Modern automotives integrate large amount of electronic devices to improve the driving safety and comfort. This growing number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) with sophisticated software escalates the vehicle system design complexity. In this paper we explain the complexity of ECUs in terms of hardware and software and also we explore the possibility of Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) architecture for the integration of add-on software in ECUs. This reduces the complexity of the embedded system in vehicles and eases the ECU integration by reducing the total number of ECUs in the vehicles.
KWP2000 versus UDS: Keyword Protocol 2000 and Unified Diagnostic Services are the two most mainstream symptomatic guidelines inside the car business. A true examination between the two guidelines - KWP 2000 and UDS, can be useful in distinguishing the perfect indicative administration for your car utilize case.
https://www.embitel.com/blog/embedded-blog/kwp-2000-and-uds-protocols-for-vehicle-diagnostics-an-analysis-and-comparison
Published in 2011, this paper explains the importance of advanced Metering Infrastructure Energy Industry. The need for communicable and possibly smart meters with open communication protocol with smart communication infrastructure and scalable head end system has attained significance. Lets identifies some of the essential requirements for building DLMS based scalable, flexible and open end to end Smart metering systemlarge scale AMI system.
KWP2000 versus UDS: Keyword Protocol 2000 and Unified Diagnostic Services are the two most mainstream symptomatic guidelines inside the car business. A true examination between the two guidelines - KWP 2000 and UDS, can be useful in distinguishing the perfect indicative administration for your car utilize case.
https://www.embitel.com/blog/embedded-blog/kwp-2000-and-uds-protocols-for-vehicle-diagnostics-an-analysis-and-comparison
Published in 2011, this paper explains the importance of advanced Metering Infrastructure Energy Industry. The need for communicable and possibly smart meters with open communication protocol with smart communication infrastructure and scalable head end system has attained significance. Lets identifies some of the essential requirements for building DLMS based scalable, flexible and open end to end Smart metering systemlarge scale AMI system.
The field of DL has matured a lot in the last decade and changed a lot in the last few years. New architectures scaled to be larger/deeper, take advantage of a large number of datasets and parallel computing power.
Supervised DL methods, namely, CNNs and RNNs, are the natural choice for researchers in the automotive domain.
Important aspects such as compute power requirements, model transparency, and interpretability, model compliance with vehicle safety standards, all of which are expected to appreciably impact the adoption rate of DL in the automotive industry.
With the spotlight shining brighter on autonomous driving, 5G and cellular-vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) breakthroughs grab the headlines when it comes to reporting how to better test self-driving cars. Behind this exciting and somewhat glamourous buzz is a robust automotive electronics manufacturing services (EMS) industry that’s physicalizing the technology innovations.
The control center is the central nerve system of the power
system. It senses the pulse of the power system, adjusts its
condition, coordinates its movement, and provides defense
against exogenous events. In this paper, we review the functions
and architectures of control centers: their past, present,
and likely future.
We first give a brief historical account of the evolution
of control centers. A great impetus to the development
of control centers occurred after the northeast blackout
of 1965 when the commission investigating the incident
recommended that “utilities should intensify the pursuit of
all opportunities to expand the effective use of computers
EFFECTIVE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS SOFTWARE DESIGN METHODOLOGIEScscpconf
This paper gives Universities needs to improve their curriculum for Technology students to meet
the industry standards which will be helpful for their career .In the current improving
technologies studying of embedded system is required to understand the Electronic circuits .
They should include the new emerging technology such as multiprocessor system on chip where it is used in all the real time applications. In this paper design based tutorials will be discussed to understand Multiprocessor system on chip .The understanding of multiprocessor system on chip is difficult for a student and should be taught to meet the expectation from the industry. Since it is vast area, this paper proposes the most efficient tutoring method on multiprocessor system on chip.
Preparing for CV Deployment read ahead 9-8-18raymurphy9533
The fundamental premise of the connected vehicle environment lies in the power of wireless connectivity among vehicles (V2V communications), the infrastructure (V2I communications), and mobile devices to bring about transformative changes in highway safety, mobility, and the environmental impacts of the transportation system.
ANALYSIS OF NETWORK PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT DASHBOARDIAEME Publication
Analysis of performance availability is very important to help improve network
performance. This is due to developing services to be used by customers. In performance
availability it is known that there are many problems that occur in each event in the
field. In achieving the optimal level in carrying out the implementation and support
processes of the performance management dashboard, an analysis is needed to develop
management and control in the networking division with the aim of generating
utilization in the implementation and support processes to align with the business needs
of PT ABC. The existing reference model is a reference model that refers to the
functional area of FCAPS. The FCAPS model consists of five functional areas,
including fault management, configuration management, accounting management,
performance management, and security management. In general, companies have
implemented FCAPS on failure issues and configurations (fault and configuration).
Security / security has relied on other tools that are not integrated in the FCAPS model
as a whole. The basic principle is, even though there are five elements from FCAPS,
one element can influence the success of other elements.
Abstract— Self-Organizing Networks (SON) is a collection of functions to the radio and network components to interact among
themselves to configure, tune, optimize and healing of cellular system in real time. It is considered to be a necessity in future mobile
networks and operations, due to the increased cost pressure and minimizing trend of human intervention. This paper describes scope,
architecture of reference model, evaluations on the use of some of the most important SON components. We also included the application
of a revolutionary algorithm; genetic algorithm. The application of this algorithm in telecommunication network optimization has presented
and shown with the effective choice of some important parameter values involved in optimization and the implementation strategies.
Nowadays mobile networks are getting more complex to configure, optimize and maintain. SON functions will perform to give cost savings
and performance benefits from the very beginning of a network deployment to its life-cycle.
DEPLOYING HEALTH MONITORING ECU TOWARDS ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF IN-VEHIC...cscpconf
Electronic Control Units (ECUs) are the fundamental electronic building blocks of any
automotive system. They are multi-purpose, multi-chip and multicore computer systems where
more functionality is delivered in software rather than hardware. ECUs are valuable assets for
the vehicles as critical time bounded messages are communicated through. Looking into the
safety criticality, already developed mission critical systems such as ABS, ESP etc, rely fully on
electronic components leading to increasing requirements of more reliable and dependable electronic systems in vehicles. Hence it is inevitable to maintain and monitor the health of an ECU which will enable the ECUs to be followed, assessed and improved throughout their lifecycle starting from their inception into the vehicle. In this paper, we propose a Health monitoring ECU that enables the early trouble shooting and servicing of the vehicle prior to any catastrophic failure.
The field of DL has matured a lot in the last decade and changed a lot in the last few years. New architectures scaled to be larger/deeper, take advantage of a large number of datasets and parallel computing power.
Supervised DL methods, namely, CNNs and RNNs, are the natural choice for researchers in the automotive domain.
Important aspects such as compute power requirements, model transparency, and interpretability, model compliance with vehicle safety standards, all of which are expected to appreciably impact the adoption rate of DL in the automotive industry.
With the spotlight shining brighter on autonomous driving, 5G and cellular-vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) breakthroughs grab the headlines when it comes to reporting how to better test self-driving cars. Behind this exciting and somewhat glamourous buzz is a robust automotive electronics manufacturing services (EMS) industry that’s physicalizing the technology innovations.
The control center is the central nerve system of the power
system. It senses the pulse of the power system, adjusts its
condition, coordinates its movement, and provides defense
against exogenous events. In this paper, we review the functions
and architectures of control centers: their past, present,
and likely future.
We first give a brief historical account of the evolution
of control centers. A great impetus to the development
of control centers occurred after the northeast blackout
of 1965 when the commission investigating the incident
recommended that “utilities should intensify the pursuit of
all opportunities to expand the effective use of computers
EFFECTIVE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS SOFTWARE DESIGN METHODOLOGIEScscpconf
This paper gives Universities needs to improve their curriculum for Technology students to meet
the industry standards which will be helpful for their career .In the current improving
technologies studying of embedded system is required to understand the Electronic circuits .
They should include the new emerging technology such as multiprocessor system on chip where it is used in all the real time applications. In this paper design based tutorials will be discussed to understand Multiprocessor system on chip .The understanding of multiprocessor system on chip is difficult for a student and should be taught to meet the expectation from the industry. Since it is vast area, this paper proposes the most efficient tutoring method on multiprocessor system on chip.
Preparing for CV Deployment read ahead 9-8-18raymurphy9533
The fundamental premise of the connected vehicle environment lies in the power of wireless connectivity among vehicles (V2V communications), the infrastructure (V2I communications), and mobile devices to bring about transformative changes in highway safety, mobility, and the environmental impacts of the transportation system.
ANALYSIS OF NETWORK PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT DASHBOARDIAEME Publication
Analysis of performance availability is very important to help improve network
performance. This is due to developing services to be used by customers. In performance
availability it is known that there are many problems that occur in each event in the
field. In achieving the optimal level in carrying out the implementation and support
processes of the performance management dashboard, an analysis is needed to develop
management and control in the networking division with the aim of generating
utilization in the implementation and support processes to align with the business needs
of PT ABC. The existing reference model is a reference model that refers to the
functional area of FCAPS. The FCAPS model consists of five functional areas,
including fault management, configuration management, accounting management,
performance management, and security management. In general, companies have
implemented FCAPS on failure issues and configurations (fault and configuration).
Security / security has relied on other tools that are not integrated in the FCAPS model
as a whole. The basic principle is, even though there are five elements from FCAPS,
one element can influence the success of other elements.
Abstract— Self-Organizing Networks (SON) is a collection of functions to the radio and network components to interact among
themselves to configure, tune, optimize and healing of cellular system in real time. It is considered to be a necessity in future mobile
networks and operations, due to the increased cost pressure and minimizing trend of human intervention. This paper describes scope,
architecture of reference model, evaluations on the use of some of the most important SON components. We also included the application
of a revolutionary algorithm; genetic algorithm. The application of this algorithm in telecommunication network optimization has presented
and shown with the effective choice of some important parameter values involved in optimization and the implementation strategies.
Nowadays mobile networks are getting more complex to configure, optimize and maintain. SON functions will perform to give cost savings
and performance benefits from the very beginning of a network deployment to its life-cycle.
DEPLOYING HEALTH MONITORING ECU TOWARDS ENHANCING THE PERFORMANCE OF IN-VEHIC...cscpconf
Electronic Control Units (ECUs) are the fundamental electronic building blocks of any
automotive system. They are multi-purpose, multi-chip and multicore computer systems where
more functionality is delivered in software rather than hardware. ECUs are valuable assets for
the vehicles as critical time bounded messages are communicated through. Looking into the
safety criticality, already developed mission critical systems such as ABS, ESP etc, rely fully on
electronic components leading to increasing requirements of more reliable and dependable electronic systems in vehicles. Hence it is inevitable to maintain and monitor the health of an ECU which will enable the ECUs to be followed, assessed and improved throughout their lifecycle starting from their inception into the vehicle. In this paper, we propose a Health monitoring ECU that enables the early trouble shooting and servicing of the vehicle prior to any catastrophic failure.
Homogenous and interoperable signaling computer interlocking through IEC 6149...IJECEIAES
The technological evolution of signaling systems has created a dependency from infrastructure managers to suppliers and industrials dominating the market. Indeed, for each deployed computer interlocking, the modification of field equipment is required to allow an adaptation with the new interlocking in terms of communication protocols and logical interface. In addition, to ensure safe traffic of trains, the communication of railway signaling data is necessary between interlockings. However, delayed deployments from one station to another make the establishment of communication channels costly and difficult, or even impossible, since each supplier keeps confidential its communication protocols and usually opts for interfacing based on wired logic. This paper presents our approach to a homogeneous architecture of interlocking meeting modularity requirements, interoperability, and logical interfacing between interlockings. This approach relies on a classification of internal functions of the computer interlocking, a distribution of the execution of those functions and making useful information available for interfaces between adjacent interlockings through the IEC 61499 standard coupled with service-oriented architecture (SOA).
SIMULATION-BASED APPLICATION SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT IN TIME-TRIGGERED COMMUNICA...IJSEA
This paper introduces a simulation-based approach for design and test of application software for timetriggered
communication systems. The approach is based on the SIDERA simulation system that supports
the time-triggered real-time protocols TTP and FlexRay. We present a software development platform for
FlexRay based communication systems that provides an implementation of the AUTOSAR standard
interface for communication between host application and FlexRay communication controllers. For
validation, we present an application example in the course of which SIDERA has been deployed for
development and test of software modules for an automotive project in the field of driving dynamics
control.
Connected Vehicles, Zonal In Vehicle Network Architectureijtsrd
In vehicle network architecture is crucial in modern automobiles, enabling the seamless integration of electronic components and systems within vehicles. This article provides an in depth exploration of in vehicle network architecture, covering its history, types of networks, communication protocols, and emerging trends. The history section highlights the development of in vehicle networks, from basic electrical systems to the introduction of standardized protocols like the Controller Area Network CAN . The types of networks section discusses Local Interconnect Network LIN, CAN, and Automotive Ethernet, outlining their characteristics and applications. The communication protocols section explores protocols such as CAN, LIN, FlexRay, MOST, and Ethernet, detailing their features and use cases. Additionally, the article delves into emerging trends, including connected vehicles, advanced driver assistance systems ADAS, autonomous vehicles, and cybersecurity. The discussion emphasizes the increasing need for high bandwidth, low latency communication and robust cybersecurity measures in modern vehicles. By understanding in vehicle network architecture and its evolving landscape, automotive engineers and stakeholders can navigate the complexities of designing advanced, connected vehicles that ensure safety, efficiency, and a superior driving experience. Sanath D Javagal "Connected Vehicles, Zonal In-Vehicle Network Architecture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59616.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/automotive-engineering/59616/connected-vehicles-zonal-invehicle-network-architecture/sanath-d-javagal
AN EFFICIENT HYBRID SCHEDULER USING DYNAMIC SLACK FOR REAL-TIME CRITICAL TASK...ijesajournal
Task intensive electronic control units (ECUs) in automotive domain, equipped with multicore processors ,
real time operating systems (RTOSs) and various application software, should perform efficiently and time
deterministically. The parallel computational capability offered by this multicore hardware can only be
exploited and utilized if the ECU application software is parallelized. Having provided with such
parallelized software, the real time operating system scheduler component should schedule the time critical
tasks so that, all the computational cores are utilized to a greater extent and the safety critical deadlines
are met. As original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are always motivated towards adding more
sophisticated features to the existing ECUs, a large number of task sets can be effectively scheduled for
execution within the bounded time limits. In this paper, a hybrid scheduling algorithm has been proposed,
that meticulously calculates the running slack of every task and estimates the probability of meeting
deadline either being in the same partitioned queue or by migrating to another. This algorithm was run and
tested using a scheduling simulator with different real time task models of periodic tasks . This algorithm
was also compared with the existing static priority scheduler, which is suggested by Automotive Open
Systems Architecture (AUTOSAR). The performance parameters considered here are, the % of core
utilization, average response time and task deadline missing rate. It has been verified that, this proposed
algorithm has considerable improvements over the existing partitioned static priority scheduler based on
each performance parameter mentioned above.
Due to increasing technology Automotive Electronics sector is now becoming more in demand. Most of luxurious vehicles consist of automatic controls of different parameters present in the car surrounding. As more and more latest applications are available on vehicle information system, therefore connection between the vehicle bus network and information system is now becoming a trend. Basically in automobile industries for communication, the CAN protocol is used. The proposed system presents the development and implementation of the digital driving system for a semi-autonomous vehicle for improving the driver vehicle interface and CAN provide technological development for future applications in vehicle’s information system. The proposed system is use to monitor driver’s behaviour, Drowsiness and Alcohol with the help of sensors. System contains controller block designed using ARM Cortex M-3, alcohol and sensors, CAN controller, GPS and GSM modules.
Automotive Ethernet architecture and security: challenges and technologies IJECEIAES
Vehicle infrastructure must address the challenges posed by today's advances toward connected and autonomous vehicles. To allow for more flexible architectures, high-bandwidth connections and scalability are needed to connect many sensors and electronic control units (ECUs). At the same time, deterministic and low latency is a critical and significant design requirement to support urgent real-time applications in autonomous vehicles. As a recent solution, the time-sensitive network (TSN) was introduced as Ethernet-based amendments in IEEE 802.1 TSN standards to meet those needs. However, it had hurdle to be overcome before it can be used effectively. This paper discusses the latest studies concerning the automotive Ethernet requirements, including transmission delay studies to improve worst-case end-to-end delay and end-to-end jitter. Also, the paper focuses on the securing Ethernet-based in-vehicle networks (IVNs) by reviewing new encryption and authentication methods and approaches.
Automatized testing hil system for agile product-design environmentTritem
The stricter safety requirements in the rail industry – implied by the EN 50128 standard – contribute to an increasing demand for testing rail vehicles and their subsystems, especially vehicle main controllers. Hardware-in-the-Loop method, which is commonly used in automotive and aerospace domains, has proved to be functionally useful. However, such systems would usually exceed the budget of a development project in the railway industry, due to short series manufacturing and multiple vehicle variants. To deal with this problem Tritem Microsystems has designed Virtual-HIL which decreases the overall cost and increases portability of this kind of a system. In this paper, we present both the classic approach and our groundbreaking system, along with a use case from one of our recent projects together with an automated testing framework built on the top of ourVirtual HIL.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Top 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdf
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE DESIGN CHALLENGES IN AUTOMOTIVE EMBEDDED SYSTEM
1. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.2, No.3, September 2011
DOI : 10.5121/vlsic.2011.2314 165
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE DESIGN CHALLENGES
IN AUTOMOTIVE EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Rajeshwari Hegde1
, Geetishree Mishra1
, K S Gurumurthy2
1
BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
rajeshwari.hegde@gmail.com, geetishree@gmail.com
2
UVCE, Bangalore, India
drksgurumurthy@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Modern automotives integrate large amount of electronic devices to improve the driving safety and
comfort. This growing number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) with sophisticated software escalates
the vehicle system design complexity. In this paper we explain the complexity of ECUs in terms of
hardware and software and also we explore the possibility of Common Object Request Broker Architecture
(CORBA) architecture for the integration of add-on software in ECUs. This reduces the complexity of the
embedded system in vehicles and eases the ECU integration by reducing the total number of ECUs in the
vehicles.
KEYWORDS
AUTOSAR, CORBA, ECU, OEM
1. INTRODUCTION
The increasing use of electronic systems in automobiles brings about advantages by decreasing
their weight and cost and providing more safety and comfort. The last decade has seen a
phenomenal increase in the use of electronic components in automotive systems, resulting in the
replacement of purely mechanical or hydraulic-implementations of different functionalities [1].
There are many electronic systems in modern automobiles like antilock braking system (ABS)
and Electronic Brake force Distribution (EBD), Electronic Stability Program (ESP) and Adaptive
Cruise Control (ACC). Such systems assist the driver by providing better control, more comfort
and safety. In addition, future x-by-wire applications aim to replace existing braking, steering and
driving systems. The developments in automotive electronics reveal the need for dependable,
efficient, high-speed and low cost in-vehicle communication [2]. In the earlier days of automotive
electronics, each new function was implemented as a stand-alone ECU, which is a subsystem
composed of a microcontroller and a set of sensors and actuators. This approach quickly proved
to be insufficient with the need for functions to be distributed over several ECUs and the need for
information exchanges among functions [3]. Therefore, fundamental architecture of integrated
electronic systems in an automobile is important to be designed in order to optimize the total
function, cost and productivity [4]. Today, 90% of all innovations are driven by electronics and
software. 50-70% of the development costs for an ECU are related to software. Today, premier
cars have up to 70 ECUs, connected by 5 system buses and up to 2500 signals are exchanged by
these ECUs [5]. This growing number of ECUs increases the complexity and cost of vehicle
development system [6]. Because of the growing system complexity, cost plays a significant role
in the development of vehicles. To reduce the vehicle development cost, automotive industrial
2. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.2, No.3, September 2011
166
consortiums are working on standards for automotive electronic systems and software
architecture. These standards would increase the commonality and reusability of software in ECU
design and reduce the system cost accordingly. The cost, flexibility, extensibility and the need for
coping with increased functional complexity in vehicles are changing the fundamental paradigms
for the definition of automotive architectures [7]. The complexity of the vehicle systems is also
increasing due to the increase in the amount of hardware and software. Instead of isolated
functionality on separate ECUs, distributed systems located on several ECUs with a high degree
of interaction are introduced [8]. For accurate and efficient development of electronic systems,
well defined processes and powerful tools must be used. The transition from the conventional
software development approach is being replaced by the model based approach, in order to meet
the development time and time to market. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 deals with
the data processing in vehicles. Section 3 deals with the requirements and challenges to be
addressed in automotive domain. Section 4 deals with the hardware and software in vehicles.
Section 5 explains the migration to AUTOSAR. Section 6 deals with the CORBA Middleware
Architecture to reduce the complexity of electronics and software in vehicles. The paper is
concluded in section 7.
2. DATA PROCESSING IN VEHICLE
2.1. Requirements
Highly sophisticated state-of-the-art open-loop and closed-loop control concepts are essential for
meeting the demands for function, safety, environmental compatibility and convenience
associated with the wide range of automotive subsystems installed in modern-day vehicles.
ECUs developed for use in vehicles all have a similar design. Their structure can be subdivided in
the conditioning of input signals, the logic processing of these signals in the microcomputer, and
the output of logic and power levels as regulation or control signals [9]. ECUs generally process
signals in digital form. Rapid, periodic, real time signals are processed in hardware modules
specifically designed for the particular function. This procedure substantially reduces the CPU’s
interrupt response time requirements.
Originally, data exchange between the ECUs took place via separate wires. However, this type of
point-to-point connection is only suitable for a limited number of signals. The introduction of
automotive-compatible communication networks for serial transmission of information and data
between ECUs has expanded the data transfer capabilities and represents the logical development
of autonomous “microcomputers” in vehicles. The generic block diagram of any ECU is shown in
the figure3.
Figure 1. Signal Processing in the Control Unit
The amount of time available for calculations is determined by the control systems. The software
contains the actual control algorithms. Depending on the data, an almost unlimited number of
logic operations can be established and data records stored and processed in the form of
parameters, characteristic curves and multidimensional program maps. For more complex
3. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.2, No.3, September 2011
167
requirements in the field of image processing, the use of digital signal processor is becoming
more widespread [9].
3. REQUIREMENTS AND CHALLENGES TO BE ADDRESSED IN AUTOMOTIVE
DOMAIN
The multitude of embedded system applications, especially for automotive domain is subjected to
following specialized requirements and challenges to be addressed:
1.Design and implementation perspective towards systems designed for one or more of
applications mentioned before, especially the mission critical applications pose high levels of
technical challenges in terms of scarce computer resources, which predominantly include
memory, timing and speed.
2. To add to the complexity, the scenarios that a vehicle is subjected in a real life situation are
numerous and each of them is unique in its entirety.
3. The production lines of the automobile industry are, not only inherently expensive but also
expensive to change frequently. As such, products need to be totally fail-safe before placing them
for production. The automotive industry has addressed these issues by adapting the following
technologies and networking models:
1. Standard protocols have been originated and used for communicating among different
subsystems of the automobile. This shall incorporate certain standardization and addresses the
ease of communication among automotive subsystems. Examples of such protocols include CAN,
LIN, JTAG etc.
2. The standardized protocols and communication mechanisms have encouraged what are called
tier 1 vendors for automobile manufacturers who would be, independently working on different
subsystems of an automobile and be vendors to
automotive industry. This working model is possible on account of their ability to provide
industry standard interfaces for their subsystems. Major tier1 vendors are Delphi Automation,
Valeo Electronics, Visteon, Alps Automotive, etc.
3. Interconnection of subsystems from different Tier 1 vendors is possible again on account of
standardization of the interfaces.
4. Addressing the mission critical nature of automotive subsystems, testing has become an
important activity in the development of automobile subsystems. As indicated earlier, since the
scenario that the subsystem and automobile as a whole is subjected is numerous and are unique
themselves. This has necessitated the need of automated test systems. Again adaptation of
standard protocols and interconnection mechanisms have paved way for specialized activity of
design and implementation of hardware/software driven automated test systems.
5. The evolution of technologies, need of the day supplemented with the need of global
standardization has resulted in increasing research potential in the domain. While many
companies are engaged in development of test tools that aid the core development of testing tools,
in general and also specific to automotive requirements has seen good progress. To make the
situation more complex, as the advantages of these technologies are being felt in other domains as
well [10].
4. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE IN VEHICLES
Modern cars of today carry more hardware and computation power than the Apollo spaceship that
flew to the moon. They carry up to 80 controllers connected by up to 5 different bus systems
connected to numerous sensors and actuators as well as a multimedia human machine interface
and external devices such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants [11]. Many automotive
ECUs implement most of their functionality in real-time software systems. Thus, ensuring the
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availability of the software system is essential to guaranteeing the dependable operation of the
ECU. Each ECU is a system embedded with software. It’s no longer possible to study an ECU as
a stand-alone system. The automotive industry is facing the challenge of the rapidly growing
significance of software and software-based functionalities. Research has shown that software
complexity is a major reason for project delay and cost overrun. AUTOSAR is a very recent
international effort to address the issue of complexity management of highly integrated ECUs for
future requirements[12]. The watchdog is a major design mechanism being used in ECUs to
compensate for transient system failures and maintain availability. It is an external
circuit/processor that monitors the CPU of an ECU. The application software running on the CPU
periodically sends a signal to the watchdog indicating that it is still functioning. If a failure occurs
in the ECU software, it would not be able to send this signal, and thus the watchdog would
determine that a system failure has occurred. Once the watchdog detects a failure, it triggers a
system reset to recover the system and resume normal operation[13]. Table 1 shows ECU
software categories [9]. The emission related control ECU includes engine control and
transmission control ECUs. They are safety critical and need to collaborate to produce the driving
power and distribute it appropriately to the wheels.
Table 1:ECU software categories
It consists of software components that include the RTOS, network control, application control,
sensor control, actuator control, on-board diagnostic and the self-test component. Non emission
related ECU controls the vehicle electrical and mechanical parts to fulfill non-emission related
vehicle system functions. Being with control-oriented software attribute, the architecture of this
ECU is similar to the emission related control ECU. Telematic ECU furnishes vehicle driver with
additional value-added services, it needs to fulfill the service commitment promoted by the
carmaker or the service provider. Off-board ECU interacts with the on-board electronics through
vehicle bus to examine their operation status. It hooks to the vehicle bus through the cable that
connects to the vehicle test connector[9].
Sl. No ECU software
category
Attributes
1 Emission related
control ECU
-Safety critical
-Emission regulation compliance
-Less user interface
-Long product life cycle
2 Non Emission related
control ECU
-vehicle usability concern
-safety regulation(concern)
-less user interface
-long product life cycle
3 Telematic ECU -service commitment
-conditional user interface complexity
-medium product life cycle
4 Infotainment ECU -less safety related
-fancy user interface
-neat feature size
-adapting consumer electronic features
-shorter product life cycle
5 Off-board ECU -interacts with on-board system
-adaptive to multiple vehicle models
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4.1. Autoelectronic Innovations
The automotive electronics market has been growing faster than the overall electronics market
and much faster than actual vehicle production. For the next several years, research predicts that
automotive electronics will grow at a rate of more than seven percent. Over the course of this
decade, the worldwide market for automotive electronics is expected to double [14]. In fact, many
industry observers expect electronic components to account for 40% of total car production costs
in the near future. Electronic components currently comprise some 20-30% of total costs for all
car categories, and this figure is expected to reach 40% or so by 2015 [15]. A generic
presentation of any automotive subsystem shall be as depicted in Fig.2.
Figure 2. A generic Automotive Subsystem
The main factor behind the rapid increase in the proportion of electronic components used in
motor vehicles is the crucial role that electronics plays in developing optimal technological
solutions to the four main issues that automakers face today: 1) improving drivability, 2)
enhancing safety features, 3) lowering environmental burden, and 4) realizing greater operational
reliability. Drivers have always demanded safety and reliability, but now that the rate of car
ownership is reaching unprecedented heights, they are also insisting on ease of driving.
Automakers must now also address environmental issues, which have become a topic of growing
concern. The effective application of electronics technology is absolutely vital to the automotive
industry as viable solutions to these four key issues.
As a result of technological progress promoted by electronics, electronics technology has become
indispensable to ensuring reliability. In particular, as the code size of software for microcomputer
control continues to expand, ensuring the reliability of software has become a crucial matter for
the automakers. The proportion of man-hours devoted to software development has been rising
sharply. This forces the OEMs to redesign their entire development systems to allow efficient
development of highly reliable, large-scale software programs. As part of this initiative, OEMs
are promoting standardization of software development implementing AUTOSAR standards.
5. MIGRATION TO AUTOSAR
The increasing complexity of software implementations parallels increasing supply-chain
complexity. Software developers design their components based on requirement definitions from
the OEMs or Tier 1 suppliers, who are later responsible for their integration. The AUTOSAR
development partnership which includes several OEM manufacturers, Tier 1 suppliers, and tool
and software vendors, has been created to develop an open industry standard for automotive
software architectures. To achieve the technical goals of modularity, scalability, transferability,
and function reusability, AUTOSAR provides a common software infrastructure based on
standardized interfaces for the different layers [16].
Mechanical Subsystems
Electromechanical Actuators
Automotive Electronics
Sensor System HMI
R
T
O
S
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The migration to AUTOSAR in vehicles does not happen at once. Instead, every OEM is
applying various migration scenarios depending on what kind of products are suitable at the
developing phase of the specific models. BMW already started migration by applying a network
and an ECU migration process. The migration of a vehicle’s E/E-network to AUTOSAR will
follow a step-by-step approach. Starting with a few ECUs, especially those with a new hardware
platform, more and more ECUs will be migrated over time [17]. The great advantage of the
AUTOSAR standard is the possibility to integrate a high amount of functionality into one ECU in
a controlled way. Such development projects involve multiple suppliers and address many cross-
domain interfaces.
The need to concentrate on a common stack of infrastructure software is addressed by
AUTOSAR with well-specified, standardized basic software that closes the gap between
microcontroller hardware and application software. The technical concept of the AUTOSAR
approach is a layered model, which is new in the software design for automotive applications.
[18]. Fig. 3 shows the layered software architecture.
Figure 3. AUTOSAR layered software architecture [19]
The AUTOSAR layered architecture is offering all the mechanisms needed for software and
hardware independence. The upper layer is dedicated to the applications; the lower part, the
infrastructure, is containing the basic software layer and the Run Time Environment (RTE). The
basic software layer containing the 53 Basic Software Modules is organized in 3 layers providing
the different levels of abstraction from the hardware (Fig.3): the ECU and the microcontroller ;
the upper layer, hardware independent, is providing services to the applications software via the
RTE [20].
6. CORBA MIDDLEWARE TO REDUCE HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
COMPLEXITY IN VEHICLES
To reduce the complexity of electronics in modern vehicle, OEMs are struggling to integrate as
many software components as possible into the existing ECU, without degrading the performance
of the ECU. In this paper, we propose a new architecture to support ad-on software to the existing
ECU, using CORBA middleware which is language, location and platform independent [21]. Fig.
4 shows the proposed model to add the new software to the existing ECU.
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Figure 4. CORBA Middleware Architecture
In the proposed architecture, OSEK Real Time Operating System (RTOS) has been considered
with a focus on reusability of application software, and transferable improvement(Hardware,
network a non-depending interface). CORBA middleware is a software layer that connects and
manages different tasks running on an ECU. It consists of three components, resource manager,
load distributer and task handler. When a new task is to be run on the existing ECU, it is detected
by the task handler. The task handler of each ECU communicates with other ECUs to know the
status of the available resources. The resource handler allocates the resources required for the
new task. Depending on the availability of the resources, load distributor assigns the task to the
specific ECU. Each ECU is given a unique ID. The ECU with the highest ID is the master and is
responsible for the control of the ECUs in the network. If the master ECU fails, a new master will
be chosen with the aid of the Bully algorithm which is a method for dynamically selecting a
coordinator by the ID. When a new task is detected by all the ECUs, the ECU with less CPU load
and the required hardware will execute the new task.
6.1 Load Balancing and Load Sharing in Automotives
Distributed systems such as automotives can suffer from poor performance due to a bottleneck at
overloaded ECUs. To address this performance bottleneck, an adaptive load balancing is used to
distribute the load from densely loaded ECUs to scarcely loaded ECUs. Not much research has
been done on keeping the load balanced across ECUs. To achieve good performance, it is
essential to maintain a balanced work load among all the ECUs. Sometimes the load can be
balanced statically. However, in many cases, the load on each ECU cannot be predicted a priory.
Dispatching tasks from densely loaded ECUs to scarcely loaded ones to improve the overall
performance of the vehicle is both logical and feasible [22]. A schedule of the work load that
should be moved between any two ECUs , such that each ECU will have the same load on
Task1
Task2
Task3
Taskn
CORBA
Middleware
Resource
Manager
Task
Handler
Load
Distributor
Real Time Operating System
ECU Hardware
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completion is a challenging task. One way to balance the load is to dispatch the job immediately
upon arrival. The best load balancing status occurs when all ECUs are at the point of full
utilization, without saturation. Each ECU’s work load is proportional to its capacity. Allocating
more jobs to a fully utilized ECUs might cause imbalance without improving the overall
throughput. Since the data movement between ECUs incurs communication cost, the schedule
should give balanced load with minimal data movement. Restricting the data movement to the
neighboring ECUs might reduce communication cost [23]. Load balancer attempts to ensure that
loads are balanced across a group of ECUs. The fig.5 shows the Novel Load balancing model.
Figure 5 Components of a Load Balancer
The Load Estimator estimates the load on each ECU and intimates the load detector about the
overload and under load. The detector detects load imbalance and initiates a trigger when an
imbalance occurs. The trigger from the detector initiates the mediator to establish a load
balancing session between the ECUs, namely offloading ECU (ECU with the higher load doing
the offloading) and the load-accepting ECU (ECU accepting load from the offloading ECU).
Depending on which performance metric is to be balanced, one of the offloading algorithms is
invoked.
Load sharing mechanism is a software approach to transfer the load from overloaded ECU to
underloaded/idle ECU in order to improve the performance of the ECUs. In order to achieve this
goal, a load sharing mechanism should have the following features.
1. It generates as little traffic overhead as possible while keeping the load information
updated.
2. It creates a low overhead on the CPU for running the load sharing algorithm.
3. Load sharing is done in reasonably short time intervals [24].
7. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we addressed the issues on the deployment of electronics and software in vehicles.
It is expected that 40% of total cost of the vehicles will be due to the electronics and software.
OEMs are working towards improvising the legacy software using AUTOSAR. The load sharing
and load balancing mechanisms are finding way to reduce the complexity of ECU hardware in
vehicles to improve the performance. We also presented CORBA middleware architecture for
executing Add-on software, which reduces the need for a new ECU when new features are to be
added to the existing system, thereby reducing the complexity of the electronics and software
involved in vehicles.
Load Detector
Mediator
Load distribution
algorithms
Load
Estimator
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Authors
Rajeshwari Hegde completed her Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and
Communication Engineering from National Institute of Engineering, Mysore and
Master of Engineering in Electronics from BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore
and perusing her research in the field of automotive embedded system at Bangalore
University, India, under the guidance of Dr K S Gurumurthy. Her major field of study
includes embedded system, signal processing and wireless communication.
She is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Department of
Telecommunication Engineering, BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, India. She
has published 33 research papers in international conferences, national conferences and reputed journals. Her
research interests are automotive embedded system and signal processing. Prof Hegde is the member of IET.
Geetishree Mishra completed her AMIE in Electronics and Communication
Engineering from The Institution of Engineers, India, Master of Technology in Digital
Communication from BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, India. She has seven
years of industry experience from Radiant Telesystems Limited Bhubaneshwar, Orissa
and teaching experience of three years. Currently she is working as a lecturer in the
department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BMS College of
Engineering, Bangalore. She has published four papers in International conferences
and journals. Her research interests include Automotive Embedded Systems, Signal
Processing, In-Vehicle networks.
Dr K S Gurumurthy completed his Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and
Communication , from Mysore University and Master of Engineering in Solid State
Electronics from U.O.R., Roorkee (now IIT, Roorkee), and PhD from Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore, India. His major field of study includes VLSI and
microelectronics.He has two years of industrial experience and more than 30 years of
research and academic experience. He is currently working as Professor and Head,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, University
Visvesvarayya College of Engineering, Bangalore, India. He has given more than 50
guest lectures on different topics of VLSI VLSI DESI at various colleges, WIPRO,CRL and at IETE. He has
published more than 75 research papers in various international journals and conferences. His research interests
are VLSI Design, Embedded System and Communication.
Dr Gurumurthy is the professional member of IEEE and ISTE. He is the recipient of KHOSLA AWARD for the
BEST Technical Paper presented at UOR, Roorkee, India.