PROGRAMMING AND LANGUAGES Describe the six steps of programming Discuss design tools Describe program testing Describe CASE tools & object-oriented software development Explain the five generations of programming languages

1. PROGRAMMI
NG AND
LANGUAGES
Dr. Kamal Gulati

2. Competencies
Describe the six steps of programming
Discuss design tools
Describe program testing
Describe CASE tools & object-oriented
software development
Explain the five generations of programming
languages

3. What Is a Program?
A problem-solving procedure
A list of instructions
Prewritten
Custom-written
Application software
System software

4. What is Programming?
Programming is software development
Six step procedure
1. Program specification
2. Program design
3. Program code
4. Program test
5. Program documentation
6. Program maintenance

5. Step 1
Program Specifications

6. Input and Output Plans

7. Step 2
Program Design
Plan a solution
Use structured programming techniques
Top-down program design
Pseudocode
Flowcharts
Logic structures

8. Top-Down Program Design

9. Pseudocode
An outline of the logic for your program
A summary of the program

10. Flowchart Symbols

11. Logic Structures
Sequence structure
Selection structure
Loop structure

12. Step 3
Program Code
Coding
The good program
Reliable
Well documented
Understandable to other
programmers
Structured programs best method

13. Step 4
Program Test
Debugging
Testing
Eliminating errors
Syntax errors
Logic errors
Testing processing

14. Step 5
Documentation
Written descriptions and procedures about a
program
Important for people who will use the program
Users
Operators
Programmers

15. Step 6
Program Maintenance
75% of total lifetime cost
Error-free operations
Effective program
Two categories
Operations
Changing needs

16. CASE Tools
Computer-aided software engineering
Automate development process
Designing
Coding
Testing activities

17. Object-Oriented Software
Development
Focuses less on procedures, more on relationship
between objects
OOP: Object-oriented programming
Object contains both the data and the processing
operations

18. Generations of Programming
Languages
Occurring in “generations”
Levels
Machine languages to natural languages
Lower level closer to machine language
Higher level closer to human-like language

19. Generations of Languages
1st -- Machine languages
2nd -- Assembly languages
3rd -- High level procedural languages
4th -- Problem-Oriented Languages
5th -- Natural Languages & Visual
programming

20. A Look to the Future
MI-Tech
Synapse Solutions has created a system called
MI-tech
Understands word order and meaning
Computer translates "wish list" into machine
language

21. Key Terms
application generator
(406)
assembly language (405)
beta testing (400)
code (396)
coding (396)
compiler (405)
computer-aided software
engineering (CASE)
tools (403)
debugging (399)
desk checking (399)
documentation (400)
DO UNTIL structure
(394)
DO WHILE structure
(394)

22. Key Terms
fifth generation language
(5GL) (407)
formatting language
(396)
fourth generation
language (4GL) (406)
generation (404)
higher level (404)
IFPS (interactive
financial planning
system) (406)
IF-THEN-ELSE
structure (393)
interpreter (406)
level (404)
logic error (399)
logic structure (393)

23. Key Terms
loop structure (393)
lower level (404)
machine language (405)
maintenance programmer
(402)
module (392)
natural language (407)
object (404)
object code (405)
objectives (390)
object-oriented
programming (OOP)
(404)
object-oriented software
development (404)
operator (401)
portable language (405)
presentation language
(396)

24. Key Terms
problem-oriented
language (406)
procedural language
(405)
program (388)
program analysis (389)
program coder (406)
program definition (389)
program design (391)
program documentation
(400)
program flowchart (393)
program maintenance
(402)
programmer (389)
programming (388)
programming language
(396)

25. Key Terms
program module (392)
program specification
(389)
pseudocode (393)
query language (406)
selection structure (393)
sequence structure (393)
software development
(388)
software engineer (389)
source code (405)
structured program (396)
structured programming
techniques (391)
syntax error (399)
third generation language
(3GL) (405)

26. Key Terms
top-down program
design (392)
user (401)
very high level language
(406)
visual programming
language (407)

27. FAQs
What is a program?
What is a software engineer?
What is the purpose of pseudocode?
What are the qualities of a good program?
What is the job of a maintenance programmer?
Why is it important?
What are CASE tools?
What is object-oriented programming?

28. Discussion Questions
Discuss the six steps to create a program.
Describe the differences between formatting and
programming languages. Give examples of each.
Explain the debugging process for a program.
Why is program documentation important?
Review the five generation levels of
programming languages.