This document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models including iterative and spiral models. The iterative model involves building a product incrementally in iterations, with requirements evolving in each iteration based on user feedback. The spiral model similarly progresses in iterations but places more emphasis on risk analysis. Each spiral involves planning, risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation phases. The document also covers advantages and disadvantages of each model, as well as the role of management in software projects, including planning, monitoring and control, and termination analysis.

1. Software Engineering
Dr. Kamal Gulati
(Part 3) – Models of SDLC (Contd..)
& Feasibility Study

2. Contents
1. Iterative model
2. Advantages of Iterative model
3. Disadvantages of Iterative model
4. When to use iterative model
5. Spiral Model
6. Advantages of Spiral model
7. Disadvantages of Spiral model
8. When to use Spiral model
9. Role of Management in Software Development

3. Iterative model

4. • An iterative life cycle model does not attempt
to start with a full specification of
requirements.
• Instead, development begins by specifying
and implementing just part of the software,
which can then be reviewed in order to
identify further requirements.
• This process is then repeated, producing a
new version of the software for each cycle of
the model.

6. For Example:
• In the diagram above when we work iteratively we
create rough product or product piece in one
iteration, then review it and improve it in next
iteration and so on until it’s finished. As shown in
the image above, in the first iteration the whole
painting is sketched roughly, then in the second
iteration colors are filled and in the third iteration
finishing is done. Hence, in iterative model the
whole product is developed step by step.

7. Advantages of Iterative model
• In iterative model we can only create a high-level design of the
application before we actually begin to build the product and define
the design solution for the entire product. Later on we can design
and built a skeleton version of that, and then evolved the design
based on what had been built.
• In iterative model we are building and improving the product step
by step. Hence we can track the defects at early stages. This avoids
the downward flow of the defects.
• In iterative model we can get the reliable user feedback. When
presenting sketches and blueprints of the product to users for their
feedback, we are effectively asking them to imagine how the
product will work.
• In iterative model less time is spent on documenting and more time
is given for designing.

8. Disadvantages of Iterative model
• Each phase of an iteration is rigid with no
overlaps
• Costly system architecture or design issues
may arise because not all requirements are
gathered up front for the entire lifecycle

9. When to use iterative model:
• Requirements of the complete system are
clearly defined and understood.
• When the project is big.
• Major requirements must be defined;
however, some details can evolve with time.

10. Spiral Model

11. • The spiral model is similar to the incremental
model, with more emphasis placed on risk
analysis. The spiral model has four phases:
Planning, Risk Analysis, Engineering and
Evaluation. A software project repeatedly passes
through these phases in iterations (called Spirals
in this model). The baseline spiral, starting in the
planning phase, requirements are gathered and
risk is assessed. Each subsequent spirals builds on
the baseline spiral

12. • Planning Phase: Requirements are gathered during the
planning phase. Requirements like ‘BRS’ that is
‘Business Requirement Specifications’ and ‘SRS’ that is
‘System Requirement specifications’.
• Risk Analysis: In the risk analysis phase, a process is
undertaken to identify risk and alternate solutions. A
prototype is produced at the end of the risk analysis
phase. If any risk is found during the risk analysis then
alternate solutions are suggested and implemented.
• Engineering Phase: In this phase software is
developed, along with testing at the end of the phase.
Hence in this phase the development and testing is
done.
• Evaluation phase: This phase allows the customer to
evaluate the output of the project to date before the
project continues to the next spiral.

14. Spiral development
• Process is represented as a spiral rather than
as a sequence of activities with backtracking.
• Each loop in the spiral represents a phase in
the process.
• No fixed phases such as specification or design
- loops in the spiral are chosen depending on
what is required.
• Risks are explicitly assessed and resolved
throughout the process.

15. Spiral model of the software process

16. Spiral model sectors
• Objective setting
– Specific objectives for the phase are identified.
• Risk assessment and reduction
– Risks are assessed and activities put in place to
reduce the key risks.
• Development and validation
– A development model for the system is chosen
which can be any of the generic models.
• Planning
– The project is reviewed and the next phase of the
spiral is planned.

17. Advantages of Spiral model
• High amount of risk analysis hence, avoidance
of Risk is enhanced.
• Good for large and mission-critical projects.
• Strong approval and documentation control.
• Additional Functionality can be added at a
later date.
• Software is produced early in the software life
cycle.

18. Disadvantages of Spiral model
• Can be a costly model to use.
• Risk analysis requires highly specific expertise.
• Project’s success is highly dependent on the
risk analysis phase.
• Doesn’t work well for smaller projects.

19. When to use Spiral model
• When costs and risk evaluation is important
• For medium to high-risk projects
• Long-term project commitment unwise because
of potential changes to economic priorities
• Users are unsure of their needs
• Requirements are complex
• New product line
• Significant changes are expected (research and
exploration)

20. Role of Management in Software
Development
• Proper management is an integral part of
software development.
• A large software development project involves
many people working for a long period of
time. We have seen that a development
process typically partitions the problem of
developing software into a set of phases.

21. • To meet the cost, quality, and schedule
objectives, resources have to be properly
allocated to each activity for the project, and
progress of different activities has to be
monitored and corrective actions taken, if
needed.
• For a large project, a proper management
process is essential for success. The activities in
the management process for a project can be
grouped broadly into three phases:-
• I Planning
• II Monitoring and control
• III Termination analysis

22. Planning
• Project management begins with planning, which
is perhaps the single largest responsibility of the
project management.
• The goal of this phase is to develop a plan for
software development following which the
objectives of the project can be met successfully
and efficiently.
• Project monitoring and control phase of the
management process is the longest in terms of
duration. It encompasses most of the
development process.

23. Monitoring and control
• It includes all activities the project
management has to perform while the
development is going on to ensure that
project objectives are met and the
development proceeds according to the
developed plan. As cost, schedule, and quality
are the major driving forces, most of the
activity of this phase revolves around
monitoring factors that affect them.

24. Termination analysis
• Termination analysis is performed when the
development process is over. The basic reason for
performing termination analysis is to provide
information about the development process.
Remember that a project is an instantiation of the
process. To understand the properties of the
process, data from many projects that used the
process can be used to make predictions and
estimations about future projects. The data about
the project is also needed to analyze the process.

25. Role of Matrices and Measurement
• During all the software development life cycle
it is very important to apply metrics and
measurement because metrics and
measurement set expectations.
• If there are well established metrics and
measurements in project then the test analyst
can easily track and report quality results to
the management.

26. You can consider some the following
areas where you can apply metrics and
measurement.
• Schedule of project
• Coverage
• Planned & actual cost
• Workload & resource usage
• Product risk & project risk
• Defects

27. Three Main Areas to check about
Metrics and Measurement.
• 1.) Defining Test Metrics:
Small and quality set of metrics should be chosen, large
set of metrics should be avoided as it is very confusing to
understand large set of metrics. Metrics should also be
uniform and everybody in team should agree with it.
• 2.) Tracking test metrics
After defining the metrics the next step is to track the
metrics. Since tracking is a constant activity so its always
nice to automate the tracking part. Automation reduces
time required to track the metrics, analyze them and
measure them.
• 3.) Reporting
Reporting of the metrics is the most important step, you
should report test metrics to stakeholders so that they
have clear picture of project progress.

28. Problem Analysis
• Problem analysis is the process of understanding
real-world problems and user needs and
proposing solutions to meet those needs.
• A problem can be defined as the difference
between things as perceived and things as desired.
– “what is” vs. “what should be”
– “what is given” vs. “what is needed”
• The goal of problem analysis is to gain a better
understanding of the problem being solved before
development begins.

29. The Five Steps in Problem Analysis
1. Gain agreement on the problem definition.
2. Understand the root causes—the problem
behind the problem.
3. Identify the stakeholders and the users.
4. Define the solution system boundary.
5. Identify the constraints to be imposed on the
solution.

30. Requirement specification

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