1. The city of Canberra, Australia's capital, was planned in 1908 based on a design competition that envisioned it as an ideal city laid out according to strict geometric and symbolic principles. 2. The design by Walter Burley Griffin centered around sacred geometry like the vesica shape, with major axes determining the layout of governmental and municipal centers. 3. Brasilia, Brazil's purpose-built capital, was established in 1960 based on a design by Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer that divided the city into clear functional zones of monumental, residential, social, and green spaces laid out in a cross-shaped plan.