just about anything that can be designed can be crowdsourced.
Crowdfunding
Crowdfunding involves asking a crowd of people to donate money to your project. For example, if you want to raise $10,000 to pay for studio time to record a new CD, crowdfunding can help you raise that money.. You find a crowdfunding platform, set the goal amount, deadline, and any rewards offered to donors. You must raise 100% of your goal before the deadline, or all the donations are returned to the donors. Deadlines are typically less than 60 days.
Crowdfunding is mostly used by artists, charities, & start-ups to raise money for projects such as filming a documentary, manufacturing an iPod watch, cancer research, or seed money. Read more about crowdfunding or browse crowdfunding sites.
Microtasks
Microtasking involves breaking work up into tiny tasks and sending the work to a crowd of people. If you have 1,000 photos on your website that need captions, you can ask 1,000 individual people to each add a caption to one photo. Break up the work and decide the payment for each completed task (typically .01¢ – .10¢ per task). With microtasking, you can expect to see results within minutes. Microtasking can involve tasks such as scanning images, proofreading, database correction and transcribing audio files.
Work is done faster, cheaper, and usually with less errors (when validation systems are in place). Additionally, microtasks can often be performed by people in less fortunate countries, including those with SMS capabilities but without computers. Read more about microtasks or browse microtasks sites.
Open Innovation
If you are unsure of where to begin with an idea for a business opportunity, whether it’s product design or perhaps a marketing firm, crowdsourcing can help through open innovation. Open innovation allows people from all aspects of business such as investors, designers, inventors, and marketers to collaborate into a functional profit making reality. This can be done either through a dedicated web platform to gain outside perspective, or used with only internal employees.
Open innovation brings together people from different parts of the world and different sectors of business to work together on a project. This is effectively a collection of different fields and levels of expertise that would not otherwise be available to any budding entrepreneur. It also elevates previously considered uninvolved parties, such as investors, to roll up their sleeves and impart their knowledge, essentially becoming more than just a cash cow.
Pros & Cons
Crowdsourcing’s biggest benefit is the ability to receive better quality results, since several people offer their best ideas, skills, & support. Crowdsourcing allows you to select the best result from a sea of ‘best entries,’ as opposed to receiving the best entry from a single provider. Results can be delivered much quicker than traditional methods, since crowdsourcing is a form of freelancing. You can get a finished video within a month, a finished design or idea within a week, and microtasks appear within minutes.
Clear instructions are essential in crowdsourcing. You could potentially be searching through thousands of possible ideas, which can be painstaking, or even complicated, if the instructions are not clearly understood. Some forms of crowdsourcing do involve spec work, which some people are against. Quality can be difficult to judge if proper expectations are not clearly stated.
TripAdvisor – relies on the opinions and reviews of its members to provide information to people interested in a flight, trip or vacation. With over 40 million reviews, it has become the first port of call for many travelers. Source: https://www.callcentrehelper.com/ten-examples-of-crowdsourcing-14133.htm
Waze
One of the most successful crowd-powered start-ups is Waze. It’s an app that allows users to report traffic jams and automatically gives directions for the best route to take. Waze crowd sources information by measuring drivers speed to determine traffic jams and by asking users to report road closures.
It’s a great app that proves a dedicated crowd is sometimes all a company needs. It also attracted some big-name investors and suitors.
Source: http://tweakyourbiz.com/marketing/2015/07/10/9-great-examples-crowdsourcing-age-empowered-consumers/)
Wikipedia – perhaps the pioneers of crowdsourcing. The not-for-profit Wikipedia Foundation launched its free, web-based, multilingual and collaborative encyclopaedia in 2001. It has over 17m articles written collaboratively by the community and is the most popular reference site on the internet. Source: https://www.callcentrehelper.com/ten-examples-of-crowdsourcing-14133.htm
What is a journalist according to Ms. Maricel Halili?
What are the Types of Journalism
Source: http://learn.org/articles/What_are_the_Different_Types_of_Journalism.html
Journalists serve an important role in society by informing the public of events happening around the world.
Types By Medium
Some journalists define themselves by the way they tell their stories. They may not stick to one particular area of the news, instead covering lots of different topics, but generally using the same medium.
Print Journalism
Print journalists usually report for newspapers or magazines. They may be full-time reporters for one particular publication or freelance writers who contribute to a variety of different publications. Oftentimes a print journalist will be paired with a photojournalist who will take pictures to complement the written story.
Photojournalism
Photojournalists are different from traditional photographers in that they are more interested in capturing images that tell a story than ones that just look nice. Photojournalists are generally highly-trained photographers who may have worked in a traditional photography medium like wedding photography before transitioning into journalism.
Broadcast Journalism
Broadcast journalism encompasses both television and radio news. There are two ways that journalists can be involved in broadcast journalism: behind the scenes or on the air. Journalists working behind the scenes do a lot of research and reporting, but their faces or voices will not be broadcast. Journalists who work on the air may do their own reporting or read stories crafted by their colleagues.
Multimedia Journalism
This is the newest field of journalism and also the fastest-growing. Multimedia journalism can encompass all the fields listed above because a web page can have a written story, still photos, video, and audio. Multimedia journalists are encouraged to have a wide set of storytelling abilities, as well as highly defined technical skills.
Types By Message
Some journalists define themselves not by the medium that they use to tell their stories but the kind of stories they tell. Oftentimes journalists are assigned 'beats,' particular topics that they will cover exclusively. These journalists have the opportunity to develop a high level of expertise in their beats and develop valuable contacts in the field. Some popular beats include:
Sports
Business
Politics
Arts and culture
Education
Crime
Source: http://www.thenewsmanual.net/Manuals%20Volume%201/volume1_02.htm
Journalists work in many areas of life, finding and presenting information. However, for the purposes of this manual we define journalists principally as men and women who present that information as news to the audiences of newspapers, magazines, radio or television stations or the Internet.
What do journalists do?
Within these different media, there are specialist tasks for journalists. In large organisations, the journalists may specialise in only one task. In small organisations, each journalist may have to do many different tasks. Here are some of the jobs journalists do:
Reporters gather information and present it in a written or spoken form in news stories, feature articles or documentaries. Reporters may work on the staff of news organisations, but may also work freelance, writing stories for whoever pays them.
General reporters cover all sorts of news stories, but some journalists specialise in certain areas such as reporting sport, politics or agriculture.
Sub-editors take the stories written by reporters and put them into a form which suits the special needs of their particular newspaper, magazine, bulletin or web page. Sub-editors do not usually gather information themselves. Their job is to concentrate on how the story can best be presented to their audience. They are often called subs. The person in charge of them is called the chief sub-editor, usually shortened to chief sub.
Photojournalists use photographs to tell the news. .i.photojournalists;They either cover events with a reporter, taking photographs to illustrate the written story, or attend news events on their own, presenting both the pictures and a story or caption.
The editor is usually the person who makes the final decision about what is included in the newspaper, magazine or news bulletins. He or she is responsible for all the content and all the journalists. Editors may have deputies and assistants to help them.
The news editor is the person in charge of the news journalists. In small organisations, the news editor may make all the decisions about what stories to cover and who will do the work. In larger organisations, the news editor may have a deputy, often called the chief of staff, whose special job is to assign reporters to the stories selected.
Feature writers work for newspapers and magazines, writing longer stories which usually give background to the news. In small organisations the reporters themselves will write feature articles. The person in charge of features is usually called the features editor. Larger radio or television stations may have specialist staff producing current affairs programs - the broadcasting equivalent of the feature article. The person in charge of producing a particular current affairs program is usually called the producer and the person in charge of all the programs in that series is called the executive producer or EP.
Specialist writers may be employed to produce personal commentary columns or reviews of things such as books, films, art or performances. They are usually selected for their knowledge about certain subjects or their ability to write well. Again, small organisations may use general reporters for some or all of these tasks.
There are many other jobs which can be done by journalists. It is a career with many opportunities.
Encourage students to challenge the given graphic organizer.
Possible point of contention:
Lower- end media users does not exist in todays digital age, everyone is somehow connected to different media platform both traditional and new.
Lower- end media users both get their information from people in media and people as media.
People as media may have their own biases or agenda, this affect the information they share or provide.
In todays media convergence, people in media are also people as media.
CITIZEN JOURNALISM VS. PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISM
https://journalismthefuture.wordpress.com/citizen-journalism-vs-professional-journalism/
