Driving cycle is commonly known as the relationship and a series of speed-time profile. The study on this discipline aids vehicle manufacturers in vehicle construction, environmentalists in studying environment quality in proportion with vehicle emissions and traffic engineers to further investigate the behaviour of drivers and the road conditions which assist automotive industry in a better and energy efficient vehicle productions. In order to develop a proper driving cycle for selected routes, information and data based on real-time driving behaviour is important. This research focusses on the modelling of each component and latter designing a conceptual model in Simulink which takes up the data of speed of vehicles in SI unit which is m/s and draws out distance travelled and acceleration of the vehicle together with driving cycle of the route for given timestamp. This relation will be verified with existing Kuala Terengganu BasKITe driving cycle, highway fuel economy test (HWFET), new europian driving cycle (NEDC) and worldwide harmonised light vehicle test procedure (WLTP) driving cycles for the use of future projects and improvements of technology in studies and analysis of powertrain and electric vehicle performances.
Automatized testing hil system for agile product-design environmentTritem
The stricter safety requirements in the rail industry – implied by the EN 50128 standard – contribute to an increasing demand for testing rail vehicles and their subsystems, especially vehicle main controllers. Hardware-in-the-Loop method, which is commonly used in automotive and aerospace domains, has proved to be functionally useful. However, such systems would usually exceed the budget of a development project in the railway industry, due to short series manufacturing and multiple vehicle variants. To deal with this problem Tritem Microsystems has designed Virtual-HIL which decreases the overall cost and increases portability of this kind of a system. In this paper, we present both the classic approach and our groundbreaking system, along with a use case from one of our recent projects together with an automated testing framework built on the top of ourVirtual HIL.
Simulation of mixed-load testing process in an electronic manufacturing companyTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The automatic testing machine, called by mixed-load tester, has ability to load and test multiple product families in different testing durations simultaneously. However, the high product mixes for each product family undergoes a different process flow. In addition, the capability of the robot inside tester used for loading and unloading a product to each slot makes the capacity planning problem more complicated. It effects low tester utilization. This paper developed simulation models of capacity planning scenarios under demand and testing time uncertainty. These scenarios are built by robust optimization to handle worst case condition. The result shows the proposed solutions gives better tester utilization and improves the decision making process by providing more detailed and precise information about capacity planning under uncertainties that was not available in company`s current method. To the best of our knowledge, this developed model is the first one considering the mixed–load tester under uncertainties.
BUILDING INFORMATICS: REVIEW OF SELECTED INFORMATICS PLATFORM AND VALIDATING ...IAEME Publication
Automation has introduced new dimension to the advent of project and
construction execution in construction field. Virtually all aspect of construction is
being innovated with cutting edge technology. In this study cutting edge technologies
were evaluated and their various validation platforms were evaluated. The following
objectives were set and achieved in this study: Establishing different tests that could
be carried out to ascertain functionality of an informatics platform, review of features
present in available informatics platforms, exploratory study of platform validity
system through functionality tests and developing a semantic icon functionality test.
Ten (10) informatics platforms were selected for case study, while 40 structured
questionnaires was used to collate respondents data as related to on the critical
factors that influences the effective use of system usability test on ICT Informatics
platform and parameters for newly generated Icon functionality rating scale(IRS). A
new test protocol was designed that could be used for carrying out Icon functionality
rating evaluation tagged”IRS”.
Automatized testing hil system for agile product-design environmentTritem
The stricter safety requirements in the rail industry – implied by the EN 50128 standard – contribute to an increasing demand for testing rail vehicles and their subsystems, especially vehicle main controllers. Hardware-in-the-Loop method, which is commonly used in automotive and aerospace domains, has proved to be functionally useful. However, such systems would usually exceed the budget of a development project in the railway industry, due to short series manufacturing and multiple vehicle variants. To deal with this problem Tritem Microsystems has designed Virtual-HIL which decreases the overall cost and increases portability of this kind of a system. In this paper, we present both the classic approach and our groundbreaking system, along with a use case from one of our recent projects together with an automated testing framework built on the top of ourVirtual HIL.
Simulation of mixed-load testing process in an electronic manufacturing companyTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The automatic testing machine, called by mixed-load tester, has ability to load and test multiple product families in different testing durations simultaneously. However, the high product mixes for each product family undergoes a different process flow. In addition, the capability of the robot inside tester used for loading and unloading a product to each slot makes the capacity planning problem more complicated. It effects low tester utilization. This paper developed simulation models of capacity planning scenarios under demand and testing time uncertainty. These scenarios are built by robust optimization to handle worst case condition. The result shows the proposed solutions gives better tester utilization and improves the decision making process by providing more detailed and precise information about capacity planning under uncertainties that was not available in company`s current method. To the best of our knowledge, this developed model is the first one considering the mixed–load tester under uncertainties.
BUILDING INFORMATICS: REVIEW OF SELECTED INFORMATICS PLATFORM AND VALIDATING ...IAEME Publication
Automation has introduced new dimension to the advent of project and
construction execution in construction field. Virtually all aspect of construction is
being innovated with cutting edge technology. In this study cutting edge technologies
were evaluated and their various validation platforms were evaluated. The following
objectives were set and achieved in this study: Establishing different tests that could
be carried out to ascertain functionality of an informatics platform, review of features
present in available informatics platforms, exploratory study of platform validity
system through functionality tests and developing a semantic icon functionality test.
Ten (10) informatics platforms were selected for case study, while 40 structured
questionnaires was used to collate respondents data as related to on the critical
factors that influences the effective use of system usability test on ICT Informatics
platform and parameters for newly generated Icon functionality rating scale(IRS). A
new test protocol was designed that could be used for carrying out Icon functionality
rating evaluation tagged”IRS”.
Development of the required components of a performance vehicle model to stud...Kayalarasan Kanagasabai
During the final phase of my master's degree, I have created a Matlab tool with an innovative mathematical modelling approach to support the race engineers to study the suspension set-up effectiveness by modelling the component's performance associated with the suspension.
The results generated by this Matlab tool will require further analysis by a race engineer to realize the optimizing window of the existing suspension set-up in a short amount of time. The data supplied and model validation done using the well-established AVL VSM lap time simulation software, a good level of agreement obtained even with the limitations and assumptions considered in the tool. The nature of this concept has the potential to convert into a commercial package software which requires less computational power and minimal data compare to a conventional method.
While developing this tool for around 6 months, I have experienced the joy of learning and exploring new things that I never know before, Thanks.
Application of Analytical HIERARACHY Process in IndustriesIJMER
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a multiple criteria decision-making(MCMD) tool that has been used in almost all the applications related with decision-making. It is used to derive ratio scales from both discrete and continuous comparison in pair wise. These comparisons may be taken from actual measurements or from a fundamental scale which reflects the relative strength of preferences and feelings. AHP being a powerful tool to make decisions which are accurate and fast in the engineering applications. In many situations, an accurate and correct decision need to be taken.
A Synopsis of Simulation and Mobility Modeling in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Vehicular communication is considered to be a backbone for many critical safety applications. In
order to achieve a better implementation of any vehicular communication scenario, an efficient, accurate and
reliable simulator is essential. Various open source and commercial simulating tools are available for this
purpose. One of the key issues in this regard is the selection of a reliable simulator which implements all
standard algorithms and paradigms giving accurate results. In this paper, we first present IEEE standard and
protocols for vehicular communication, IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 1609.x, also known as WAVE protocol stack.
The paper then discusses the necessary requirements for a generic discrete event simulator which can be used to
simulate Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks. Since not all the network simulators can be used in the scenario of
vehicular communication, we highlight the key features of some network simulators in the context of vehicular
ad-hoc networks. The paper also highlights some of the implementation limitations in these simulators.
Furthermore, the paper presents a discussion on traffic simulators by emphasizing on the underlying mobility
models used in order to generate the realistic traffic patterns. A comparative study of both network and traffic
simulators show the pros and cons of these simulation tools. The paper suggests the appropriate choice of a
network simulator to be used as a VANET simulator.
Keywords: VANET, IEEE 802.11p, WAVE-PHY, WAVE-MAC, Simulators, Modeling
A portable hardware in-the-loop device for automotive diagnostic control systemsISA Interchange
In-vehicle driving tests for evaluating the performance and diagnostic functionalities of engine control systems are often time consuming, expensive, and not reproducible. Using a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation approach, new control strategies and diagnostic functions on a controller area network (CAN) line can be easily tested in real time, in order to reduce the effort and the cost of the testing phase. Nowadays, spark ignition engines are controlled by an electronic control unit (ECU) with a large number of embedded sensors and actuators. In order to meet the rising demand of lower emissions and fuel consumption, an increasing number of control functions are added into such a unit. This work aims at presenting a portable electronic environment system, suited for HIL simulations, in order to test the engine control software and the diagnostic functionality on a CAN line, respectively, through non-regression and diagnostic tests. The performances of the proposed electronic device, called a micro hardware-in-the-loop system, are presented through the testing of the engine management system software of a 1.6 l Fiat gasoline engine with variable valve actuation for the ECU development version.
INDUCTION MACHINES ANALYSIS USING LABVIEW SOFTWARE PACKAGE _Ijmet 10 04_085Isaac Samuel
Induction machines are widely used in many industries due to their robustness, ruggedness and easy maintenance feature. Due to the addition of power electronics devices and the complexity involved in the design of induction machines, their study and analysis can be very difficult. The use of software packages has been widely adopted to analyze and study the behaviours of induction machines. This work focused on the use
of an engineering software package known as Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW). It is used in this work to study the behaviour and characteristics of induction machines. LabVIEW was utilized due to its cheap and userfriendly feature. This work shows that induction machines can be completely analyzed using related mathematical equations for performance analysis.
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE DESIGN CHALLENGES IN AUTOMOTIVE EMBEDDED SYSTEMVLSICS Design
Modern automotives integrate large amount of electronic devices to improve the driving safety and comfort. This growing number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) with sophisticated software escalates the vehicle system design complexity. In this paper we explain the complexity of ECUs in terms of hardware and software and also we explore the possibility of Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) architecture for the integration of add-on software in ECUs. This reduces the complexity of the embedded system in vehicles and eases the ECU integration by reducing the total number of ECUs in the vehicles.
Multiagent multiobjective interaction game system for service provisoning veh...redpel dot com
Multiagent multiobjective interaction game system for service provisoning vehicular cloud
for more ieee paper / full abstract / implementation , just visit www.redpel.com
Predictive maintenance of rotational machinery using deep learningIJECEIAES
This paper describes an implementation of a deep learning-based predictive maintenance (PdM) system for industrial rotational machinery, built upon the foundation of a long short-term memory (LSTM) autoencoder and regression analysis. The autoencoder identifies anomalous patterns, while the latter, based on the autoencoder’s output, estimates the machine’s remaining useful life (RUL). Unlike prior PdM systems dependent on labelled historical data, the developed system doesn’t require it as it’s based on an unsupervised deep learning model, enhancing its adaptability. The paper also explores a robust condition monitoring system that collects machine operational data, including vibration and current parameters, and transmits them to a database via a Bluetooth low energy (BLE) network. Additionally, the study demonstrates the integration of this PdM system within a web-based framework, promoting its adoption across various industrial settings. Tests confirm the system's ability to accurately identify faults, highlighting its potential to reduce unexpected downtime and enhance machinery reliability.
Data Driven Energy Economy Prediction for Electric City Buses Using Machine L...Shakas Technologies
Data Driven Energy Economy Prediction for Electric City Buses Using Machine Learning.
Shakas Technologies ( Galaxy of Knowledge)
#11/A 2nd East Main Road,
Gandhi Nagar,
Vellore - 632006.
Mobile : +91-9500218218 / 8220150373| land line- 0416- 3552723
Shakas Training & Development | Shakas Sales & Services | Shakas Educational Trust|IEEE projects | Research & Development | Journal Publication |
Email : info@shakastech.com | shakastech@gmail.com |
website: www.shakastech.com
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Shakas-Technologies
Development of the required components of a performance vehicle model to stud...Kayalarasan Kanagasabai
During the final phase of my master's degree, I have created a Matlab tool with an innovative mathematical modelling approach to support the race engineers to study the suspension set-up effectiveness by modelling the component's performance associated with the suspension.
The results generated by this Matlab tool will require further analysis by a race engineer to realize the optimizing window of the existing suspension set-up in a short amount of time. The data supplied and model validation done using the well-established AVL VSM lap time simulation software, a good level of agreement obtained even with the limitations and assumptions considered in the tool. The nature of this concept has the potential to convert into a commercial package software which requires less computational power and minimal data compare to a conventional method.
While developing this tool for around 6 months, I have experienced the joy of learning and exploring new things that I never know before, Thanks.
Application of Analytical HIERARACHY Process in IndustriesIJMER
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a multiple criteria decision-making(MCMD) tool that has been used in almost all the applications related with decision-making. It is used to derive ratio scales from both discrete and continuous comparison in pair wise. These comparisons may be taken from actual measurements or from a fundamental scale which reflects the relative strength of preferences and feelings. AHP being a powerful tool to make decisions which are accurate and fast in the engineering applications. In many situations, an accurate and correct decision need to be taken.
A Synopsis of Simulation and Mobility Modeling in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Vehicular communication is considered to be a backbone for many critical safety applications. In
order to achieve a better implementation of any vehicular communication scenario, an efficient, accurate and
reliable simulator is essential. Various open source and commercial simulating tools are available for this
purpose. One of the key issues in this regard is the selection of a reliable simulator which implements all
standard algorithms and paradigms giving accurate results. In this paper, we first present IEEE standard and
protocols for vehicular communication, IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 1609.x, also known as WAVE protocol stack.
The paper then discusses the necessary requirements for a generic discrete event simulator which can be used to
simulate Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks. Since not all the network simulators can be used in the scenario of
vehicular communication, we highlight the key features of some network simulators in the context of vehicular
ad-hoc networks. The paper also highlights some of the implementation limitations in these simulators.
Furthermore, the paper presents a discussion on traffic simulators by emphasizing on the underlying mobility
models used in order to generate the realistic traffic patterns. A comparative study of both network and traffic
simulators show the pros and cons of these simulation tools. The paper suggests the appropriate choice of a
network simulator to be used as a VANET simulator.
Keywords: VANET, IEEE 802.11p, WAVE-PHY, WAVE-MAC, Simulators, Modeling
A portable hardware in-the-loop device for automotive diagnostic control systemsISA Interchange
In-vehicle driving tests for evaluating the performance and diagnostic functionalities of engine control systems are often time consuming, expensive, and not reproducible. Using a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation approach, new control strategies and diagnostic functions on a controller area network (CAN) line can be easily tested in real time, in order to reduce the effort and the cost of the testing phase. Nowadays, spark ignition engines are controlled by an electronic control unit (ECU) with a large number of embedded sensors and actuators. In order to meet the rising demand of lower emissions and fuel consumption, an increasing number of control functions are added into such a unit. This work aims at presenting a portable electronic environment system, suited for HIL simulations, in order to test the engine control software and the diagnostic functionality on a CAN line, respectively, through non-regression and diagnostic tests. The performances of the proposed electronic device, called a micro hardware-in-the-loop system, are presented through the testing of the engine management system software of a 1.6 l Fiat gasoline engine with variable valve actuation for the ECU development version.
INDUCTION MACHINES ANALYSIS USING LABVIEW SOFTWARE PACKAGE _Ijmet 10 04_085Isaac Samuel
Induction machines are widely used in many industries due to their robustness, ruggedness and easy maintenance feature. Due to the addition of power electronics devices and the complexity involved in the design of induction machines, their study and analysis can be very difficult. The use of software packages has been widely adopted to analyze and study the behaviours of induction machines. This work focused on the use
of an engineering software package known as Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW). It is used in this work to study the behaviour and characteristics of induction machines. LabVIEW was utilized due to its cheap and userfriendly feature. This work shows that induction machines can be completely analyzed using related mathematical equations for performance analysis.
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE DESIGN CHALLENGES IN AUTOMOTIVE EMBEDDED SYSTEMVLSICS Design
Modern automotives integrate large amount of electronic devices to improve the driving safety and comfort. This growing number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) with sophisticated software escalates the vehicle system design complexity. In this paper we explain the complexity of ECUs in terms of hardware and software and also we explore the possibility of Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) architecture for the integration of add-on software in ECUs. This reduces the complexity of the embedded system in vehicles and eases the ECU integration by reducing the total number of ECUs in the vehicles.
Multiagent multiobjective interaction game system for service provisoning veh...redpel dot com
Multiagent multiobjective interaction game system for service provisoning vehicular cloud
for more ieee paper / full abstract / implementation , just visit www.redpel.com
Predictive maintenance of rotational machinery using deep learningIJECEIAES
This paper describes an implementation of a deep learning-based predictive maintenance (PdM) system for industrial rotational machinery, built upon the foundation of a long short-term memory (LSTM) autoencoder and regression analysis. The autoencoder identifies anomalous patterns, while the latter, based on the autoencoder’s output, estimates the machine’s remaining useful life (RUL). Unlike prior PdM systems dependent on labelled historical data, the developed system doesn’t require it as it’s based on an unsupervised deep learning model, enhancing its adaptability. The paper also explores a robust condition monitoring system that collects machine operational data, including vibration and current parameters, and transmits them to a database via a Bluetooth low energy (BLE) network. Additionally, the study demonstrates the integration of this PdM system within a web-based framework, promoting its adoption across various industrial settings. Tests confirm the system's ability to accurately identify faults, highlighting its potential to reduce unexpected downtime and enhance machinery reliability.
Data Driven Energy Economy Prediction for Electric City Buses Using Machine L...Shakas Technologies
Data Driven Energy Economy Prediction for Electric City Buses Using Machine Learning.
Shakas Technologies ( Galaxy of Knowledge)
#11/A 2nd East Main Road,
Gandhi Nagar,
Vellore - 632006.
Mobile : +91-9500218218 / 8220150373| land line- 0416- 3552723
Shakas Training & Development | Shakas Sales & Services | Shakas Educational Trust|IEEE projects | Research & Development | Journal Publication |
Email : info@shakastech.com | shakastech@gmail.com |
website: www.shakastech.com
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Shakas-Technologies
IoT for wheel alignment monitoring systemIJECEIAES
A great deal of previous research into wheel alignment has focused on techniques of the alignment, which involve big, bulky and high cost to maintain. Even though several approaches are required, the works are tedious and only performed in spacious area and trained mechanics. IoT is the alternatives due to the evolution of smartphone with numerous sensors to support and assist the research and development for IoT applications in vehicles. In this work, smaller and portable wheel alignment monitoring system is introduced by using communication protocol between sensors, microcontroller and mobile phone application. Thus, graphical user interface (GUI) is utilized to the system via wireless communication technology using TCP/IP Communication Protocol. The system has been tested to suit the functioning architecture system for the wheel alignment to provide the user awareness on early detection of wheel misalignment. In addition, the application has been successfully integrated with Android mobile application via TCP/IP communication protocol and view the results in smart phone in real-time.
Similar to Modelling and simulation of driving cycle using simulink (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
This paper presents a fast and accurate fault detection, classification and direction discrimination algorithm of transmission lines using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) that have ingrained adaptive model to avoid the feature extraction difficulties and fault classification into one learning algorithm. A proposed algorithm is directly usable with raw data and this deletes the need of a discrete feature extraction method resulting in more effective protective system. The proposed approach based on the three-phase voltages and currents signals of one end at the relay location in the transmission line system are taken as input to the proposed 1D-CNN algorithm. A 132kV power transmission line is simulated by Matlab simulink to prepare the training and testing data for the proposed 1D- CNN algorithm. The testing accuracy of the proposed algorithm is compared with other two conventional methods which are neural network and fuzzy neural network. The results of test explain that the new proposed detection system is efficient and fast for classifying and direction discrimination of fault in transmission line with high accuracy as compared with other conventional methods under various conditions of faults.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
Large-scale grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) station are increasing rapidly. However, this large penetration of PV system creates frequency fluctuation in the grid due to the intermittency of solar irradiance. Therefore, in this paper, a robust droop control mechanism of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is developed in order to damp the frequency fluctuation of the multi-machine grid system due to variable active power injected from the PV panel. The proposed droop control strategy incorporates frequency error signal and dead-band for effective minimization of frequency fluctuation. The BESS system is used to consume/inject an effective amount of active power based upon the frequency oscillation of the grid system. The simulation analysis is carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software to prove the effectiveness of the proposed droop control-based BESS system. The simulation result implies that the proposed scheme can efficiently curtail the frequency oscillation.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
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The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The electrical distribution network is undergoing tremendous modifications with the introduction of distributed generation technologies which have led to an increase in fault current levels in the distribution network. Fault current limiters have been developed as a promising technology to limit fault current levels in power systems. Though, quite a number of fault current limiters have been developed; the most common are the superconducting fault current limiters, solid-state fault current limiters, and saturated core fault current limiters. These fault current limiters present potential fault current limiting solutions in power systems. Nevertheless, they encounter various challenges hindering their deployment and commercialization. This research aimed at designing a bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with a novel topology for distribution network applications. The proposed bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter was designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed design in fault current limiting, voltage sag compensation during fault conditions, and its ability not to affect the load voltage and current during normal conditions as well as in suppressing the source powers during fault conditions. Simulation results also showed very minimal power loss by the fault current limiter during normal conditions.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
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Modelling and simulation of driving cycle using simulink
1. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)
Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2021, pp. 1450~1458
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i3.pp1450-1458 1450
Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com
Modelling and simulation of driving cycle using simulink
S. K. Arun1
, I. N. Anida2
, J. S. Norbakyah3
, A. R. Salisa4
1,2,3,4
Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
3,4
Renewable Energy and Power Research Interest Group (REPRIG), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu,
Malaysia
3,4
Energy Storage Research Group (ESRG) Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Apr 19, 2021
Revised Jun 25, 2021
Accepted Jul 19, 2021
Driving cycle is commonly known as the relationship and a series of speed-
time profile. The study on this discipline aids vehicle manufacturers in
vehicle construction, environmentalists in studying environment quality in
proportion with vehicle emissions and traffic engineers to further investigate
the behaviour of drivers and the road conditions which assist automotive
industry in a better and energy efficient vehicle productions. In order to
develop a proper driving cycle for selected routes, information and data
based on real-time driving behaviour is important. This research focusses on
the modelling of each component and latter designing a conceptual model in
Simulink which takes up the data of speed of vehicles in SI unit which is m/s
and draws out distance travelled and acceleration of the vehicle together with
driving cycle of the route for given timestamp. This relation will be verified
with existing Kuala Terengganu BasKITe driving cycle, highway fuel
economy test (HWFET), new europian driving cycle (NEDC) and worldwide
harmonised light vehicle test procedure (WLTP) driving cycles for the use of
future projects and improvements of technology in studies and analysis of
powertrain and electric vehicle performances.
Keywords:
Driving cycle
Hybrid electric vehicles
Iot
MATLAB/Simulink
Road profile
Simulation
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
A. R. Salisa
Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
Email: salisa@umt.edu.my
1. INTRODUCTION
Automotive industries face some challenges and pressure to reduce their development times when
they are about to innovate and produce unique products. According to James [1], the need tor educe
emissions in automotive sectors provides a more related and connected experiences and demand for
autonomous and simulators. Driving cycle plays an important role in automotive sector where engineers
requires driving cycle to analyze road condition, road profile, driving behavior, fuel consumptions, fuel
emissions and road conditions and latter aids vehicle manufacturing sectors in more efficient vehicle
productions [2]-[5]. Driving cycle is a profile which represents a speed-time relationship in which can be
used to draw out fuel economy of a vehicle [6]-[10]. According to Polizanno and Saletti [11], working
efficiently is indispensable to success in a globalized market, especially for high-tech industries such as
automotive, aerospace and communications, where electronic controls are a vital part of each new product.
The increasing demand of simulation and software use in application domains has resulted in a staggering
complexity that has proven difficult to manage with conventional design approaches. Due to the ability of
embedded software and simulations to determine complexity and challenges, model-based designs and
2. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Modelling and simulation of driving cycle using Simulink (S. K. Arun)
1451
modelling is becoming vital among engineers. As stated by Hayfield [12], automotive industries are moving
towards new decades where vehicle autonomy had been one of the important improvements needed the most
in which the use of technologies are vital to automate and simulate some or all driving functions. As time and
technology is proceeding, the amount of work modern software has to perform is always growing more, thus
resulting in the amount of complexity of the programs and software becoming bigger. Mainly for automotive
simulation application, a product of MathWorks also well-known as Simulink is widely used as it has the
ability and functions of powertrain block set, vehicle dynamics block set, automated driving toolbox and
model-based calibration toolbox. Some of the models which are constructed using Simulink are fault-tolerant
fuel control system, data management for a fuel control system using data dictionary, engine timing using
triggered subsystems, engine timing model with closed loop control, building a clutch lock-up model, anti-
lock braking system, automotive suspension. This research and study on Driving Cycle discipline uses
common block set in Simulink such as signal builders and subsystems to do interpolation of signals and
produce driving cycle relation by mean of integration and derivation from speed.
2. SIMULINK
Simulink is a product of MATLAB that provides interactive modelling, simulating and analysing
system in the form of graphical and block interface. It enables quick and effective production and innovation
of virtual prototypes to explore design to any extent with minimal effort. According to Baloi et al. [13],
Simulink provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for building models as block diagrams and it includes a
library or defined blocks which can be used to design simulation as desired. Besides, user can also define
blocks separately with custom formulas according to required applications in subsystems which ease the
production of simulation designs
2.1. Simulation applications in the automotive industry
According to Zeigler et al. [14], simulation analyses are divided into two major subcategories;
discrete-event simulation and continuous simulation Continuous simulation studies processes amenable to
analysis using differential equations in which can be applied in the field of ecological systems, chemical
synthesis and manufacturing, refinaries and aerodynamic system designing whereas discrete-event simulation
studies processes in which most of the used variables are integers and not amenable to be used in continuous
equations. According to Miller and Pegden [15], individuals tend to learn simulation quicker and understood
that simulation is a delightfully quick, inexpensive, and non-disruptive alternative to the potential purchase,
installation, and integration of expensive machines or material-handling equipment. In automotive industry,
simulation allows manufacturers to imagine new systems and enables them to estimate the final outcome if
for all models and designs made and also to observe the behaviour. Whether the system is a production line,
operating system, control system or an emergency response system, simulation and modelling can be used
conduct pre assessment on the suystem they are about to built and collect data and information to move
further or before constructing a prorotype of a device, machine or a system in vehicles.
Several automotive related simulation projects were conducted all over. Firstly, Law and McComas
[16] discussed steps of a sound simulation study and secrets of a successful industrial simulation. A case
study to select the best system from a few proposed systems related to production using simulation were
described and discussed by Scriber [17]. Besides, Azadeh and Farid [18] comes up with an integrated
simulation model which generates optimization alternatives for heavy rolling mills for a steel-making factory.
Patel et al. [19], studied on the methodology of modelling and research on final process systems of
automobile processes to develop efficient process to ensure quality output of the system. Choi et al. [20],
discussed the initial efforts to implement simulation modelling as a visual management and analysis tool at
automotive foundry plant manufacturing engine blocks. To add on to that, Potoradi et al. [21], described
simulation engine can be run in parallel with a large number of products on wire-bond machines. Altiparmak
et al. [22], improvised analysis and decision-making processes by using simulation metamodels of an
asynchronous assembly system in buffer size optimization. Last but not least, Norbakyah and Salisa [23],
conducted a study on plug-in hybrid recreational boat (PHERB) powertrain with a special energy
management strategy modelling and analysis using Simulink. To add to that, Williams and Ülgen [24],
divides automotive simulation into two categories which is manufacturing simulatyion and automotive
industru simulation. According to Edward, manufacturing simulation is one of the first major application
areas of discrete-event process simulation whereas automotive industry involves them in a very large supply
chain apex.
3. ISSN: 2088-8694
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2.2. Conceptual design in Simulink
According to Daltrophe et al. [25], function blocks can always be inter-transformed and
interchanged to suit the application of automation and autonomous system which is in line with the standard
of IEC61499 in order to validate the complexity of the simulating environment. In this study, a few blocks
from Simulink library were used such as digital clock, signal builder, hit crossing, saturation, rate transition,
integration and derivative blocks, subsystems, basic operation blocks, gain, mux, bus creator and selector,
scope and on-screen scope. A database in form of Excel file with speed data will be uploaded into signal
builder and the stop time of the simulation will be amended according to applications. Signal Builder >
Import from files > Browse > choose file > OK. Example of file import is as per Figure 1.
Figure 1. Data file import
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION.
3.1. Conceptual design in Simulink
The development of Simulink design begun with the analyis on the availability of the data collected
such as speed, acceleration, displacement of distance travelled. In this conceptual design, only speed data is
required where distance travelled will be calculated by integrating speed and the data of acceleration will be
obtained through the first derivative of speed. The formulas of calculation varies depending on availability of
types of data. After obtaining three required data which is distance, speed and acceleration, interpolation of
distance and speed data is done in a subsystem. According to Lepot et al. [26], interpolation of data is carried
out to fill gaps in time-series efficiency criteria and incertainty quantifications. In addition, Daltrophe et al.
[27], ecxplained an efficient sampling alternative for a sensor aggregated data points using big data
interpolation. In this research, data interpolation is important to filter out unnecessary data points and to fill
in gaps between points with relevant points as a method to mitigate noises and irrelevant errors due to high
sensitivity of the sensor. The main use of data interpolation is to aid the study and analysis of data which
might exist outside their collected data. Interpolation is also frequently used to convert the sampling rate of
digital signals to estimate an unknown potential yield. Figure 2 shows the conceptual design of the
simulation. Distance is interpolated in the “Distance Interpolator” subsystem according to Formula 1 whereas
velocity is interpolated in the “Velocity Interpolator” subsystem according to Formula 2. Since magnitude
and vector is negligible in this case, data of speed will be used as velocity and distance will be used as
displacement.
𝑠(𝑛) +
𝑎(𝑛)
2
𝑑𝑇2
+ 𝑣(𝑛)𝑑𝑇 = 𝑠 (1)
𝑎(𝑛)𝑑𝑇 + 𝑣(𝑛) = 𝑣(𝑡) (2)
4. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Modelling and simulation of driving cycle using Simulink (S. K. Arun)
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Where, s is distance/displacement, m, v(t) is speed/velocity, m/s and (t) is acceleration, m/s2
.
Figure 2. Driving cycle conceptual design and model in Simulink
A “gain” block is used with multiplication of 1e-3 or equivalent to division of 1000 to convert the
unit of distance from m to KM. The unit for velocity is remained as m/s and the unit of acceleration is
converted from m/s2
to acceleration with gravitational force which is g-unit by multiplication of 1/9.80665.
The final 3 signals are connected to scope to be monitored and analyzed. Several established driving cycles
have been chosen to verify the conceptual design; Kuala Terengganu BasKITe driving cycle, HWFET,
NEDC and WLTP. Figures 3 (a)-(d), Figures 4 (a)-(d), Figures 5 (a)-(d) and Figures 6 (a)-(d) shows the
results obtained.
The first axis of simulation results shows distance travelled, second axis shows driving cycle
relation with time and third axis shows acceleration. This procedure is carried out by connecting collected
data into velocity interpolator and also to a separate scope in which interpolated signal and direct signal is
applied to compare the required and acquired data. In all the above figures, the acquired data overlaps
required data in which can be concluded as zero signals lost throughout the simulation. To prove this, as per
Figure 3 (c), Figure 3 (d), Figure 4 (c), Figure 4 (d), Figure 5 (c), Figure 5 (d), Figure 6 (c) and Figure 6 (d),
comparison was done at 25% and 75% of the total elapsed time for each driving cycle. For Kuala Terengganu
BusKITE driving cycle, comparison was done at the time of 655 and 1963 which gives ΔY=0. HWFET
driving cycle was compared at the time of 192 and 575. NEDC driving cycle was compared at the time of
295 and 885 whereas WLTP driving cycle was compared at the time of 450 and 1350. The end result for each
driving cycle gives ΔY=0 in which the constructed conceptual design does not lose any signal in accordance
throughout the simulation process. Signal lose identification is important in any simulation processes and
procedures as it may give out inaccurate and inconsistent final result. To ensure minimal signal losses in
simulation, it is crucial to identify types of blocks and functions being used, the rate of signal losses and also
appropriate insertion and return signal paths are chosen. In most cases of simulation, signals are often lost
during return process as a due part of the simulation consumes certain decibels of it during initialization. On
the other hand, the default input data into signal builder is in m/s, which is the SI unit of speed. Figure 7 are
some of the direct conversions using “gain” block. It is also advisable to convert the values in the Excel
datasheet before uploading into signal builder to ensure consistency of data points being generated and
simulated.
5. ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2021 : 1450 – 1458
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 3. (a) Established kuala terengganu BasKITE driving cycle; (b)simulated kuala terengganu
BusKITE driving cycle; (c)measurement at time 655; and (d)measurement at time 1963
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 4. (a) Established HWFET driving cycle; (b) simulated HWFET driving cycle; (c) measurement at
time 192; and (d) measurement at time 57
6. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Modelling and simulation of driving cycle using Simulink (S. K. Arun)
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 5. These figures are; (a) established NEDC driving cycle; (b) simulated NEDC driving cycle;
(c) measurement at time 295; and (d) measurement at time 885
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 6. These figures are; (a) established WLTP driving cycle; (b) simulated WLTP driving cycle;
(c) measurement at time 450; and (d) measurement at time 1350
7. ISSN: 2088-8694
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Figure 7. Direct conversion using “gain” block
4. CONCLUSION
In the nutshell, driving cycle conceptual designing and modelling in Simulink is successful and can
be wrapped up and verified since the result of the simulation gives zero error compared with four established
driving cycles which is Kuala Terengganu BusKITE, HWFET, NEDC and WLTP driving cycles. The
conceptual design therefore can be used in future to simulate driving cycles by uploading the data of speed of
vehicles into signal builder in the format of Excel to further analyse the emissions and driving behaviours of
individuals. The novelty of this research is proven as the use of Excel in daily life has increase drastically to
perform calculation, visualization and analysis of data and proven to be one of the platforms used by various
business and research sectors. Since there are no any researches conducted previously to link the use of Excel
and Simulink to construct driving cycle, this opportunity was taken to design a conceptual modelling of
driving cycle in which the relationship of speed and time can be used to analyze various information required
by traffic engineers and environmentalists. In accordance, Excel had been chosen to be used in this research
as the data collected to construct driving cycle can be tabulated and simulated at the same time and directly
uploaded into signal builder of conceptual design to undergo required processes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to be obliged to Ministry of Education Malaysia for providing financial
assistance under FRGS 2020 (59623) grant and Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics,
UMT for all their technical and research support for this work to be successfully completed.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
S. K. Arun received the Bachelor of Applied Sciences (Electronic and Instrumentation
Physics) from Universiti Malaysia Terengganu in 2019 and currently pursuing his Master
Degree in Engineering and Engineering Studies (Electronics) in Universiti Malaysia
Terengganu. He is also currently working as an Instrumentation Engineer at Malay-Sino
Chemical Industries Sdn. Bhd. (Lahat). His main research interest is in instrumentation &
automation systems, control systems, energy management, driving cycle and
implementation of IoT in big data management.
9. ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2021 : 1450 – 1458
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I. N. Anida received the Bachelor of Engineering (Mechatronics) from International
Islamic University Malaysia, Gombak in 2015 her and Master Degree in Physics
(Renewable Energy) from Universiti Malaysia Terengganu in 2019. She currently pursuing
her Ph.D in Engineering (Energy and Electrical) Her main research interest is Plug in
Hybrid Vehicle, driving cycle, energy rate, emissions and implementation of IoT in big
data management.
J. S. Norbakyah received the Bachelor of Applied Science (Physics Electronic and
Instrumentation) and MSc and PhD from Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, in
2009, 2014 and 2019 respectively. She is currently working as a lecturer at Universiti
Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia. Her main research interest is Electric Vehicle, Hybrid
Electric Vehicle, Plug in Hybrid Vehicle, Modelling and simulation and renewable energy.
A. R. Salisa received the B.E. and M.E. in Electrical & Electronics Engineering from
University of Technology Petronas, Perak, Malaysia in 2004 and 2006, respectively while
Ph.D. in Optimal Energy Management Strategy for the University of Technology Sydney
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles from University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia.
She is currently working as a senior lecturer at University Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia.
Her research interests are in Hybrid Electric Vehicles, innovation powertrain, simulation
and modeling, energy management strategy, driving cycles, fuel economy, emissions and
optimization.