Modifying and developing health behavior both imply change of a conscious and planned nature, as distinct from change that occurs unconsciously in the natural history of growth and adaptation. Therefore, sociologists, psychologists and social scientists have been working for centuries to design various behavior modification techniques, some of which are been discussed here including:
Conditioning
Modeling
Fear & Knowledge Appeals
Readiness to change model
Persuasion
The health belief model is a social psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors, particularly in regard to the uptake of health services.
The health belief model is a social psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors, particularly in regard to the uptake of health services.
The concept of health is often difficult to define and measure.
It is a broad concept and experience.
Its boundary extends beyond the "sick". It is often difficult to put a clear-cut demarcation between the "sick" and the "not sick". It depends on:
1) The perception of individuals
2) The threshold - e.g. pain
3) The ability to recognize symptoms and signs
WHO defines health as Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Behavior- is an action that has specific frequency,
duration, and purpose, whether conscious or unconscious,
Adjustment and maladjustment - Education Psychology (BEd)- its meaning,definition, process,students and teachers behavior, Maladjustment , symptoms and treatments
Concepts of mental health and Mental hygiene.DikshaRai24
Mental Health a person’s condition with regard to their psychological and emotional well-being. Mental hygiene, the science of maintaining mental health and preventing the development of psychosis, neurosis, or other mental disorders. Mental hygiene.
Characteristics of mentally heathy person.
Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change Model)Rozanne Clarke
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) speaks on suggested strategies for public health interventions to address people at various stages of the decision-making process. Acknowledgements of this and other behavioural change models will resulting in social marketing campaigns being implemented as they're tailored to suit the target audience.
Presentation from Andreas Cebulla, Research Director of the National Centre for Social Research about risk taking behaviour by young people and the relationship with the sorts of activities they are involved with.
The concept of health is often difficult to define and measure.
It is a broad concept and experience.
Its boundary extends beyond the "sick". It is often difficult to put a clear-cut demarcation between the "sick" and the "not sick". It depends on:
1) The perception of individuals
2) The threshold - e.g. pain
3) The ability to recognize symptoms and signs
WHO defines health as Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Behavior- is an action that has specific frequency,
duration, and purpose, whether conscious or unconscious,
Adjustment and maladjustment - Education Psychology (BEd)- its meaning,definition, process,students and teachers behavior, Maladjustment , symptoms and treatments
Concepts of mental health and Mental hygiene.DikshaRai24
Mental Health a person’s condition with regard to their psychological and emotional well-being. Mental hygiene, the science of maintaining mental health and preventing the development of psychosis, neurosis, or other mental disorders. Mental hygiene.
Characteristics of mentally heathy person.
Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change Model)Rozanne Clarke
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) speaks on suggested strategies for public health interventions to address people at various stages of the decision-making process. Acknowledgements of this and other behavioural change models will resulting in social marketing campaigns being implemented as they're tailored to suit the target audience.
Presentation from Andreas Cebulla, Research Director of the National Centre for Social Research about risk taking behaviour by young people and the relationship with the sorts of activities they are involved with.
work on affordable price.
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Bone Density scanning, also called Dual-energy X-Ray Absorptivity (DXA) or Bone Densitometers is an enhanced form of x-ray technology that is used to measure bone loss
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Code summary
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DQ 2-1 responses 55. The Change Theory was a three-stage model o.docxelinoraudley582231
DQ 2-1 responses 5
5. The Change Theory was a three-stage model of change developed by Kurt Lewin. This model was also known as the unfreezing-change-refreezing model that can be used by health care professionals when making discussing treatment for patients (Manchester, et al, 2014). The unfreezing process involves making it possible for people to change their mind. This can be done by helping them overcome a resistance or introducing new information. It is a way to increase the driving forces away from the current situation, such as encouraging a patient to have a diagnostic heart catheter after they have had several episodes of chest discomfort, but is afraid of going to the hospital for a procedure. Change is when there is a change of thought, behavior, or something that moves one from their current or frozen situation. This can be described as the patient agreeing to proceed with the heart catherization, getting on appropriate medication, and following a healthier lifestyle. The Refreezing is established after then change has happened and there is a new habit. For example, after the patient has the heart catheterization, he or she adopts a healthier lifestyle by being compliant with medication and the physician’s treatment recommendations, eating a heart-healthy diet, and exercising.
Communication is more than sending a message from one person to another. Communication involves nonverbal communication such as tone, body language, dialect, paralanguage, proximity, touch, eye contact, gestures, posture, and more. Nonverbal communication between a physician and patient influences patient perception, such as patient satisfaction (Montague, Chen, Xu, Chewning, & Barrett, 2013). Verbal and nonverbal communication barriers such as healthcare jargon, language barriers, emotional barriers, differences in perception and view point, and physical disabilities. Environmental barriers can also disrupt and distort messages. To minimize disruptions and distortions in communication, health care professionals should eliminate noise distractions by taking the patient to a quiet room or closing the door to the exam room or hospital room for privacy. One should speak clearly and slowly, checking for understanding before moving on to the next part of the message. Health care professionals should use a medical certified translator when there is a language barrier or hearing impairment. Reading the patient’s body language can also suggest if the patient is understanding and following along. Cell phones ringers should be turned off to not interrupt the communication. Eye contact demonstrates listening and understanding for both parties. Touch can be clinical and social (Montague, Chen, Xu, Chewning, & Barrett, 2013). A clinician must touch to the patient to assess, diagnose, and treat. However, touching through a handshake, hug, or pat on the back, can be social, therapeutic, and healing. The important part of communication is to make sure one’s message is recei.
Running Head FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POL.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POLICY DECISIONS 5
Findings Used to Make Public Health Planning and Policy Decisions
Unit 4 - HA560
March 28, 2016
There has been increased concern among policy makers, scientists and communities that health is greatly affected by a number of factors that occur in a person’s lifetime and in multi levels. Prevention is sententious to curb occurrence of any disease within the population, and it has to come first even if access to quality healthcare services is provided. To adequately promote health and prevent diseases, certain policies and factors need to be addressed mostly factors that are related to health behaviors.
Social psychology is all about understanding individuals’ behavior specifically in a social setting. Basically, social psychology focuses on factors that influence people to behave in certain ways in presence of others. The two greatest contributors in the field of social psychology were Allport (1920) and Bandura (1963). To begin with, according to Allport; he argued that the interaction of individuals with others or the presence of social groups can encourage the development of certain behaviors (Kassin, 2014). This is what Allport referred to as social facilitation, in his research he identified that an audience will facilitate the performance of an actor in a well learnt and understood task; however the performance of the same actor will decrease in performance on difficult tasks which are newly learnt, and this is contributed by social inhibition. The second contributor in the field of social psychology is Bandura (1963), in his work he developed a notion that behavior in the social world could be possibly modeled, and this is what he referred to as social learning theory. He gave his explanation with three groups of children who were watching a video where in the video an adult showed aggressiveness towards a “bobo doll” and the adults who displayed such behavior were awarded by another adult or were just punished. Therefore Bandura found that children who saw the adult being rewarded were found to be more likely to imitate that adult’s behavior.
Certain theories plays important roles in health assessment, and a theory is defined as a collection of concepts in specific area of concern or interest in the world that need explanations, intervening and prediction. Theories need to be backed up with evidence that tend to explain why things will happen in relation to current situations, and followed with some actions to turn situations in certain desirable ways. Health assessment can be defined as a plan of care that recognizes specific person’s health needs and how such needs will be addressed by healthcare system or any other health institutions (Jarvis, 2008). Generally, health assessment is the evaluation of health status through examination of physical and psychological concerns after looking at the health history of the victim assess ...
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Discussion 1 Marlon RodriguezPopulation and Community Health ProVinaOconner450
Discussion 1 Marlon Rodriguez
Population and Community Health Promotion
Health practitioners and the general public play a competitive role in population health prevention and promotion. Health care providers such as nurses and doctors sometimes have multifaceted roles as holistic healthcare providers to promote community health. They can organize public outreach programs and coordinate health education to enlighten the community about well-being. The paper explores specific actions health providers can take regardless of their professional practices to promote community health.
Health Education and Promotion Programs
Health education is an everyday social science used by health providers to promote health behaviors and well-being in the community. Health education initiatives focus on providing essential knowledge and information to the community members and practical skills that enable the public to adopt healthy behaviors (Whitehead, 2018). Health education increases health knowledge and influences the health attitudes of individuals. For instance, nurses can educate the public about the benefits of child immunization in preventing diseases and boosting immunity. Knowledge of immunization can influence individuals who have specific attitudes toward vaccination to seek these services, thus promoting the well-being of children. Health promotion is much broader since it is done by professionals while responding to health developments. It helps address concerns related to health inequities and access within the communities.
Community Assessment and Intervention Planning
Community diagnosis or assessment is an action that health practitioners conduct to identify factors that promote the health of a community and develop strategies to improve them. Health practitioners then design specific goals and programs that help solve particular health concerns identified (Lee et al., 2017). The nurse collaborates with community members to conduct a community assessment and diagnosis processes to help them plan community programs. A nurse must perform a community diagnosis for them to implement a nursing intervention that helps solve the problem. Nurses conduct the diagnosis process to ensure the interventions’ efficiency, promote standardization, and conduct follow-up activities, monitoring, and evaluation while assessing if they have achieved their goals. A nurse can also plan health activities and programs that entail fundamental behavior changes. For example, nurses can coordinate nutritional assessment or diagnosis to prevent concerns of being underweight, malnutrition, or overweight in the community.
Advocate Social Change
Social change initiatives focus on the interaction of humans and the transformation of institutions and functions. Nurses can promote social change by advocating for better policies that solve health inequities. Professional advocacy that orients towards better policies can address social conditions an ...
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
RSD-851: Residency: Dissertation
Grand Canyon University
October 5, 2020
10 Strategic Points
My Degree: Ph.D.
Program Emphasis: Industrial Organizational Psychology
Ten Strategic Points
Comments or Feedback
Broad Topic Area
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
Lit Review
(Theoretical Framework (Theory)
Gaps
Themes
All Citations
Gaps
A. Basu, Rehkopf, Siddiqi, Glymour, & Kawachi (2016). According to the authors, there is a gap here in the changes being experienced in social policies in recent years. It has created a gap among women with low income in South Texas. Accordingly, the authors used the determination of the differences in income to understand the relationships between health outcomes and welfare reforms as it impacts the less privileged women in comparison to the most affected women.
B. Ly, A. (2019). This study focused on the factors that influence the utilization of mental health among Vietnamese Americans and the barriers to seeking help in Texas. The study had 12 participants including providers and community leaders who were familiar with the target population. The findings of the study indicated that there is a gap here in cultural acceptance of mental health treatment. Hence the need to culturally specify mental health intervention to improve mental health utilization in the community. However, the study was limited by the small sample size; therefore, the findings cannot be generalized. Further studies should include more cultural groups to validate the findings of this research.
C. Kwan, P. P., Soniega-Sherwood, J., Esmundo, S., Watts, J., Pike, J., Sabado-Liwag, M., & Palmer, P. H. (2020). The authors of this study aimed to evaluate the facilitators and barriers to mental health utilization among Pacific Islanders. Semi structure interviews were used to collect information from 12 pacific islanders. Trained community leaders recruited eligible candidates for the study. The study was limited by the small sample size. Five themes arose from the study. There is a gap here in regard to cost of healthcare, mental health stigma and language and culture barriers, which were the themes that emerged concerning barriers affecting the utilization of mental health services. The researchers indicated the need for future studies to include a larger sample size to enable generalization of the findings.
D. Volkert, J., Andreas, S., Härter, M., Dehoust, M. C., Sehner, S., Suling, A., . . . Schulz, H. (2018). The aim of this study was to evaluate various aspects of the utilization of mental health services among the elderly. The study had 3,142 participants aged between 65-84 years. Logic regression approach was used to analyze predisposing, enabling, and need factors among the participants. Similarly, the study found that there is ...
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
RSD-851: Residency: Dissertation
Grand Canyon University
October 5, 2020
10 Strategic Points
My Degree: Ph.D.
Program Emphasis: Industrial Organizational Psychology
Ten Strategic Points
Comments or Feedback
Broad Topic Area
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
Lit Review
(Theoretical Framework (Theory)
Gaps
Themes
All Citations
Gaps
A. Basu, Rehkopf, Siddiqi, Glymour, & Kawachi (2016). According to the authors, there is a gap here in the changes being experienced in social policies in recent years. It has created a gap among women with low income in South Texas. Accordingly, the authors used the determination of the differences in income to understand the relationships between health outcomes and welfare reforms as it impacts the less privileged women in comparison to the most affected women.
B. Ly, A. (2019). This study focused on the factors that influence the utilization of mental health among Vietnamese Americans and the barriers to seeking help in Texas. The study had 12 participants including providers and community leaders who were familiar with the target population. The findings of the study indicated that there is a gap here in cultural acceptance of mental health treatment. Hence the need to culturally specify mental health intervention to improve mental health utilization in the community. However, the study was limited by the small sample size; therefore, the findings cannot be generalized. Further studies should include more cultural groups to validate the findings of this research.
C. Kwan, P. P., Soniega-Sherwood, J., Esmundo, S., Watts, J., Pike, J., Sabado-Liwag, M., & Palmer, P. H. (2020). The authors of this study aimed to evaluate the facilitators and barriers to mental health utilization among Pacific Islanders. Semi structure interviews were used to collect information from 12 pacific islanders. Trained community leaders recruited eligible candidates for the study. The study was limited by the small sample size. Five themes arose from the study. There is a gap here in regard to cost of healthcare, mental health stigma and language and culture barriers, which were the themes that emerged concerning barriers affecting the utilization of mental health services. The researchers indicated the need for future studies to include a larger sample size to enable generalization of the findings.
D. Volkert, J., Andreas, S., Härter, M., Dehoust, M. C., Sehner, S., Suling, A., . . . Schulz, H. (2018). The aim of this study was to evaluate various aspects of the utilization of mental health services among the elderly. The study had 3,142 participants aged between 65-84 years. Logic regression approach was used to analyze predisposing, enabling, and need factors among the participants. Similarly, the study found that there is ...
Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner Student Nam.docxsimonlbentley59018
Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner
Student Name
Institution Affiliation
1
Introduction
The primary role of a psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner is providing psychotherapy and educating patients and families.
One of the problems that has been experienced in psychiatry is stigma, discrimination and prejudice.
This issue has presented certain effects like delay in seeking help, burnout among health care providers and poor services.
One of the theories that is relevant to the specialty is the modelling and role modelling theory.
Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners usually play a key role in promoting health care. Their primary role is providing psychotherapy and educating patients and families. However, patients and health care providers are facing various issues particularly stigma, discrimination and prejudice which has negatively affected the provision of health care services. The modelling and role modelling theory is one of the theories that is relevant and can greatly help to deal with the problem and may be used as a framework to guide evidence-based practice.
2
Modelling and Role Modelling Theory
It was developed by Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin and Mary Anne and was published in 1983.
This theory helps health care providers to care for and nurture every patient based on their needs.
Commonalities in the theory include attachment and loss, basic needs, holism and cognitive stages.
Differences in the theory include self-care, stress, adaptation, model of the world and inherent endowment.
The modelling and role modelling theory was developed by Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin and Mary Anne and was published in 1983. This is a crucial theory in nursing because it helps health care providers to care and nurture patients while upholding the awareness and respect of every patient’s uniqueness (Smith, 2019). Due to that, this theory is considered to support clinical practices that concentrate on the needs of patients. The theory looks at certain elements like attachment and loss, holism, basic needs and cognitive stages. It focuses on certain differences amongst people including stress, self-care, adaptation, model of the world and inherent endowment.
3
Relevance of the Theory
Modelling involves health care providers seeking to know and understand patients’ personal model of their world.
Health care providers learn to appreciate the value of patients’ personal model of the world and its importance.
This theory acknowledges that all human beings have unique perspectives about their world.
Health care providers are able to develop an image and understanding of patients’ perspective and personal model of the world.
The modelling and role modelling theory is relevant to my nurse practitioner specialty since it entails crucial aspects that promote the well-being of patients. During the modelling process, nurses are able to find out and comprehend the personal model of patients and learn how t.
Running head LEARNING THEORIES 126LEARNING THEORIES.docxwlynn1
Running head: LEARNING THEORIES 1
26
LEARNING THEORIES
Learning Theories
Abstract
The implementation of Health Informatics throughout the health care system has allowed the patient to receive higher quality of care with safer outcomes. As health informatics continues to grow at a rapid pace the question as to what the most effective way is to train its users has been considered. The patient is now expected to utilize technology to communicate with providers and evaluate their health through equipment and data portals. Healthcare workers must understand health informatics to both teach the patient and do their job effectively. It is important to note that health informatics is ever evolving and the learning, teaching for those involved in healthcare is never ending. Through research of different learning theories and styles this paper seeks to identify how the adult can most effectively be taught to utilize health informatics whether as a patient or healthcare provider
Keywords: Health informatics, learning theory, behavioral theories, Cognitive learning theories, adult learning theories, and learning styles.
Learning Theories
Health informatics can be defined as the practice of studying, acquiring, and controlling health data and the application of various medical concepts together with health information technology systems to enable healthcare professionals to provide patients with the best healthcare, it can also mean the application of informatics and information technology to deliver better healthcare to clients (Nelson & Staggers, 2016). Technology has been growing very fast in the past years and it has changed the way things are done in many fields and so is the healthcare system. Health informatics therefore has changed the way things are done in healthcare system hence ensuring that patients receive safe and effective healthcare services. This field of study makes use of theories that are used in other fields of study such as computer science, information science, and the science of the specific discipline such as nursing, medicine, or pharmacy. People who work as health informatics specialists make use of learning theories to guide them in their roles which include; designing and implementing online health records, offering training to other medical stuff on the use of the electronic health records (EHR), give the right information to those who consult them, come up with policies in the health institutions where they work, and also manage and analyze the impacts of those policies. This paper will therefore discuss how different learning theories relate to current practices, policies, and regulations in health informatics.
Learning theories are coherent frameworks of integrated principles and constructs that explain, describe, and predict how people learn. These theories are the main guide for systems of education in the classroom and also in the training included in specific disciplines in healt.
Running head LEARNING THEORIES 126LEARNING THEORIES.docxjeanettehully
Running head: LEARNING THEORIES 1
26
LEARNING THEORIES
Learning Theories
Abstract
The implementation of Health Informatics throughout the health care system has allowed the patient to receive higher quality of care with safer outcomes. As health informatics continues to grow at a rapid pace the question as to what the most effective way is to train its users has been considered. The patient is now expected to utilize technology to communicate with providers and evaluate their health through equipment and data portals. Healthcare workers must understand health informatics to both teach the patient and do their job effectively. It is important to note that health informatics is ever evolving and the learning, teaching for those involved in healthcare is never ending. Through research of different learning theories and styles this paper seeks to identify how the adult can most effectively be taught to utilize health informatics whether as a patient or healthcare provider
Keywords: Health informatics, learning theory, behavioral theories, Cognitive learning theories, adult learning theories, and learning styles.
Learning Theories
Health informatics can be defined as the practice of studying, acquiring, and controlling health data and the application of various medical concepts together with health information technology systems to enable healthcare professionals to provide patients with the best healthcare, it can also mean the application of informatics and information technology to deliver better healthcare to clients (Nelson & Staggers, 2016). Technology has been growing very fast in the past years and it has changed the way things are done in many fields and so is the healthcare system. Health informatics therefore has changed the way things are done in healthcare system hence ensuring that patients receive safe and effective healthcare services. This field of study makes use of theories that are used in other fields of study such as computer science, information science, and the science of the specific discipline such as nursing, medicine, or pharmacy. People who work as health informatics specialists make use of learning theories to guide them in their roles which include; designing and implementing online health records, offering training to other medical stuff on the use of the electronic health records (EHR), give the right information to those who consult them, come up with policies in the health institutions where they work, and also manage and analyze the impacts of those policies. This paper will therefore discuss how different learning theories relate to current practices, policies, and regulations in health informatics.
Learning theories are coherent frameworks of integrated principles and constructs that explain, describe, and predict how people learn. These theories are the main guide for systems of education in the classroom and also in the training included in specific disciplines in healt ...
Responsed to colleagues posting that addressed different trends tha.docxzmark3
Responsed to colleague's posting that addressed different trends than those you described. Agree or disagree with the colleague's position on the current and future trends in the treatment of addiction.
Colleague #1
Current trends:
There are a number of trends within the addiction recovery and treatment field. One of the most utilized modalities within the field of addiction recovery may be cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT seeks to teach those recovering from addiction and other mental illness to find connections between their thoughts, feelings and even their actions or behaviors (Kiluk & Carroll, 2013). The cognitive behavioral approach often encourages those participating in the treatment to identify, and challenge potential thinking errors that may be contributing to their current addiction, or even mental illness.
Another widely used treatment trend is the 12-step program. This program is one that is based on peer support groups that meet together regularly to provide support, guidance and care as each individual works the program as a whole (AAWS, 2012). The basic assumption of the intervention model is that people can help one another achieve and maintain abstinence from substances, and healing cannot come about until one surrenders to a higher power (AAWS, 2012). This is a widely spread program that is estimated to be used by the majority of treatment centers throughout the country (Doweiko, 2019).
Future trends:
There have been a number of developments and shifts within the field of addiction recovery therapy. It seems that societal trends, to a certain extent, may have some sort of impact on the trends as they develop as well. For example, there has been more of an emphasis placed on holistic health, and holistic treatment in a number of fields. This trend may be seen being implemented into the field of substance abuse treatment, and recovery as well.
Drake (2020) suggests that holistic care should be integrated into a multidisciplinary approach within the substance abuse field. The concept of incorporating a registered dietician to the multidisciplinary approach supports the “moniker” of providing a holistic approach to those in substance abuse disorder treatment. Implementing this style of holistic care is said to improve the overall quality of treatment and recovery. It has been reported that those with substance use disorders have become well quicker, fewer symptoms, and sustain recovery longer when they follow principles of quality nutrition (Drake, 2020).
Similarly, there have been various studies implementing the Integrative Body Mind Spirit (I-BMS) intervention among those with substance use disorders. This intervention utilizes Western practices in congruence with Eastern philosophies, as well as techniques (Rentala et al., 2020) There are a number of specific interventions utilized within this particular program that all seek to foster a deeper connection between body, mind and spirit. One of the most com.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
2.
Define health behaviors.
Examine the factors, that affect a person's behavior
change.
Discuss the prevalence of health behaviors in
Pakistan.
Understanding various behavior change techniques
with reference to Pakistani context.
Apply behavior modification strategies in health care
settings.
Evaluate health promotion programs in Pakistan in
light of behavior modification approaches.
Conclude & summarize the presentation
30 October 2013
2
4.
Health behaviours have being defined
by Matarazzo (1984) in terms of either:
Health impairing habits, which he called
"behavioural pathogens" (for example
smoking, eating a high fat diet), or
Health protective behaviours, which he
defined as "behavioural immunogens" (e.g.
attending a health checkups).
(Taylor, 1999)
30 October 2013
4
5.
Health behavior change is a complex set of
mechanisms and processes comprising of knowledge
and beliefs, self-regulation skills and abilities and
social facilitation.
Health behavior change must occur to manage and
prevent the onset of chronic medical conditions
which result from an individual’s unhealthy
behavior.
Health behavior changes occur on three different
levels. These are….
30 October 2013
(Catalbiano & Ricciardelli, 2013)
5
6. Establish new
healthy behaviors
Increasing existing
healthy behaviors
• Taking Medication
as prescribed.
• Participating in
regular physical
activity.
• Consuming low fat
food products.
• Scheduling more
regular doctor
appointments.
• Ensuring adequate
amounts of sleep.
• Increasing
consumption of
fibers, fruits and
vegetables.
Decreasing
unhealthy behaviors
• Decreasing
amount of salt and
sugar in diet.
• Quitting smoking
• Reducing daily
alcohol
consumption.
(Catalbiano & Ricciardelli, 2013)
30 October 2013
6
7.
Alcoholism: According to WHO report 30% people in
Pakistan are involved in alcohol consumption.
(WHO, 2011)
Smoking: In the year 2009, the prevalence of cigarette
smoking among females was 6.25% and among males was
34.47% in Pakistan.
Condom use: 21.8% (46/211) in Lahore and 2.4% (5/24) in
Karachi.
(Saleem, Adrien & Razaque, 2013)
HIV and homosexuality in Pakistan: According to National
Institute of Health, 2008 “Prevalence of HIV among
homosexual and bisexual Pakistani men is reaching alarming
proportions”
(Rajabali, Khan, Warraich, Khanani & Ali, 2008)
30 October 2013
7
8. Poor Eating Habits And Lower Exercise Rate:
Obesity level is found to be 22 % in men and 37
% in women in urban area of Pakistan. Lifestyle
changes, high fat and carbohydrate rich diet and
lack of exercise are the prime factors.
(Ameen, 2011)
Substance Abuse: An estimated 6.45 million, of
the population in Pakistan aged between 15 and
64 used drugs in the last 12 months..
(Ministry of narcotic control Pakistan, 2013)
30 October 2013
8
12.
Conditioning and Modeling make up one
of the earliest principles of behavior
change, identified by various
researches.
Majority knowledge and skills for health
behavior change assessment and
interventions come from these
behavioral approaches.
30 October 2013
(Catalbiano & Ricciardelli, 2013) & (Taylor, 1999)
12
14.
“Contingency Contracting’ is
an example of behavioral
change working on Skinner’s
principle of Operant
conditioning.
It involves a formal contract
between the patient and the
therapist, defining what
behaviors are to be changed
and what privileges or
consequences follow the
performance of these
behaviors.
30 October 2013
14
15.
“Self-help Program” Operates on Bandura’s
concept of Modeling.
Self help program includes a self help group in
which the client observes others who have
successfully stopped smoking, drinking or drug
use and he/she can also raise expectancies for
achieving the same goal.
(Stuart, 2009)
30 October 2013
15
16.
Educational appeals make the assumption
that people will change their health
habits if they have correct information.
Unfortunately, it’s usually not enough to
make people act.
Its affectivity is enhanced when
combined with other factors like
motivation, self-efficacy etc.
30 October 2013
(Taylor, 1999)
16
18.
This approach assumes that if
people are fearful that a
particular habit is hurting their
health , they will change their
behavior to reduce their fear.
However, research shows that
fear appeals have only a limited
value in modulating health
behavior change.
Fear appeals are most likely to
be effective for individuals who
are in a precontemplation stage
because they are unfamiliar
with a 2013
given health risk.
30 October
(Stroebe, 2011)
18
20. Examine your current health habits by
conducting a self-assessment. Then analyze
and evaluate your life style.
Identify and choose a target behavior from the
several identified unhealthy behaviors. Start with
simple then move to more difficult behaviors
Obtaining information about your target behavior.
Including current and future benefits and risks of
your target behavior.
Find outside help if involved in complex behaviors. You
may need to seek professional guidance. Identify
various resources and develop a support network on
campus and in the community.
30 October 2013
20
23. “Persuasion is a health promotion strategy widely
used to influence individual health beliefs and
behavior. People are exposed to more or less complex
messages that reflect a position advocated by a
source and arguments designed to support that
position.”
A well-known influential tool used in various behavior
modification programs as it almost makes use of all
other strategies like knowledge and fear appeals etc.
(Stroebe, 2011)
30 October 2013
23
24.
SOURCE CREDIBILITY: The communicator
The communicator appears to have nothing to gain if
the audience accepts the message.
CONVERT COMMUNICATORS: Are those
should be expert, prestigious, trustworthy, likable and
similar to the audience in some respect.
people who have overcome their undesirable
behaviors. They can be very persuasive as they
demonstrate a sense of mastery and self-control over
their behaviors.
30 October 2013
(Baumeister & Bushman, 2011)
24
27.
The message appeals to emotions, particularly fear
and anxiety.
The message also provides a course of action that
will if followed reduce fear or produce personally
desirable results.
The message states clear-cut conclusions.
The message is backed up by facts and statistics.
The message is repeated as frequently as possible.
30 October 2013
(Coon & Mitterer, 2013)
27
28. AUDIENCE: If audience is receptive to
changing a health habit, then
communication should only include
favorable points, but if audience is not
inclined to accept the message, the
communication should discuss both sides of
the issue.
(Stroebe, 2011)
30 October 2013
28
29.
Research has demonstrated that excessively using persuasion can
render the client a passive recipient to expert knowledge combined
with advise giving can reduce client autonomy and generate
resistance.
Persuasion doesn't ensure health behavior change in a long run i.e. no
guarantee of maintenance of the change.
Many times, persuasive health campaigns do not cater the
discrepancy between individual and population perspectives of health
risk.
Persuasive technologies may violate ethical grounds due to
manipulation with audience for reasons other than promoting health
change.
Persuasion is found to be ineffective in reaching individuals of lower
socioeconomic status.
30 October 2013
(Chaterjee, Price & Meng, 2008)
29
30.
In this high-tech world, the real challenge for HCPs is to
better understand the health behaviors of humans and
develop innovative methods to help people overcome their
unhealthy behaviors and replace them with healthier
ones.
MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING, defined as “A
patient-centered, directive method for enhancing
intrinsic motivation to change”, is the solution to these
problems.
MI brings about behavior change with the goal that the
patient, not the practitioner, expresses concerns about
the current behavior and presents arguments for change.
30 October 2013
30
32.
Health Promotion Means Changing Behavior at
Multiple Levels. These are:
Individual: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, personality.
Example: Readiness to change Model, cognitive
restructuring.
Interpersonal: family, friends, peers. Example: SelfHelp Program, behavior contract etc.
Community: social networks, standards, norms.
Example: Applying persuasion in Mass Media
Campaigns
Public Policy: local policies related to healthy
practices. Example: Health promotion Programs like
OBSI, EPI, NACP etc.
30 October 2013
32
33.
Health communication and mobilization are two core concepts in
Health promotion theories.
“ Health communication, like health education, is an approach
which attempts to change a set of behaviors in a large-scale
target audience regarding a specific problem in a predefined
period of time.”
Community mobilization (CM) brings together community
members, leaders and institutions at various levels to work
together to identify and solve problems.
Although public health sector is not so active in Pakistan, yet, we
have managed to have a health education wing at the federal
ministry of health comprising of only a health education advisor.
30 October 2013
(Qazilbash, 2006) 33
34.
Malaria control program and Small pox eradication program
were the first that had public health messages.
Optimal Birth Spacing Initiative (OBSI 2004) is a public
health promotional program found to have a strong
communication component with an aim highlighting the most
sensitive issue of family planning.
Second is the Women Health Project, an initiative of the
Ministry of Health, aims to improve women's health by
addressing women issues at all levels through health
promotion, community mobilization, advocacy and capacity
building.
30 October 2013
(Qazilbash, 2006)
34
35.
The National AIDS Control Program
(NACP)2002 also comes under this category.
However, it couldn’t address the issue that in
a country like Pakistan, where HIV-AIDS has a
very low prevalence, what really was the
problem behavior that NACP thought to
change?
According to literature, Pakistan is one of the
top three countries that have the highest
prevalence of unsafe injections in the world
(Simonsen et al 1999); a risk factor for spread
of HIV-AIDS, yet this issue does not come as
part of the problem any where.
30 October 2013
(Qazilbash, 2006)
35
36.
Making a helping or therapeutic relationship is the
first step in helping clients recognize their
undesirable behaviors.
Nurses, themselves are seen as role models by
patients and their traits and characters are being
followed too. Therefore,a nurse should be self
aware of his/her own beliefs and attitudes that
shape health behaviors.
Using a non-judgmental and empathetic behavior
also facilitates change in behavior.
Nurses, as a CHN or PHN, should design coaching
modules, educational campaigns and self help
pamphlets to influence individual health beliefs and
behavior regarding smoking, drugs and alcohol use
etc.
30 October 2013
(Qazilbash, 2006)
36
37.
All HCPs, especially nurses should realize that the
existence of close family ties and extended family
structure in Pakistani culture implies that we conduct
culturally appropriate behavioral reforms with patients.
Another underlying principle in health behavior change is
the joint decision-making by the family sometimes involving
the entire community in health care-seeking behavior.
In near future, nurses also need to tackle the challenges of
weak capacity, scarcity, in availability and inaccessibility of
social media resources, minimal involvement of target
audience etc. prevailing in our country.
30 October 2013
(Shaikh & Hatcher, 2007)
37
38.
I quit smoking because I know it will damage my lung
parenchyma cells. Knowledge appeal
In psychiatric ward, nurses provide extra time to watch TV to
patients who have successfully lessen cigarette smoking and
limit the timing of watching TV for those patients who have not
successfully limit their smoking habit. Operant Conditioning
Mr. X verbalized that “I started wearing condoms during sexual
intercourse when I watched Junaid Jhamshad on commercial of
reducing STI’s” Persuasion: source credibility
Mr. Y opt for nicotine patches to reduce his alcohol
consumption when he analyzed that his friend has successfully
withdrawn from alcohol by using this technique Modeling
30 October 2013
38
39. “Bad habits are
like a comfortable
bed, easy to get
into, but hard to
get out of.”-Anon
30 October 2013
“Yet People change if
they come to believe
it is both of value and
achievable, so HCPs
should keep
encouraging and
motivating their
clients.”
39
40. TAKE HOME MESSAGE
I promise to work on these behaviors:
I will avoid high fat diet
I will have 8 hours sleep at night
I will avoid procrastination
Reward for meeting these expectations:
(list down your own rewards)
Consequences for not meeting these expectation:
(list down your own consequences)
41.
Ameen, Y. (2011). Obesity increasing at alarming rate in Pakistan. The News
Tribe. Retrieved from:
http://www.thenewstribe.com/2011/11/05/obesity-increasing-atalarming-rate-in-Pakistan/
Baumeister, R. F., & Bushman, B. J. (2011). Social psychology and human
nature (2nd ed.). Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Catalbiano, M. L., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2013). Applied topics in health
psychology (1st ed.). Wiley-Blackwell Publishers
Chaterjee, S., Price, A., & Meng, E. (2008). Healthy living with persuasive
technologies: Framework, issues, and challenges. Journal of the
American Medical Informatics Association, 16(2), 171178.
Coon, D., & Mitterer, J. O. (2013). Introduction to psychology: Gateways to
mind and behaviour (13th ed.). Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Ministry of narcotic control Pakistan. (2013). Drug use in Pakistan
2013: technical report summary. Retrieved from:
http://www.unodc.org/documents/pakistan/2013.03.01ab_Sum
mary_Report_Drug_Use_in_Pakistan_SvdV_v1.pdf
30 October 2013
41
42.
Rajabali A., Khan S., Warraich H. J., Khanani M. R., & Ali S. H. (2008).
HIV and homosexuality in Pakistan. Lancet Infect Diseses,8(8), 511515.
Saleem, N. H., Adrien, A., & Razaque, A. (2013). Risky sexual behavior,
knowledge of sexually transmitted infections and treatment
utilization among a vulnerable population in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 63(1), 1-5.
Shaikh, B. T., & Hatcher, J. (2007). Health seeking behaviour and health
services utilization trends in National Health Survey of Pakistan: what
needs to be done? Pak J Med Association, 57(8), 411-414.
Stroebe, W. (2011). Social psychology and health (3rd ed.). New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill
Stuart, G. W. (2009). Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing. (9th ed.).
St. Louis: Mosby.
Taylor, E. S. (1999). Health psychology. (4th ed.). New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill
World Health Organization. (2011). Global status report on alcohol
and health. Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcoh
ol_report/msbgsruprofiles.pdf
30 October 2013
42
Editor's Notes
Mir hasan
mir hasan
Mir hasan
Mir hasan
Mir hasan
Group strategy
Group strategy
Group strategy
Farzana
Farzana
Farzana
(Farzana)AVERSION THERAPY:This therapy uses Pavlov’s concept of classical conditioning and aim to reduce the patient’s desire for alcohol, smoking or drug by pairing the sight, smell or taste of alcohol with a variety of unpleasant experiences i.e. an emetic drug, an electric shock or some other aversive stimulus.
Farzana
Farzana
Reema
Reema
Reema
Reema
Group strategy
(Naila)Also known as readiness to change model. It is an individual level change model as Individual most basic unit of health promotionFive stages are identified in the Stages of Change Model: precontemplation, contemplation, decision/determination, action, and maintenance. This is a circular model, not a linear one. People do not have to go through every stage, and they can enter and exit at any point, and people often return to earlier stages.PRECONTEMPLATION: Individual has NOINTENTION to change behavior.CONTEMPLATION: Individual KNOWS that a problem exist & CONSIDERS DOING SOMETHING.PREPARATION: A FIRM INTENTION TO CHANGE has formed & individual starts taking small behavioral changes.ACTION: Individual changes their BEHAVIOR or ENVIRONMENT to OVERCOME THEIR PROBLEMSMAINTENANCE:Behavioral efforts are directed to prevent RELAPSE