1. The city of Canberra, Australia's capital, was planned in 1908 based on a design competition that envisioned it as an ideal city laid out according to strict geometric and symbolic principles. 2. The design by Walter Burley Griffin centered around sacred geometry like the vesica shape, with major axes determining the layout of governmental and municipal centers. 3. Brasilia, Brazil's purpose-built capital, was established in 1960 based on a design by Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer that divided the city into clear functional zones of monumental, residential, social, and green spaces laid out in a cross-shaped plan.

1. (modern) CITIES built for POLITICS

2. DIAGRAM CITIES (SPIRO KOSTOF) Cities that were planned at one time as a precise diagram of some presumed or promulgated order Inflexible Cities UTOPIAN : Single single-minded visions of some determined individual or institution about how the world should function ideally - a STRICT geometric layout: orthogonal or nonorthogonal in plan

3. CANBERRA Selected in 1908  Commonwealth in 1901 Rivalry between 2 cities: Sydney & Melbourne Competition: The Ideal City: 1912 Competition for Canberra Garden City/City Beautiful Axis Crystal Geomancy Designer: Walter Burley Griffin & Marion Griffin.

10. SACRED FIGURE OF VESICA The Nucleus of Canberra Design The sphere of the spiritual realm The other, symbolic of the world of material phenomena

11. Vesica of Canberra the radii are determined by the distance between City Hill and the Municipal centre on Mount Pleasant Geometry of Capitol Hill (now new Parliament Building) Double Vesica for Governor General’s Residence and PM’s Residence Vesica as the fundamental plan geometry emanates from the Vesica (the land, water and municipal axes)

12. LAND AXIS Connecting 4 local mountains: It went from Mount Ainslie to Mount Bimberi in the Brindabellas, passing through Camp Hill and Kurrajong A ceremonial building, the Capitol would commemorate the achievements of the Australian people. Instead of the ‘inevitable dome’, the building would be capped by a stepped pinnacle the last word of all the longest lived civilisations

13. WATER AXIS Ornamental Basin Waterways: seperating from Recreational and Administrative Zone The water axis ran from Black Mountain through a lake (which would be created by damming the Molonglo River)

14. MUNICIPAL AXIS: Ran parallel to the water axis from the city to Russell Hill. Constitutional Avenue Connecting between: Municipal Center and Market Center Secondary Axis

15. Parliamentary Triangle: Commonwealth Avenue, Kings Avenue, Constitution Avenue

16. ATHENS CHARTER 1933: The Functional City The Functional City Idealistic Utopian Investigation of 33 cities Social problems faced by cities could be resolved by strict functional segregation, and the distribution of the population into tall apartment blocks at widely spaced intervals Strict Zoning Separate residential zoning from transportation arteries Four zoning: LIVING, WORKING, RECREATION, CIRCULATION unplanned development leads to a chaos, whereas totally centralized city planning could build an ideal city which in turn could create an ideal society

17. BRASILIA Fulfilling National Constitution: the capital should be moved from Rio de Janeiro to a place close to the center of the country. Based on the vision of Italian Priest: Don Bosco (1833) International Competition : 1953 Designer: Lucio Costa (urban planner) & Oscar Niemeyer (architect), Roberto Burle Marx (Lanscape architect). Origin shape : Cross Interpretation: Wings, Airplane, etc.

18. Crossing 2 highway axis Superimposed an equilateral triangle Define the area of the city

20. Four Principles of The Ideal City Athens Charter 1933 Well ventilated residences near green spaces The separation of residences from workplaces, with industries excluded from the city proper Exclusive space for cultural activities, near residencies The separation of the circulation of vehicles and pedestrians

21. BASIC AXIS Monumental Axis (Start with National Congress of Brasil) Residential Axis (Adopt Local Topography)

23. 1. Congress Complex 2. Supreme Court 3. Planalto Palace 4. Plaza of Three Powers 5. Ministry of Foreign Relations 6. Ministry buildings 7. Cathedral 8. Theatre 9. Main Traffic Interchange (bus station)

24. Four Scales of Brasilia Monumental Scale Residential Scale Social Scale Bucolic Scale

25. MONUMENTAL SCALE Dignity of Capital City Located on Monumental Axis 6 lanes wide avenue in each direction Esplanade: Ministries and Public Buildings Cathedral Plaza of Three Powers

29. RESIDENTIAL SCALE No High Rise Orderly uniformed six stories residential buildings Low Density Green Area

31. SOCIAL SCALE Bus Station Entertainment Commerce Retails