A great deal of previous research into wheel alignment has focused on techniques of the alignment, which involve big, bulky and high cost to maintain. Even though several approaches are required, the works are tedious and only performed in spacious area and trained mechanics. IoT is the alternatives due to the evolution of smartphone with numerous sensors to support and assist the research and development for IoT applications in vehicles. In this work, smaller and portable wheel alignment monitoring system is introduced by using communication protocol between sensors, microcontroller and mobile phone application. Thus, graphical user interface (GUI) is utilized to the system via wireless communication technology using TCP/IP Communication Protocol. The system has been tested to suit the functioning architecture system for the wheel alignment to provide the user awareness on early detection of wheel misalignment. In addition, the application has been successfully integrated with Android mobile application via TCP/IP communication protocol and view the results in smart phone in real-time.
Design and implement WSN/IOT smart parking management system using microcontr...IJECEIAES
With the dramatic expansion of new networks such as Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and Internet-of-Things (IoT), tremendous opportunities have been emerged to incorporate such technologies for valuable tasks. One of these tasks is the smart car parking where there is an imperative demand to manage the parking in various facilities, which may help drivers to save their time. Several research studies have addressed this task using wide range of approaches. However, the energy consumption is still a serious concern. This paper proposes a smart car parking based on cloud-based approach along with variety of sensors. Passive Infrared Sensors (PIRs) have been used to sense the object motion. While Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensors have been utilized to sense the light of the parking alarm and display information regarding the occupied and non-occupied parking lots. Finally, multi-micro controller of Arduino have been exploited in order to transmit the information collected to the server. Finally, a prototype Android application has been developed in order to receive the information from the server. Results of simulation showed the efficacy of the proposed method.
Design and implement WSN/IOT smart parking management system using microcontr...IJECEIAES
With the dramatic expansion of new networks such as Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and Internet-of-Things (IoT), tremendous opportunities have been emerged to incorporate such technologies for valuable tasks. One of these tasks is the smart car parking where there is an imperative demand to manage the parking in various facilities, which may help drivers to save their time. Several research studies have addressed this task using wide range of approaches. However, the energy consumption is still a serious concern. This paper proposes a smart car parking based on cloud-based approach along with variety of sensors. Passive Infrared Sensors (PIRs) have been used to sense the object motion. While Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensors have been utilized to sense the light of the parking alarm and display information regarding the occupied and non-occupied parking lots. Finally, multi-micro controller of Arduino have been exploited in order to transmit the information collected to the server. Finally, a prototype Android application has been developed in order to receive the information from the server. Results of simulation showed the efficacy of the proposed method.
A smart traffic management is a wide topic of research. Many modifications can be made to make the urban traffic flow smoothly on the roads. The increasing utilization of private vehicles and public transportation due to advancement of technology causes hectic traffic complexities for the civilians across the globe. The problem of traffic congestion is an everyday problem for human resource and therefore hinders the growth of the country by affecting its productivity as well as economy. Moreover, the traffic signaling systems have predetermined fixed operational time which fails to manage the traffic density changing with time and thus, long traffic queues are formed at the road crossings resulting in increased pollution and waiting time. In this paper, we tried to provide solution to reduce the waiting time at road crossings while keeping in mind the importance of time of the citizens as well as the emergency service providers (such as EMS i.e. Emergency Medical Services, Fire and Rescue Services, etc.). The presented system in this paper is based on smart traffic congestion control system that will automatically set the signal time based on the measured values of vehicle density on road lanes. However, the manual changes can also be made to traffic signals for efficient traffic management in case of emergencies. This paper presents an idea of traffic management using internet of things (IOT). The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of internet-connected objects that are able to collect and transfer data over a wireless network without human intervention. This technology provides an effective communication between different signals and helps in collection of data thereby providing an IoT based smart traffic management system in terms of its automated tracking, monitoring and controlling of vehicles and its data processing.
Survey of Smartphone applications based on OBD-II for Intelligent Transportat...IJERA Editor
Highway transportation is supported with several technologies to decrease risk factors and to obtain secure drive.
With improved software and hardware smartphone technology is able to monitor the useful information from
information network and especially it helps to maintain and control better traffic management for ITS. In this
study accession systems to electronic control unit are examined and also access procedure to vehicle status via
onboard diagnostic (OBD) also demonstrated. Additionally vehicle and environment information evaluation and
prevention of accident risks with smartphone technology are also indicated.
Efficient and secure real-time mobile robots cooperation using visual servoing IJECEIAES
This paper deals with the challenging problem of navigation in formation of mobiles robots fleet. For that purpose, a secure approach is used based on visual servoing to control velocities (linear and angular) of the multiple robots. To construct our system, we develop the interaction matrix which combines the moments in the image with robots velocities and we estimate the depth between each robot and the targeted object. This is done without any communication between the robots which eliminate the problem of the influence of each robot errors on the whole. For a successful visual servoing, we propose a powerful mechanism to execute safely the robots navigation, exploiting a robot accident reporting system using raspberry Pi3. This reporting system testbed is used to send an accident notification, in the form of a specifical message. Experimental results are presented using nonholonomic mobiles robots with on-board real time cameras, to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
With growing, Car parking increases with the number of car users. With the increased use of smartphones and their applications, users prefer mobile phone-based solutions. This paper proposes the Smart Parking Management System (SPMS) that depends on Arduino parts, Android applications, and based on IoT. This gave the client the ability to check available parking spaces and reserve a parking spot. IR sensors are utilized to know if a car park space is allowed. Its area data are transmitted using the WI-FI module to the server and are recovered by the mobile application which offers many options attractively and with no cost to users and lets the user check reservation details. With IoT technology, the smart parking system can be connected wirelessly to easily track available locations.
A major problem in day to day life is parking of vehicles especially the car parking at an appropriate place. And this issue indirectly leads to traffic congestion. This paper presents the basic concept of using server or cloud based smart parking services in smart cities as an important application of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. This system will be accessible through a mobile app or through the webpage provided and can be used to monitor or find the empty slots in that area.
A study of remotely booking slot for vehicle using Internet of Things IJECEIAES
Internet Of Things (IoT) is a continually growing area which aids us to unite diverse objects. The proposed system exhibits the universal notion of utilizing cloud-based intellectual automotive car parking facilities in smart cities as a notable implementation of the IoT. The RFID technology is used in this system along with suitable IoT protocols to evade human interference, which reduces the cost. Information is bartered using readers and tags. Open Service Gateways can be effectively used for this module. This system established on the consequence of IoT and the purposes are solving the chaos, bewilderment, and extensive backlogs in parking spaces. The proposed work aims to solve these problems and offer car drivers a hassle-free and instantaneous car parking experience. A Raspberry Pi would act as a mini-computer in our system. A suitable smallest path methodology would be cast-off to obtain the shortest distance between the user and every car park in the system. Hence, the pausing time of the user is decreased. This work furthermore includes the practice of remotely booking of a slot with the collaboration of android application exercising smartphones for the communication between the Smart Parking system and the user.
A smart traffic management is a wide topic of research. Many modifications can be made to make the urban traffic flow smoothly on the roads. The increasing utilization of private vehicles and public transportation due to advancement of technology causes hectic traffic complexities for the civilians across the globe. The problem of traffic congestion is an everyday problem for human resource and therefore hinders the growth of the country by affecting its productivity as well as economy. Moreover, the traffic signaling systems have predetermined fixed operational time which fails to manage the traffic density changing with time and thus, long traffic queues are formed at the road crossings resulting in increased pollution and waiting time. In this paper, we tried to provide solution to reduce the waiting time at road crossings while keeping in mind the importance of time of the citizens as well as the emergency service providers (such as EMS i.e. Emergency Medical Services, Fire and Rescue Services, etc.). The presented system in this paper is based on smart traffic congestion control system that will automatically set the signal time based on the measured values of vehicle density on road lanes. However, the manual changes can also be made to traffic signals for efficient traffic management in case of emergencies. This paper presents an idea of traffic management using internet of things (IOT). The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of internet-connected objects that are able to collect and transfer data over a wireless network without human intervention. This technology provides an effective communication between different signals and helps in collection of data thereby providing an IoT based smart traffic management system in terms of its automated tracking, monitoring and controlling of vehicles and its data processing.
Survey of Smartphone applications based on OBD-II for Intelligent Transportat...IJERA Editor
Highway transportation is supported with several technologies to decrease risk factors and to obtain secure drive.
With improved software and hardware smartphone technology is able to monitor the useful information from
information network and especially it helps to maintain and control better traffic management for ITS. In this
study accession systems to electronic control unit are examined and also access procedure to vehicle status via
onboard diagnostic (OBD) also demonstrated. Additionally vehicle and environment information evaluation and
prevention of accident risks with smartphone technology are also indicated.
Efficient and secure real-time mobile robots cooperation using visual servoing IJECEIAES
This paper deals with the challenging problem of navigation in formation of mobiles robots fleet. For that purpose, a secure approach is used based on visual servoing to control velocities (linear and angular) of the multiple robots. To construct our system, we develop the interaction matrix which combines the moments in the image with robots velocities and we estimate the depth between each robot and the targeted object. This is done without any communication between the robots which eliminate the problem of the influence of each robot errors on the whole. For a successful visual servoing, we propose a powerful mechanism to execute safely the robots navigation, exploiting a robot accident reporting system using raspberry Pi3. This reporting system testbed is used to send an accident notification, in the form of a specifical message. Experimental results are presented using nonholonomic mobiles robots with on-board real time cameras, to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
With growing, Car parking increases with the number of car users. With the increased use of smartphones and their applications, users prefer mobile phone-based solutions. This paper proposes the Smart Parking Management System (SPMS) that depends on Arduino parts, Android applications, and based on IoT. This gave the client the ability to check available parking spaces and reserve a parking spot. IR sensors are utilized to know if a car park space is allowed. Its area data are transmitted using the WI-FI module to the server and are recovered by the mobile application which offers many options attractively and with no cost to users and lets the user check reservation details. With IoT technology, the smart parking system can be connected wirelessly to easily track available locations.
A major problem in day to day life is parking of vehicles especially the car parking at an appropriate place. And this issue indirectly leads to traffic congestion. This paper presents the basic concept of using server or cloud based smart parking services in smart cities as an important application of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. This system will be accessible through a mobile app or through the webpage provided and can be used to monitor or find the empty slots in that area.
A study of remotely booking slot for vehicle using Internet of Things IJECEIAES
Internet Of Things (IoT) is a continually growing area which aids us to unite diverse objects. The proposed system exhibits the universal notion of utilizing cloud-based intellectual automotive car parking facilities in smart cities as a notable implementation of the IoT. The RFID technology is used in this system along with suitable IoT protocols to evade human interference, which reduces the cost. Information is bartered using readers and tags. Open Service Gateways can be effectively used for this module. This system established on the consequence of IoT and the purposes are solving the chaos, bewilderment, and extensive backlogs in parking spaces. The proposed work aims to solve these problems and offer car drivers a hassle-free and instantaneous car parking experience. A Raspberry Pi would act as a mini-computer in our system. A suitable smallest path methodology would be cast-off to obtain the shortest distance between the user and every car park in the system. Hence, the pausing time of the user is decreased. This work furthermore includes the practice of remotely booking of a slot with the collaboration of android application exercising smartphones for the communication between the Smart Parking system and the user.
Human evolution has included the development of transportation systems. People are currently driving a significant number of fuel-powered automobiles. This resulted in an increase in the number of accidents as well as pollution in the environment. To address the disadvantages of gasolinebased vehicles, this study presents an IoT-based E-vehicle monitoring system (E-VMS) for early accident detection and to make the environment cleaner and greener by using alternative energy. E-VMS employs internet of things (IoT) technology to continuously monitor the vehicle as well as to access and control it remotely. The IoT devices installed in vehicles are built using an Arduino microcontroller and sensors to detect accidents quickly. When an accident occurs, the E-VMS recognizes it quickly and determines the severity of the incident. The machine will then promptly alert the authorities. The E-VMS is also familiar with the GPS system. This will allow the E-VMS to maintain track of the cars' location in real time. This information will be used to locate the car in the event of an accident or theft. The E-VMS system's results were promising in terms of accurately identifying accidents, determining the severity of the accident, and determining the position of the vehicle.
Survey of Smartphone applications based on OBD-II for Intelligent Transportat...IJERA Editor
Highway transportation is supported with several technologies to decrease risk factors and to obtain secure drive.
With improved software and hardware smartphone technology is able to monitor the useful information from
information network and especially it helps to maintain and control better traffic management for ITS. In this
study accession systems to electronic control unit are examined and also access procedure to vehicle status via
onboard diagnostic (OBD) also demonstrated. Additionally vehicle and environment information evaluation and
prevention of accident risks with smartphone technology are also indicated.
Advancement in infotainment system in automotive sector with vehicular cloud ...IJECEIAES
The automotive industry has been incorporating various technological advancement on top-end versions of the vehicle order to improvise the degree of comfortability as well as enhancing the safer driving system. Infotainment system is one such pivotal system which not only makes the vehicle smart but also offers abundance of information as well as entertainment to the driver and passenger. The capability to offer extensive relay of service through infotainment system is highly dependent on vehicular adhoc network as well as back end support of cloud environment. However, it is know that such legacy system of vehicular adhoc network is also characterized by various problems associated with channel capacity, latency, heterogeneous network processing, and many more. Therefore, this paper offers a comprehensive insight to the research work being carried out towards leveraging the infotainment system in order to obtain the true picture of strength, limitation, and open end problems associated with infotainment system.
Similar to IoT for wheel alignment monitoring system (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
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Runway Orientation Based on the Wind Rose Diagram.pptx
IoT for wheel alignment monitoring system
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 11, No. 5, October 2021, pp. 3809~3817
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp3809-3817 3809
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
IoT for wheel alignment monitoring system
Mohamad Hadi Sulaiman1
, Suhana Sulaiman2
, Azilah Saparon3
2,3
Mechatronic and Intelligent System Research Group, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia
1,2,3
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Aug 20, 2019
Revised May 10, 2020
Accepted Mar 4, 2021
A great deal of previous research into wheel alignment has focused on
techniques of the alignment, which involve big, bulky and high cost to
maintain. Even though several approaches are required, the works are tedious
and only performed in spacious area and trained mechanics. IoT is the
alternatives due to the evolution of smartphone with numerous sensors to
support and assist the research and development for IoT applications in
vehicles. In this work, smaller and portable wheel alignment monitoring
system is introduced by using communication protocol between sensors,
microcontroller and mobile phone application. Thus, graphical user interface
(GUI) is utilized to the system via wireless communication technology using
TCP/IP Communication Protocol. The system has been tested to suit the
functioning architecture system for the wheel alignment to provide the user
awareness on early detection of wheel misalignment. In addition, the
application has been successfully integrated with Android mobile application
via TCP/IP communication protocol and view the results in smart phone in
real-time.
Keywords:
Graphical user interface
IoT
Mobile application
System architecture
Wheel alignment
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Azilah Saparon
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam
40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
Email: azilah574@uitm.edu.my
1. INTRODUCTION
Wheel alignment for car’s tyre plays an important role in ensuring the safety of a car on the road.
Normally, a car owner will go to car workshop to check on the wheel alignment. It is known that car’s wheel
alignment can be monitored, adjusted and fixed inside the appointed car workshop. Conventional wheel
alignment system is big, bulky and expensive. Furthermore, the driver needs to travel to workshop and the
workshop normally operates during office hours.
To date, there are few methods in wheel alignment system including calibration using charge
coupled device (CCD) [1]-[3] and 3D alignment [4], [5]. CCD device is known for its wheel alignment
system using camera calibration and laser triangulation [1]. The arrangement is to achieve an accurate 3-D
reconstruction of the wheel rim. Other method is vison- based comprises of machine vision and 3D vision
with computer vision [6]-[8]. The later techniques is supported using an image acquisition system and camera
calibration. All these techniques were adopted aiming to resolve the alignment of the wheels. However, the
measurement techniques can be considered as big and bulky, not user friendly.
Hence, the wheel alignment monitoring system needs to be designed with functioning architecture
system. This problem is potentially solved by using communication protocol between sensors,
microcontroller and mobile phone that suit the functioning architecture system for wheel alignment which
gives the user awareness on early detection of wheel misalignment. Internet of things (IoT) is adopted and
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potentially solved the issue since this method can be seen from any type applications [9] either for home [10]
or vehicle security system [11]. Furthermore, the system can suit the functioning architecture system for
wheel alignment. This alternative is possible for the car’s driver to monitor the condition of the tyre whether
it is aligned or misaligned to ensure the car’s safety. In addition, user’s wheel alignment monitoring system-
based IoT is able to produce light and portable device for user to detect the tyre alignment inspection using
smartphone. Although some google applications related to wheel alignment are available at Google playstore,
there is no explanation or description on how the communication and system integration with sensors and its
mobile application.
The significance of this study is to establish new method to measure wheel alignment by using time
of flight/triangulation concept applied to ultrasonic/laser [12]-[14]. Apart from that, the new method can be
applied into industrial application by implementing the graphical user interface (GUI) attached to the system
thus reducing number of car accidents globally. Calculation for the best angle and position of
transmitter/receiver is obtained based on the experiment [12]. The relationship between angle and position of
transmitter/receiver is expected to be known. The application of wireless communication technology using
TCP/IP communication protocol is introduced to replace the wired communication for easy access in any
field mostly in electronic devices.
This paper presents the development of IoT for wheel alignment monitoring system that is light and
portable as well as user friendly. This development is equipped with communication protocol between
sensors, microcontroller and mobile phone that suit with the functioning architecture system for wheel
alignment. The concept of IoT for the wheel alignment provides an illustration of the model to elucidate the
communication modules and the system architecture which could be applicable to any other applications.
Finally, the product of the idea is deliberated in result and discussion section. The conclusion of this work is
presented at the last section of this paper.
2. METHOD FOR WHEEL ALIGNMENT MONITORING SYSTEM
In this work, IoT is of interest because the technique of connecting everyday physical objects to the
existing internet infrastructure [15]. Several works for ICT-based covers vehicle detection, road detection,
lane detection, pedestrian detection, drowsiness detection and collison avoidances [16]. However, the current
situation for the condition of a car has not been dictated for the road safety requirements. This has movitate
the author to apply the IoT technique for the wheel alignment for the safety purposes. To illustrate, Figure 1
depicts an illustration of the model with the communication modules-microcontroller/microprocessor unit
(MCU) and the system architecture respectively. There are four pairs of receivers/transmitters module which
are responsible to measure the wheel alignment. Both infra-red receiver and transmitter are connected to
ARM Cortex or AVR micro-controller that responsible for controlling the wheel alignment system. The
micro-controller is programmed to transmit infra-red using infra-red transmitter component and receive infra-
red value using infra-red receiver component [8], [17], [18]. Then, the readings and measurements were
transferred to the mobile application (Android/IOS) using wireless communication protocol (TCP/IP).
Furthermore, TCP/IP communication protocol has been selected due to its flexibility, simplicity, scalability,
and maintainability as well as cost effective [19], [20]. In addition, user-friendly and interactively graphical
user interface (GUI) also assist the user with all the readings and measurements.
Figure 1. Illustration of wheel alignment system
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As far as data is concerned, the design variables (controlled factors) include reflection angles from
light, infra-red transmitters and receivers, camber, caster, toe, mounting position of sensors, amount of infra-
red received and position between transmitters and receivers. The uncontrolled factors are noise, assembly
error and sensors manufacturing errors. In this set up, infra-red receivers/transmitters were used to adopt the
time of flight theory and modification on alignment calculation reading was made on calculation formula
[21]-[23].
To implement the TCP/IP communication protocol, some requirements are considered. The use of
hardware is required to control and to obtain reflection reading based on different angles, to connect base
hardware with portable and viewable device and thus, we can have a product which is small in size. Hence,
an analysis can be produced to meet the requirement.
On the software point of view, a system needs to be implemented on base hardware, which in this
case is the Spark Core microcontroller. The system was programmed on the Spark Core microcontroller.
Then it will control the logic flow to capture the reflection reading from the sensors, store inside the
microcontroller and then passed to the viewable device. In order to make the product portable, small and low
cost; the microcontroller is also being programmed to add the communication module between
microcontroller and viewable device i.e. smart phone using TCP/IP communication protocol. The smart
phone is chosen due to ease of access and capabilities to support various kinds of software modules and
interactive graphical user interface (GUI). The TCP/IP communication protocol is chosen due to its reliability
and performance compared to UDP protocol and availability of the open source libraries [24], [25].
Figure 2 elucidates the diagram of the wheel alignment system architecture for mobile application,
ARM Cortex and the infra-red. ARM Cortex is the MCU for the system architecture. All of the data were
stored inside the database and ready to be queried by the mobile application. The responsibility of the TCP
server is to attend to any request from the TCP client which is the mobile application; and to send the data
requested by the TCP client using TCP/IP (wireless) communication protocol.
Figure 2. Diagram of wheel alignment system architecture
In the mobile application module, the data received from ARM Cortex requested by TCP Client
were stored inside the database. The user interface sub-module will query real-time data from database and
update to the graphical user interface to be seen by user. Also, there are an added notification processed to
send notification to the user by email or short messaging service.
Figure 3 refers to software class diagram on microcontroller/microprocessor (ARM Cortex)
application to operate and start up the Wi-Fi integrated circuit to detect the hot spot from the mobile device.
The AlignmentProcess module will keep requested alignment reading from the IRReceiver using
startIRReceiver function and commanding IRTransmitter to transmit pulse simultaneously. From the data
received, the AlignmentProcess (control module) will send the date to CalcProcess module to calculate the
alignment measurement. After the calculation process finished, the results will be stored inside the database
using DBCoreController module.
The DBCoreController module handle the data extracted from the calculation to store inside a
database. DbWriter function is to write the data into the database file while dbReader is to read the data from
database file and sent to any software client requester. BackupData function transfers accumulated data in
database to a much larger database storage as requested by the software client through TCPServer.
The IOController module handle the interaction of I/O ports at the microcontroller. Each I/O pins
have their own unique ID and it is very important for the other modules to identify which set of receivers or
transmitters involved in the calculation. The TCPServer module responsible to initialize module for the
server part in Client-Server Architecture for the future use. All these software modules aid the hardware
integration to realize the parameters of the camber wheel alignment.
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Figure 3. Software class diagram on microcontroller/microprocessor application
As shown in Figure 4, the diagram exhibits the software class diagram for the mobile application.
This software development involves the overall control system and algorithm. Thus, when TCPClient module
requests data in every one second delay from the TCPServer module in Figure 3, the data was controlled by
AlignmentMonitoring module. The data received then will be stored inside the database by DBController
module. The UserInterface module will always query for updated data inside the database and update the
data to UserDashboard, GraphicalCar and LoginPage modules. The basic algorithm of the client side of the
wheel alignment monitoring system using Android application and server side is coded with C++ compiled
binary program.
Figure 4. Software class diagram on mobile application
User interface for Android mobile application is user friendly and well-defined. The GraphicalCar
module in Figure 4 responsible to view a car diagram from top view to make it understandable in the user's
perspective. It consists a picture of a car with four tyres and rectangle view on each of the tyre representing
the alignment condition and the value of the infrared alignment parameter. The alignment text and value of
alignment parameter will be changed in real-time depends on the value received by the TCPClient module
and microcontroller reading on the alignment.
5. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This study set out with the aim of assessing the importance of IoT for wheel alignment monitoring
system. Figure 5 depicts the prototype set-up for the integration of GUI and the car wheels and the mobile
applications. The system comprises of smartphone for the GUI, the toy car’s tyre was set up to test the
measurement of wheel alignment using time of flight/triangulation concept to check the alignment. The
hardware for the four pairs of receivers/transmitters module which are responsible to measure the wheel
alignment is also included. Both infra-red receiver and transmitter are connected to ARM Cortex or AVR
micro-controller that responsible for controlling the wheel alignment system.
Figure 5. Prototype set-up for the wheel, GUI and mobile applications
Figure 6 displays the result for design for the mobile application (Android/IOS) graphical user
interface (GUI) module. In the GUI interface, there is graphical car with 4 wheel images button to provide
user friendly experience to the user. Once the wheel image button is clicked, a pop-up will show the
alignment information. On the right side there will be an additional information of user and the vehicle. User
can use email or SMS to send notification when the alignment need to be adjusted. Vehicle information such
as model, colour, year of manufacture and engine capacity can also be added to Car Info. This can be useful
in future prospect when all the vehicles information or updates are centralized globally.
Figure 6. Overview of graphical user interface on mobile application
As mentioned previously, the connection between Android mobile application and microcontroller
application were prepared wirelessly. The Android mobile application is using Samsung Galaxy Note 2 as its
mobile application medium. The TCP client module will start to search for TCP server designated IP and
port. The programming for the TCP server designated IP and port were coded with the Java code. Once the
TCP client connected with the TCP server application on the microcontroller, the UserInterface module were
established, the graphical view of car, alignment condition and alignment infra-red value will appear as
displayed in Figure 7.
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As mentioned previously, the system has been tested to suit the functioning architecture system for
the wheel alignment. Figures 7, 8 and 9 are referred to the recorded work on the real tyre during the
experimental set up of integrating wheel alignment monitoring system using microcontroller with the
Android mobile application.
As exhibited in Figure 7, the Spark Core microcontroller circuit on the breadboard is powered by
normal power bank to produce 5 V and 1 A current rating. After the microcontroller is turned on, the light
indicator on Spark Core will turn from green to blue colour indicating that the module is already connected
on the designated Wi-Fi network, in this case the smart phone is used for the tethering mobile hotspot to
allow Wi-Fi connection from the microcontroller. Hence, both microcontroller and Android mobile
application were in the same Wi-Fi network. In the background, TCP Server of the microcontroller
application is already running and attending to connection from the TCP client from the mobile application.
In this set up, the breadboard with microcontroller is placed inside the dashboard of car.
Figure 8 indicates the two pair of wires from the breadboard both connected with infra-red
transmitter and infra-red receiver respectively. Both infra-red transmitter and infra-red receiver were installed
throughout the car from the dashboard to the front left side of the tyre location. With the assistance of the
appointed mechanic, the wire was installed from the dashboard to the mounting location by using the space
on the hole below the dashboard.
Figure 9 shows the pair of wire as discussed in Figure 8 is coupled with a pair of infra-red
transmitter and receiver. At this point, the transmitter and receiver is mounted near to the absorber mount.
Then, the angle and distance parameter are measured manually. The design of the mounting specifically to
mount these infra-red transmitter and receiver can further be improved in the future.
Figure 7. Microcontroller setup connected with 5 V
input power bank
Figure 8. Wire connection from microcontroller to
the left side of car's tyre
Figure 9. From wire connection to the infra-red receiver and transmitter with temporary mount
When the Android mobile application starts running and displaying the User Interface, the alignment
condition and value is observed when the connection between TCP server and TCP client were established.
The parameter setup for the mobile application has been set to indicate wheel alignment is normal and good
when the range value of 20 to 150 with the initial distance of tyre of 15 mm, angle of infra-red receiver and
transmitter of 60 were detected.
7. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
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The result is displayed in Figure 10 where the infra-red reading is out of reach as the angle of tyre
intentionally adjusted to out-of-bound angle. Hence, the alignment monitoring GUI indicates that the
alignment is not ok. This angle of tyre is intentionally adjusted to the misalignment condition with the
assistance of appointed mechanic.
Figure 10. The android mobile application connected wirelessly with microcontroller
Figures 11 and 12 exhibit the result of wheel alignment monitoring system using microcontroller
application has been integrated with Android mobile application via TCP/IP communication protocol and
view the findings in smart phone in real-time. The outcome reveals that both the hardware module and the
software for the TCP/IP communication protocol has been successfully implemented and experimentally
verified.
Figure 11. Result of android mobile application
indicating the alignment not ok
Figure 12. Result of android mobile application
indicating the alignment ok
4. CONCLUSION
To conclude, IoT for wheel alignment monitoring that is light and portable as well as user friendly is
realized. The application is equipped with communication protocol between sensors, microcontroller and
mobile phone that suit the functioning architecture system for wheel alignment. The product of this technique
is the wheel alignment monitoring system using microcontroller application has been successfully integrated
with Android mobile application via TCP/IP communication protocol and view the results in smart phone in
real-time. The experimental set up was performed in the workshop with the assistance of the appointed
mechanic.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge Institute of Research Management & Innovation (IRMI), UiTM
Shah Alam, Selangor in providing fund for this work under project no: 600-RMI/DANA 5/3/LESTARI
(101/2015).
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Mohammad Hadi Sulaiman received his B.Eng (Hons) in Electrical Engineering, in 2012 from
Multimedia University and M.Sc in Electrical Engineering in 2019 from Universiti Teknologi
MARA Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Currently, he is working as Senior Software Engineer.
His research interests include Software Development, Artificial Intelligence and Embedded
System. Apart from that, he established his own company known as Umtiaz Innotech Sdn Bhd
which offers hardware and software products. The latest product the company has developed was
web application development known as LigaKita.my which serves as a gaming platform for
Malaysian footballers. He also ventures in e-commerce platform to sells football merchandises.
His latest research was the development of wheel alignment monitoring system prototype.
Suhana Sulaiman received her B.Sc in Electrical Engineering, from University of Utah, Salt
Lake City, USA in 1996 and M.Sc in Microelectronics from University of Newcastle Upon
Tyne, UK in 2002. Her Ph.D degree, in Electrical Engineering from Universiti Teknologi
MARA, Shah Alam Selangor, Malaysia in 2013. Currently, she is a senior lecturer in Faculty of
Electrical Engineering, UiTM Shah Alam, Selangor. Her research interests include RFIC,
microelectronics, electronics circuit and system and microfabrication.
Azilah Saparon, is an Associate Professor at Faculty of Electrical Engineering, UiTM Shah
Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. She received her B.E.E from Gannon University, Erie, Pennsylvania,
U.S.A in 1989, M.Sc in Electrical Engineering from Washington State University at
Pullman,U.S.A in 1995 and a Ph.D in Electronic and Electrical Engineering from Loughborough
University, Leicestershire, U.K 2006. Her research interests include reconfigurable system,
micro-computer architecture and video coding.