This document describes a study that used a 2x2 factorial design in Minitab 14 to model and optimize the solvent extraction of oil from neem seeds. The effects of two factors - impeller speed (37 or 84 rpm) and contact time (20 or 40 minutes) - on oil yield were examined for two different impeller types (A1 and A2). The maximum oil yield of 36.86% was obtained with impeller A1 at 84 rpm for 40 minutes. Impeller speed, contact time, and their interaction had a significant effect on yield. Models were developed to relate yield to the factors for each impeller type. The extracted neem oil properties were similar to literature values.
To Study the Performance of Oxygen Enriched Diesel Engine by Varying Compress...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the performance of a diesel engine with oxygen-enriched intake air at different compression ratios. The study used a single cylinder variable compression ratio diesel engine with an eddy current dynamometer. Tests were conducted at two compression ratios (16.5 and 17.5) and two oxygen intake levels (1 L/min and 2 L/min). Results showed that brake specific fuel consumption decreased with higher oxygen intake and compression ratio. Brake power and exhaust gas temperature increased with higher oxygen intake and compression ratio. Optimum performance was achieved between 70-80% load with a compression ratio of 16.5-17.5 when oxygen intake was increased.
This document provides a final report for the process design and technoeconomic analysis of two downstream recovery and purification processes for diethyl malonate (DEM) from a fermentation reactor. Experimental results found that decreasing pH decreases DEM solubility in water in a nonlinear fashion, and the partition coefficient of DEM in a water-pentane system was determined to be 2.4 ± 0.2. A sensitivity analysis of process parameters found that liquid-liquid extraction with n-pentane could achieve 99.96% DEM recovery at a unit cost of $0.016/kg, while a series process using decantation followed by extraction could achieve 99.95% recovery at $0.011/kg. The extraction only process
Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Azadiracht...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a study that used statistical modeling and optimization to produce biodiesel from neem (Azadirachta Indica) oil using a co-solvent transesterification process. Neem oil was extracted and pretreated. A central composite design was used to experimentally vary reaction temperature, catalyst amount, reaction time, and methanol-to-oil ratio. Biodiesel yield and properties were measured. An optimized yield of 84.77% was achieved at 34°C, 1.10% catalyst, 35 minutes, and a 6:1 molar ratio. The produced biodiesel met ASTM specifications for properties like cetane number, viscosity, and flash point.
This document discusses an experimental study of liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) in pseudoternary systems containing glycerol, ethanol, and fatty acid ethyl esters from crambe oil at temperatures of 298.2 K, 318.2 K, and 338.2 K. LLE data were obtained for these systems and used to adjust parameters for the NRTL thermodynamic model. Two sets of UNIFAC binary interaction parameters were also tested to predict the LLE. Ethanol showed a greater affinity for the glycerol-rich phase. Glycerol and fatty acid ethyl esters exhibited very low miscibility. The NRTL model predictions had average mass fraction deviations below 0.82% from
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
The present work is focused on the effects of waste cooking oil based methyl ester and its blends with petrodiesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, rope brake dynamometer assisted CI engine at varying loads. The physical and chemical properties of WCO based methyl ester were determined using standard ASTM methods. The suitability of WCO based methyl ester and its blends were evaluated through determining the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. These results were compared to petrodiesel for validation. By analyzing these results, it was observed that the performance and emission characteristics were shown both satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. This was due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of waste cooking oil methyl ester resulted delay in combustion. From the critical analysis, it was observed that B20 of WCO based methyl ester reserved 32.2% brake thermal efficiency slightly greater than petrodiesel i.e. 32% without any engine modifications. It is concluded that B20 of WCO based methyl ester is suitable with no modification in engine.
This work presents the experimental results of gasification of char derived from
pyrolysis of Pongamia deoiled cake at maximum oil condition. Experiments are
conducted in fluidized bed reactor using air as the gasifying agent. The gasification
temperature and equivalence ratio (ER) were varied as per the designed experiment
using central composite design to study the influence on the composition of the
product gas. The lower heating value (LHV), Gas yield (GY), carbon conversion
efficiency (CCE) and cold gas efficiency (CGE) were calculated from the data of the
composition of the gas. The experiments were carried out in the temperature range of
600-800 °C, equivalence ratio of 0.26-0.36. Regression equations were proposed as a
function of temperature and ER for H2, CO, CH4 and CO2 in the range of
experimental conditions. The results showed that at a temperature of 800 °C and ER
of 0.35, maximum cold gas efficiency of 52.04% was achieved. The optimum input
parameters were identified for maximum gasification efficiency. The product gas with
highest LHV, 5 MJ/Nm3 was obtained at 600 °C temperature, 0.26 ER. The product
gas obtained through gasification of this kind of char can be used as fuel for syngas
engines, for power generation and process heat applications.
This document compares the characteristics of crude palm oil (CPO) and waste cooking oil for biodiesel production via transesterification. It discusses how reaction temperature, time, and stirring speed influence the yield. Testing showed higher temperatures increased fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content, with the highest yield at 60°C. Longer reaction times also increased FAME content by allowing more collisions between molecules. An optimal stirring speed of 500 rpm produced the highest FAME content by promoting homogenization, while speeds too high or low reduced yield. Variables of 60°C, 1.5 hours, and 500 rpm produced biodiesel meeting Indonesian and American standards for properties like density and flash point, though CPO
IRJET- Parameter Design for Optimum Percentage Yield for Bio-Diesel from ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used Taguchi methodology to optimize parameters for maximum biodiesel production from linseed oil through transesterification. The parameters investigated were molar ratio of methanol to triglyceride, reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst concentration. Experiments were conducted according to an L9 orthogonal array. ANOVA results showed that reaction temperature had the greatest effect on yield, contributing most to variation in yield. The optimal conditions found were a molar ratio of 6:1, reaction temperature of 60°C, reaction time of 60 minutes, and catalyst concentration of 1%, which yielded 95% biodiesel. Further work could utilize other experimental designs like factorial or response surface methodology.
To Study the Performance of Oxygen Enriched Diesel Engine by Varying Compress...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the performance of a diesel engine with oxygen-enriched intake air at different compression ratios. The study used a single cylinder variable compression ratio diesel engine with an eddy current dynamometer. Tests were conducted at two compression ratios (16.5 and 17.5) and two oxygen intake levels (1 L/min and 2 L/min). Results showed that brake specific fuel consumption decreased with higher oxygen intake and compression ratio. Brake power and exhaust gas temperature increased with higher oxygen intake and compression ratio. Optimum performance was achieved between 70-80% load with a compression ratio of 16.5-17.5 when oxygen intake was increased.
This document provides a final report for the process design and technoeconomic analysis of two downstream recovery and purification processes for diethyl malonate (DEM) from a fermentation reactor. Experimental results found that decreasing pH decreases DEM solubility in water in a nonlinear fashion, and the partition coefficient of DEM in a water-pentane system was determined to be 2.4 ± 0.2. A sensitivity analysis of process parameters found that liquid-liquid extraction with n-pentane could achieve 99.96% DEM recovery at a unit cost of $0.016/kg, while a series process using decantation followed by extraction could achieve 99.95% recovery at $0.011/kg. The extraction only process
Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Azadiracht...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a study that used statistical modeling and optimization to produce biodiesel from neem (Azadirachta Indica) oil using a co-solvent transesterification process. Neem oil was extracted and pretreated. A central composite design was used to experimentally vary reaction temperature, catalyst amount, reaction time, and methanol-to-oil ratio. Biodiesel yield and properties were measured. An optimized yield of 84.77% was achieved at 34°C, 1.10% catalyst, 35 minutes, and a 6:1 molar ratio. The produced biodiesel met ASTM specifications for properties like cetane number, viscosity, and flash point.
This document discusses an experimental study of liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) in pseudoternary systems containing glycerol, ethanol, and fatty acid ethyl esters from crambe oil at temperatures of 298.2 K, 318.2 K, and 338.2 K. LLE data were obtained for these systems and used to adjust parameters for the NRTL thermodynamic model. Two sets of UNIFAC binary interaction parameters were also tested to predict the LLE. Ethanol showed a greater affinity for the glycerol-rich phase. Glycerol and fatty acid ethyl esters exhibited very low miscibility. The NRTL model predictions had average mass fraction deviations below 0.82% from
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
The present work is focused on the effects of waste cooking oil based methyl ester and its blends with petrodiesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, rope brake dynamometer assisted CI engine at varying loads. The physical and chemical properties of WCO based methyl ester were determined using standard ASTM methods. The suitability of WCO based methyl ester and its blends were evaluated through determining the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. These results were compared to petrodiesel for validation. By analyzing these results, it was observed that the performance and emission characteristics were shown both satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. This was due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of waste cooking oil methyl ester resulted delay in combustion. From the critical analysis, it was observed that B20 of WCO based methyl ester reserved 32.2% brake thermal efficiency slightly greater than petrodiesel i.e. 32% without any engine modifications. It is concluded that B20 of WCO based methyl ester is suitable with no modification in engine.
This work presents the experimental results of gasification of char derived from
pyrolysis of Pongamia deoiled cake at maximum oil condition. Experiments are
conducted in fluidized bed reactor using air as the gasifying agent. The gasification
temperature and equivalence ratio (ER) were varied as per the designed experiment
using central composite design to study the influence on the composition of the
product gas. The lower heating value (LHV), Gas yield (GY), carbon conversion
efficiency (CCE) and cold gas efficiency (CGE) were calculated from the data of the
composition of the gas. The experiments were carried out in the temperature range of
600-800 °C, equivalence ratio of 0.26-0.36. Regression equations were proposed as a
function of temperature and ER for H2, CO, CH4 and CO2 in the range of
experimental conditions. The results showed that at a temperature of 800 °C and ER
of 0.35, maximum cold gas efficiency of 52.04% was achieved. The optimum input
parameters were identified for maximum gasification efficiency. The product gas with
highest LHV, 5 MJ/Nm3 was obtained at 600 °C temperature, 0.26 ER. The product
gas obtained through gasification of this kind of char can be used as fuel for syngas
engines, for power generation and process heat applications.
This document compares the characteristics of crude palm oil (CPO) and waste cooking oil for biodiesel production via transesterification. It discusses how reaction temperature, time, and stirring speed influence the yield. Testing showed higher temperatures increased fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content, with the highest yield at 60°C. Longer reaction times also increased FAME content by allowing more collisions between molecules. An optimal stirring speed of 500 rpm produced the highest FAME content by promoting homogenization, while speeds too high or low reduced yield. Variables of 60°C, 1.5 hours, and 500 rpm produced biodiesel meeting Indonesian and American standards for properties like density and flash point, though CPO
IRJET- Parameter Design for Optimum Percentage Yield for Bio-Diesel from ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used Taguchi methodology to optimize parameters for maximum biodiesel production from linseed oil through transesterification. The parameters investigated were molar ratio of methanol to triglyceride, reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst concentration. Experiments were conducted according to an L9 orthogonal array. ANOVA results showed that reaction temperature had the greatest effect on yield, contributing most to variation in yield. The optimal conditions found were a molar ratio of 6:1, reaction temperature of 60°C, reaction time of 60 minutes, and catalyst concentration of 1%, which yielded 95% biodiesel. Further work could utilize other experimental designs like factorial or response surface methodology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) The Radox catalyst was significantly more effective than chlorine dioxide at reducing malodorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from poultry rendering waste gas. Samples treated with Radox had 42% more carbon dioxide and 69% lower aldehydes compared to untreated or chlorine dioxide treated samples.
2) Gas chromatography-olfactometry identified five aldehydes responsible for over half of odor intensity in untreated samples. The Radox catalyst converted these malodorous aldehydes to less odorous organic acids.
3) Fifteen air samples were analyzed and grouped. Samples treated with just Radox or Radox plus chlorine dioxide had similar VOC profiles and lower VOC levels compared to untreated or chlor
Synthesis of Biolubricants from Non Edible OilsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on synthesizing biolubricants from non-edible oils like mahua and karanja oils. The researchers first characterized the chemical and physical properties of the crude oils. They then converted the oils into biodiesel via esterification and transesterification reactions. The biodiesels were further processed via a trimethylolpropane route to produce di-esters and tri-esters, known as biolubricants. The properties of the resulting mahua and karanja biolubricants were analyzed and found to compare favorably to standard engine oil properties. The researchers concluded that biolubricants can successfully be produced from abundant non-
This document evaluates the thermooxidation stabilities of additive-free base oils used in two commercially available grades of automotive crankcase oil (SAE-28W50 and SAE-10W40). The base oils were obtained by stripping the commercial oils of their additive components. The base oils were then thermally oxidized using a modified Turbine Oil Oxidation Test apparatus at increasing temperatures up to 380°C. The stabilities were evaluated based on parameters like Total Acid Number and Total Oxidation Products. Results showed that the synthetic base oil (SAE-10W40) was the least stable, followed by the blended base oil, while the mineral base oil (SAE-28
Crimson Publishers-Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali ...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali Catalyzed Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using Microwave Flow System by Hamed Nayebzadeh in Research & Development in Material Science
This document describes the simulation and design of a process to recover monoethylene glycol (MEG) from effluent waste streams of a petrochemical company in Iran. Aspen Plus simulation software was used to model the process, which involves separating water, salts, and various glycols (MEG, DEG, TEG, TTEG) using a series of distillation columns. Sensitivity analyses were performed to optimize column parameters such as pressure, reflux ratio, and boilup ratio. The results showed that MEG, DEG, TEG, and TTEG could be recovered at rates of 5.01, 2.039, 0.062, and 0.089 kg/hr, respectively.
The document presents an experimental study on the effects of substituting Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for diesel fuel in a compression ignition engine. Experiments were conducted at different CNG substitution levels of 2.5 LPM, 7.5 LPM, and 12.5 LPM and compression ratios of 16.5, 17.5, and 18.5. Performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, volumetric efficiency, and brake specific energy consumption were calculated. The results showed that as CNG substitution increased, performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and volumetric efficiency decreased while brake specific fuel consumption and brake specific energy consumption increased. The highest performance was achieved at a compression ratio of 17.5. Ex
Pyroligneous Liquor Produced at Different Heating Rates in Pyrolysis of Eucal...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
The objective of this research was to analyze the influence of two different heating rates (2.67 °C/min, 0.67 °C/min), reaching 500 °C as final temperature in pyrolysis, on the chemical composition of the pyroligneous liquor produced. Three pyrolysis sessions were performed for each heating rate on Eucalyptus urograndis wood chips in an oven-muffle connected to a gas-collecting system. The gravimetric yield was calculated, and the chemical compounds of pyroligneous liquors were identified through gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Heating rates did not affect the gravimetric yield of final products. However, qualitative differences were observed in the chemical composition of pyroligneous liquors produced. The presence of 1-hidroxy 2-propanone, 4-methylphenol (p-cresol), and 5-hidroxymethyl 2-furaldehyde compounds was detected only in the pyroligneous liquor produced at the highest heating rate (2.67 °C/min).
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000527.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on open access journals of Agronomy please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
This document summarizes a study that used the Taguchi method to optimize the parameters of a single cylinder diesel engine fueled with blends of palm seed oil and diesel. The parameters investigated were compression ratio, injection pressure, and engine load. Experiments were conducted according to an L9 orthogonal array from the Taguchi method. The results identified that a compression ratio of 16, injection pressure of 180 bar, and engine load of 10kg produced the highest brake thermal efficiency. A confirmation experiment supported that this combination of parameters achieved brake thermal efficiency close to the value predicted by the Taguchi analysis. In conclusion, the Taguchi method was found to be an efficient optimization technique for this system.
Optimization of Sunflower Methyl Ester and its Tribological StudiesIJRES Journal
The mineral oil lubricants that are being used these days are not sure of lasting for a long time. There are chances of them being depleted in a short span of years. As a replacement for the mineral oils, various vegetable oils are taken up for research purpose in order to use them as an alternate for the present mineral lubrication. Bio lubricant is produced by transesterification of a triglyceride with methanol in the presence of catalyst to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and glycerol. The main parameters affecting the transesterification reactions are molar ratio, catalyst type and amount, reaction time, temperature and stirrer speed. In this work, the producrion of sunflower methyl ester (SFME) can be optimized by using Taguchi technique and the properties of a lubricant like viscosity, flash point and fire point is found out, also four ball wear test proved that the SFME+crude SFO proportions produced less wear scar than conventional 2T oil which revealed that the prepared bio lubricant can be used in a commercial vehicle.
Determination of physico chemical properties of castor biodiesel a potentialIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that determined the physicochemical properties of castor biodiesel as a potential alternative to conventional diesel. Castor oil was extracted from seeds using solvent extraction. The oil was then transesterified to produce fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) using methanol and a base catalyst. Physicochemical properties of the castor oil and biodiesel were analyzed and found to exhibit properties suitable for biodiesel, with improved properties compared to the original oil. Thermal stability tests also showed satisfactory results, indicating castor biodiesel's potential as an alternative fuel.
A Study On The Performance And Combustion Of A Diesel Engine Fuelled With B...theijes
This paper highlights the performance and combustion of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine operated on blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil. An additive Diethyl ether (DEE) has been added in three different proportions to B20 blended fuel to study the effect of additive on the performance and combustion of the diesel engine. Our results conclude that the break thermal efficiencies of the diesel engine show an increasing trend with both blended fuels and additive mixed blended fuels, slightly higher than the case of pure diesel fuel.
Theoritical investigations of injection pressure in a four stroke di diesel e...IAEME Publication
This document discusses theoretical investigations of injection pressure in a four-stroke diesel engine using alcohol as fuel. A computer program was developed to simulate the engine's performance with diesel and at different alcohol injection pressures ranging from 180 to 160 bar. The results showed that an injection pressure of 165 bar for alcohol produced higher brake thermal efficiency and indicated thermal efficiency that were closest to diesel fuel. It was concluded that alcohol can be used in diesel engines with an injection pressure of 165 bar as it allows an optimum amount of alcohol to be injected while compensating for alcohol's low viscosity.
IRJET- Development of Heterogeneous Catalyst for Transesterification Reaction...IRJET Journal
This document describes research into developing a heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of rice bran oil into biodiesel. A catalyst of Mg-SO4-2/ZrO2 was found to achieve over 90% conversion at 800°C. Characterization showed the catalyst could be reused for 1000 hours without loss of activity. The biodiesel produced contained fatty acid methyl esters like methyl palmitate and methyl oleate. Kinetic studies found the reaction to be first order with a rate constant of approximately 1 min-1. The catalyst shows potential for industrial biodiesel production.
Performance Optimization of Diesel Engine with Chicken Waste Bio-diesel Blend...IJERD Editor
This paper presents an experimental study that include an application of the grey relational analysis
to determine the optimum factor level to obtain optimum multiple-performance characteristics of a diesel engine
run with different low-percentage chicken waste biodiesel-diesel blends. Grey relational analysis is used for data
analysis and four factors, namely, low-percentage chicken waste biodiesel-diesel blend, compression ratio,
injection timing and injection pressure were each considered at four levels. An L16 orthogonal array was used to
collect data for various engine performance related responses under constant engine loads. Results of
confirmation tests showed good agreement with predicted quantities. The results of the study revealed that the
combination of a blend consisting of 10% chicken waste biodiesel (B10), a compression ratio of 18, an injection
pressure of 220 bar and an injection timing of 19° bTDC produces maximum multiple performance of the diesel
engine.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document describes a prototype for a mobile biological wastewater treatment system created by engineering students. The system uses a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with a 300 gallon tank that can switch between aerobic and anaerobic treatment. It includes a tank mixer, centrifugal pump, air pump, air diffuser, programmable logic controller, and sensors for monitoring water conditions. The total cost is $8,197, below the $10,000 budget. The system has been designed but not yet tested for biological wastewater treatment.
Control System Based on Fuzzy Logic in Nutmeg Oil Distillation ProcessTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The focus of this research is the application of electronic control on the distillation boiler of
nutmeg oil. The control system is based on fuzzy logic and as the input parameter is temperature and
vapor pressure. The temperature parameters are set in the range 80-120ºC, and the vapor pressure
parameters are set in the range of 1-2.5 atmospheres. The output parameter is the time required in the
distillation process. The optimal values of these input and output parameters are embedded in
microcontroller based control. The control responds to the temperature and vapor pressure to select the
gas flow rate at the distillation boiler. This experiment was conducted on a distillation system with a
capacity of 25 kg of crushed dried nutmeg, manually and with control based on fuzzy logic. Conventional
testing requires 6.90 kg of gas and applying fuzzy logic based control requires 5.50 kg of gas. The yield of
nutmeg oil from the distillation process is 2.5 kg conventionally and 2.63 kg with fuzzy logic control. Based
on the optimal time of 16 hours distillation process, there was a decrease of gas consumption by 20.3%.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of supercharging and using blends of diesel fuel and tyre pyrolysis oil on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine. The researchers conducted experiments on a single cylinder diesel engine using diesel fuel alone and then blends of 10%, 20%, and 30% tyre pyrolysis oil with diesel. The engine was run at a constant speed of 1500 rpm under 1.5 bar of supercharging pressure. Results were compared between the different fuel blends and to diesel alone. Fuel consumption was found to increase with brake power for all fuels but increased more with higher proportions of tyre pyrolysis oil in the blend. Emissions of CO, HC and smoke were generally higher for the
IBM SPSS Statistics, Minitab 14, and Microsoft Office are software packages. SPSS Statistics and Minitab 14 are used for statistical analysis and data mining. Microsoft Office includes common productivity applications like Word, Excel, and PowerPoint.
Project report Final 1 without conclusionRajesh Gupta
The document describes the extractive separation of azadirachtin (AZ) from neem seed kernels. It involves a process using solvent precipitation to separate AZ. Key steps include pretreating neem seeds through size reduction, extracting AZ into methanol, distilling off methanol under vacuum, precipitating AZ from solution by adding hexane, filtering the precipitate, and recovering hexane and methanol for reuse. Thermodynamic analysis shows the extraction process is feasible based on the equilibrium constant calculated from reported recovery of AZ.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) The Radox catalyst was significantly more effective than chlorine dioxide at reducing malodorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from poultry rendering waste gas. Samples treated with Radox had 42% more carbon dioxide and 69% lower aldehydes compared to untreated or chlorine dioxide treated samples.
2) Gas chromatography-olfactometry identified five aldehydes responsible for over half of odor intensity in untreated samples. The Radox catalyst converted these malodorous aldehydes to less odorous organic acids.
3) Fifteen air samples were analyzed and grouped. Samples treated with just Radox or Radox plus chlorine dioxide had similar VOC profiles and lower VOC levels compared to untreated or chlor
Synthesis of Biolubricants from Non Edible OilsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on synthesizing biolubricants from non-edible oils like mahua and karanja oils. The researchers first characterized the chemical and physical properties of the crude oils. They then converted the oils into biodiesel via esterification and transesterification reactions. The biodiesels were further processed via a trimethylolpropane route to produce di-esters and tri-esters, known as biolubricants. The properties of the resulting mahua and karanja biolubricants were analyzed and found to compare favorably to standard engine oil properties. The researchers concluded that biolubricants can successfully be produced from abundant non-
This document evaluates the thermooxidation stabilities of additive-free base oils used in two commercially available grades of automotive crankcase oil (SAE-28W50 and SAE-10W40). The base oils were obtained by stripping the commercial oils of their additive components. The base oils were then thermally oxidized using a modified Turbine Oil Oxidation Test apparatus at increasing temperatures up to 380°C. The stabilities were evaluated based on parameters like Total Acid Number and Total Oxidation Products. Results showed that the synthetic base oil (SAE-10W40) was the least stable, followed by the blended base oil, while the mineral base oil (SAE-28
Crimson Publishers-Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali ...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali Catalyzed Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using Microwave Flow System by Hamed Nayebzadeh in Research & Development in Material Science
This document describes the simulation and design of a process to recover monoethylene glycol (MEG) from effluent waste streams of a petrochemical company in Iran. Aspen Plus simulation software was used to model the process, which involves separating water, salts, and various glycols (MEG, DEG, TEG, TTEG) using a series of distillation columns. Sensitivity analyses were performed to optimize column parameters such as pressure, reflux ratio, and boilup ratio. The results showed that MEG, DEG, TEG, and TTEG could be recovered at rates of 5.01, 2.039, 0.062, and 0.089 kg/hr, respectively.
The document presents an experimental study on the effects of substituting Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for diesel fuel in a compression ignition engine. Experiments were conducted at different CNG substitution levels of 2.5 LPM, 7.5 LPM, and 12.5 LPM and compression ratios of 16.5, 17.5, and 18.5. Performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, volumetric efficiency, and brake specific energy consumption were calculated. The results showed that as CNG substitution increased, performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and volumetric efficiency decreased while brake specific fuel consumption and brake specific energy consumption increased. The highest performance was achieved at a compression ratio of 17.5. Ex
Pyroligneous Liquor Produced at Different Heating Rates in Pyrolysis of Eucal...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
The objective of this research was to analyze the influence of two different heating rates (2.67 °C/min, 0.67 °C/min), reaching 500 °C as final temperature in pyrolysis, on the chemical composition of the pyroligneous liquor produced. Three pyrolysis sessions were performed for each heating rate on Eucalyptus urograndis wood chips in an oven-muffle connected to a gas-collecting system. The gravimetric yield was calculated, and the chemical compounds of pyroligneous liquors were identified through gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Heating rates did not affect the gravimetric yield of final products. However, qualitative differences were observed in the chemical composition of pyroligneous liquors produced. The presence of 1-hidroxy 2-propanone, 4-methylphenol (p-cresol), and 5-hidroxymethyl 2-furaldehyde compounds was detected only in the pyroligneous liquor produced at the highest heating rate (2.67 °C/min).
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000527.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on open access journals of Agronomy please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
This document summarizes a study that used the Taguchi method to optimize the parameters of a single cylinder diesel engine fueled with blends of palm seed oil and diesel. The parameters investigated were compression ratio, injection pressure, and engine load. Experiments were conducted according to an L9 orthogonal array from the Taguchi method. The results identified that a compression ratio of 16, injection pressure of 180 bar, and engine load of 10kg produced the highest brake thermal efficiency. A confirmation experiment supported that this combination of parameters achieved brake thermal efficiency close to the value predicted by the Taguchi analysis. In conclusion, the Taguchi method was found to be an efficient optimization technique for this system.
Optimization of Sunflower Methyl Ester and its Tribological StudiesIJRES Journal
The mineral oil lubricants that are being used these days are not sure of lasting for a long time. There are chances of them being depleted in a short span of years. As a replacement for the mineral oils, various vegetable oils are taken up for research purpose in order to use them as an alternate for the present mineral lubrication. Bio lubricant is produced by transesterification of a triglyceride with methanol in the presence of catalyst to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and glycerol. The main parameters affecting the transesterification reactions are molar ratio, catalyst type and amount, reaction time, temperature and stirrer speed. In this work, the producrion of sunflower methyl ester (SFME) can be optimized by using Taguchi technique and the properties of a lubricant like viscosity, flash point and fire point is found out, also four ball wear test proved that the SFME+crude SFO proportions produced less wear scar than conventional 2T oil which revealed that the prepared bio lubricant can be used in a commercial vehicle.
Determination of physico chemical properties of castor biodiesel a potentialIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that determined the physicochemical properties of castor biodiesel as a potential alternative to conventional diesel. Castor oil was extracted from seeds using solvent extraction. The oil was then transesterified to produce fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) using methanol and a base catalyst. Physicochemical properties of the castor oil and biodiesel were analyzed and found to exhibit properties suitable for biodiesel, with improved properties compared to the original oil. Thermal stability tests also showed satisfactory results, indicating castor biodiesel's potential as an alternative fuel.
A Study On The Performance And Combustion Of A Diesel Engine Fuelled With B...theijes
This paper highlights the performance and combustion of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine operated on blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil. An additive Diethyl ether (DEE) has been added in three different proportions to B20 blended fuel to study the effect of additive on the performance and combustion of the diesel engine. Our results conclude that the break thermal efficiencies of the diesel engine show an increasing trend with both blended fuels and additive mixed blended fuels, slightly higher than the case of pure diesel fuel.
Theoritical investigations of injection pressure in a four stroke di diesel e...IAEME Publication
This document discusses theoretical investigations of injection pressure in a four-stroke diesel engine using alcohol as fuel. A computer program was developed to simulate the engine's performance with diesel and at different alcohol injection pressures ranging from 180 to 160 bar. The results showed that an injection pressure of 165 bar for alcohol produced higher brake thermal efficiency and indicated thermal efficiency that were closest to diesel fuel. It was concluded that alcohol can be used in diesel engines with an injection pressure of 165 bar as it allows an optimum amount of alcohol to be injected while compensating for alcohol's low viscosity.
IRJET- Development of Heterogeneous Catalyst for Transesterification Reaction...IRJET Journal
This document describes research into developing a heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of rice bran oil into biodiesel. A catalyst of Mg-SO4-2/ZrO2 was found to achieve over 90% conversion at 800°C. Characterization showed the catalyst could be reused for 1000 hours without loss of activity. The biodiesel produced contained fatty acid methyl esters like methyl palmitate and methyl oleate. Kinetic studies found the reaction to be first order with a rate constant of approximately 1 min-1. The catalyst shows potential for industrial biodiesel production.
Performance Optimization of Diesel Engine with Chicken Waste Bio-diesel Blend...IJERD Editor
This paper presents an experimental study that include an application of the grey relational analysis
to determine the optimum factor level to obtain optimum multiple-performance characteristics of a diesel engine
run with different low-percentage chicken waste biodiesel-diesel blends. Grey relational analysis is used for data
analysis and four factors, namely, low-percentage chicken waste biodiesel-diesel blend, compression ratio,
injection timing and injection pressure were each considered at four levels. An L16 orthogonal array was used to
collect data for various engine performance related responses under constant engine loads. Results of
confirmation tests showed good agreement with predicted quantities. The results of the study revealed that the
combination of a blend consisting of 10% chicken waste biodiesel (B10), a compression ratio of 18, an injection
pressure of 220 bar and an injection timing of 19° bTDC produces maximum multiple performance of the diesel
engine.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document describes a prototype for a mobile biological wastewater treatment system created by engineering students. The system uses a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with a 300 gallon tank that can switch between aerobic and anaerobic treatment. It includes a tank mixer, centrifugal pump, air pump, air diffuser, programmable logic controller, and sensors for monitoring water conditions. The total cost is $8,197, below the $10,000 budget. The system has been designed but not yet tested for biological wastewater treatment.
Control System Based on Fuzzy Logic in Nutmeg Oil Distillation ProcessTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The focus of this research is the application of electronic control on the distillation boiler of
nutmeg oil. The control system is based on fuzzy logic and as the input parameter is temperature and
vapor pressure. The temperature parameters are set in the range 80-120ºC, and the vapor pressure
parameters are set in the range of 1-2.5 atmospheres. The output parameter is the time required in the
distillation process. The optimal values of these input and output parameters are embedded in
microcontroller based control. The control responds to the temperature and vapor pressure to select the
gas flow rate at the distillation boiler. This experiment was conducted on a distillation system with a
capacity of 25 kg of crushed dried nutmeg, manually and with control based on fuzzy logic. Conventional
testing requires 6.90 kg of gas and applying fuzzy logic based control requires 5.50 kg of gas. The yield of
nutmeg oil from the distillation process is 2.5 kg conventionally and 2.63 kg with fuzzy logic control. Based
on the optimal time of 16 hours distillation process, there was a decrease of gas consumption by 20.3%.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of supercharging and using blends of diesel fuel and tyre pyrolysis oil on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine. The researchers conducted experiments on a single cylinder diesel engine using diesel fuel alone and then blends of 10%, 20%, and 30% tyre pyrolysis oil with diesel. The engine was run at a constant speed of 1500 rpm under 1.5 bar of supercharging pressure. Results were compared between the different fuel blends and to diesel alone. Fuel consumption was found to increase with brake power for all fuels but increased more with higher proportions of tyre pyrolysis oil in the blend. Emissions of CO, HC and smoke were generally higher for the
IBM SPSS Statistics, Minitab 14, and Microsoft Office are software packages. SPSS Statistics and Minitab 14 are used for statistical analysis and data mining. Microsoft Office includes common productivity applications like Word, Excel, and PowerPoint.
Project report Final 1 without conclusionRajesh Gupta
The document describes the extractive separation of azadirachtin (AZ) from neem seed kernels. It involves a process using solvent precipitation to separate AZ. Key steps include pretreating neem seeds through size reduction, extracting AZ into methanol, distilling off methanol under vacuum, precipitating AZ from solution by adding hexane, filtering the precipitate, and recovering hexane and methanol for reuse. Thermodynamic analysis shows the extraction process is feasible based on the equilibrium constant calculated from reported recovery of AZ.
Microemulsion an alternate technology in oil extractionAshish Gadhave
This document discusses microemulsions as an alternative technology for oil extraction that avoids the use of hazardous organic solvents. It provides background on conventional oil extraction methods and their disadvantages, such as using hexane solvents that can be harmful if not fully removed. Microemulsions are described as thermodynamically stable isotropic systems containing oil, water, and surfactants/co-surfactants that form small droplets (3-50nm). They allow efficient oil extraction at room temperature with low surfactant concentrations. Linkers can further reduce interfacial tension and facilitate microemulsion formation for improved extraction efficiency. The document concludes that microemulsion extraction is a clean approach that simultaneously recovers high quality oil and
Advancement in neem oil extraction process Prem Baboo
This paper describes a process of preparation of neem oil water emulsion & coating of urea in fertilizer plants, at site of urea production. The neem tree found in Asia and basically Indian sub continent. The basic part for neem oil used is seed of the neem known as kernels .Different method are available to obtain neem oil including one new method Supercritical method for extraction of neem oil from kernels.Now a days the main demand of neem oil in fertilizers Industries for coating of Urea and other fertilizers. “Government of India has done away with the cap on neem- coated urea and now it can be produced 100%. It is a win-win situation for both industry and farmers. It has been noted that farmer’s income would increase with the help of neem-coated urea as productivity would increase with less usage of urea.”Consequently the demand of Neem oil drastically increasing. In this paper some description of oil preparation method. Using carbon dioxide: methanol for supercritical fluid extraction is the maximum yield eco friendly process but slightly economical.
its the ppt about giving the information about the extraction process related to the process calculation which has general information about extraction and a numerical solved.
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a book about using Minitab software. The book covers topics such as getting started with Minitab, graphing and analyzing data, assessing quality, designing experiments, using session commands, generating reports, preparing worksheets, and customizing Minitab settings. Each chapter lists its learning objectives and provides a brief description of the content and techniques covered.
This document describes a project to extract essential oil from coriander seeds using steam distillation. It provides background on essential oils and steam distillation, as well as motivation for focusing on coriander oil extraction. The process flow chart shows coriander seeds undergoing sun drying and then steam distillation, with the steam condensing and the oil and water separating. Key equipment for the steam distillation setup includes a steam generator, still, condenser, and separator.
Essential oils are volatile (quickly evaporating) aromatic fluids extracted from plants through steam distillation, or in the case of citrus fruits through expression (or cold pressing) of the rind to obtain an oil that retains a juicy, fresh fruit scent.
Various extraction methods are used in the manufacture and extraction of essential oils, and the method used is normally dependant on what type of botanical material is being used.
This document discusses various methods for extracting volatile oils from plants. It describes distillation techniques like water distillation, steam distillation, and destructive distillation. It also covers solvent extraction methods and mechanical expression. The key extraction methods are distillation, solvent extraction using chemicals or supercritical fluids, and mechanical expression for certain plants. Distillation is a common traditional technique but requires more energy, while supercritical fluid extraction provides better oil yields in less time.
Solvent extraction, also known as liquid-liquid extraction, is a method used to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It involves transferring solutes from a feed solution to another immiscible liquid called the extract. Solvent extraction was first developed in analytical chemistry and is now widely used in hydrometallurgy and other industries to separate and extract various metals, rare earth elements, and other compounds. Key aspects of solvent extraction processes include the selection of appropriate organic solvents and diluents, extraction equipment like mixer-settlers or columns, and multi-stage counter-current contacting to efficiently separate solutes.
This document defines extraction as the removal of soluble constituents from a solid or liquid with a suitable solvent. It discusses various types of extraction including solid-liquid extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, and expression. Key terms like menstruum, marc, and extractives are defined. Important solvents for extraction like water, alcohol, ether, and chloroform are described. The document also covers the theory of extraction and importance of extraction in quantitative control of drugs and producing more stable, palatable forms.
The document discusses database design and relational database management systems. It covers key concepts like normalization, primary keys, foreign keys, and relationships between tables. Normalization is the process of organizing data to eliminate redundancy and ensure data is stored correctly. There are five normal forms with third normal form being sufficient for most applications. Tables are related through primary and foreign keys and different types of relationships can exist between tables like one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization of neem seed oil extraction process using response surface metho...Alexander Decker
The document describes an experiment that used response surface methodology to optimize the extraction of neem seed oil using solvent extraction. Central composite design was used to evaluate the effects of three factors (solvent composition, temperature, and extraction time) on oil yield and quality characteristics. Forty-two experimental runs were conducted. Regression models developed showed solvent composition and extraction time had significant effects on maximizing oil yield. The maximum predicted oil yield of 43.48% was obtained at 80.77% n-hexane, 34.93°C temperature, and 6 hours extraction time. Validation experiments showed oil yields ranging from 32.85% to 37.20%, matching the simulated values.
This study used Aspen HYSYS software to simulate a suspension (slurry) process for producing polyethylene. A loop reactor model mimicked the slurry polymerization process. The effects of increasing the ethylene monomer flow rate on solvent, catalyst, co-monomer, and hydrogen flow rates were examined. The model predicted that increasing the monomer flow rate linearly increased these other process variables. It also showed that a higher monomer flow rate led to greater polyethylene production. However, the model had the limitation of not accounting for temperature and pressure effects on other operating variables.
Experimental Studies on Various Biomass using Fluidized Bed GasifierIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on gasification of various biomasses using a fluidized bed gasifier. The study tested rice husk, coir pith, sawdust, and groundnut shell in a continuous, self-circulating fluidized bed gasifier system. Hydrodynamic studies were conducted to calculate residence time and air-fuel ratio for different air flow rates, while maintaining a constant biomass feed rate. The highest hydrogen yield was obtained at 800°C temperature, 0.60 solid-to-bed ratio, and 0.20 equivalence ratio. The overall gasification process timing was extended up to 35 minutes.
HYBRID FUZZY LOGIC AND PID CONTROLLER FOR PH NEUTRALIZATION PILOT PLANTijfls
Use of Control theory within process control industries has changed rapidly due to the increase complexity
of instrumentation, real time requirements, minimization of operating costs and highly nonlinear
characteristics of chemical process. Previously developed process control technologies which are mostly
based on a single controller are not efficient in terms of signal transmission delays, processing power for
computational needs and signal to noise ratio. Hybrid controller with efficient system modelling is essential
to cope with the current challenges of process control in terms of control performance. This paper presents
an optimized mathematical modelling and advance hybrid controller (Fuzzy Logic and PID) design along
with practical implementation and validation of pH neutralization pilot plant. This procedure is
particularly important for control design and automation of Physico-chemical systems for process control
industry.
This document presents a neural network model predictive control (NNMPC) approach for an evaporator system at a dairy plant in Iraq. The evaporator system has three effects with two preheaters. Nonlinear models are developed for each component based on mass and energy balances. A NNMPC controller is designed and tested in simulation. Results show the NNMPC can accurately model and control the evaporator system, performing better than traditional PID control. Training a neural network model allows the NNMPC to handle the nonlinear dynamics. The NNMPC is able to maintain constant product concentration despite disturbances to the feed flow and concentration.
4 combined gain scheduling and multimodel control of a reactive distillation ...nazir1988
The document describes a combined gain-scheduling and multimodel control scheme for a reactive distillation column. The control scheme uses multiple simplified models to represent the column's nonlinear dynamics across different operating ranges. It switches between models based on identification error. It also schedules the controller gain based on real-time identification of process gain to improve control performance over a wide operating range. Simulation results show the proposed method has superior disturbance rejection and set-point tracking compared to a standard PI controller.
Phase equilibrium feasibility studies of free fatty acids extraction from pal...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the extraction of free fatty acids from palm oil using supercritical carbon dioxide. The study assessed the feasibility of using a thermodynamic model based on UNIFAC to predict phase equilibrium and activity coefficients for the carbon dioxide/fatty acid system. Experimental results were obtained for extract mole fraction at different pressures from 60-180 bars and temperatures of 313.15K and 353.15K. Mass transfer parameters like diffusion coefficient and solubility were also determined. The model predictions matched reasonably well with experimental data.
Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Pressure Drop Estimation of Oil-Water...IRJET Journal
This document describes the development of artificial neural network (ANN) models to estimate pressure drop for the flow of oil-water mixtures in pipes.
Three ANN models were developed using experimental data from 175 runs of varying pipe diameter, oil/water composition, flow rate, and pipe inclination. Model CFDP estimates pressure using pipe diameter, composition, flow rate, and inlet pressure. Model CFEP uses composition, flow rate, pipe inclination, and inlet pressure. Model CFDEP includes all variables.
The models were trained and tested, showing good accuracy within 5-20% relative error. Comparison of actual and predicted output values for training data demonstrated the models' ability to estimate pressure drop for oil-water flow in pipes
Steady State Simulation of Ethyl Acetate Production using CHEMCADIRJET Journal
This document describes using ChemCAD software to simulate a reactive distillation column for producing high purity ethyl acetate. Sensitive analyses were carried out to determine the optimal operating parameters, including feed stage location, reflux ratio, pressure, and reactant amounts. The results showed that feeding acetic acid to the 4th stage and ethanol to the 47th stage in a 50-stage column produced 99.23% pure ethyl acetate. Using excess acetic acid (71 kmol/hr) and ethanol (15 kmol/hr) with a reflux ratio of 16 at 1 atm pressure optimized the process. Temperature profiles along the column stages were also determined.
The document describes using evolutionary operation (EVOP) to optimize biodiesel production yield through incremental changes to methanol to oil ratio and sodium hydroxide catalyst concentration. It details conducting a first phase, cycle 1 experiment using a 22 factorial design at current operating conditions and high/low settings for each factor. Initial yields average 88.8%, with the maximum obtained at a methanol ratio of 0.34 and catalyst concentration of 0.95%.
IRJET - Mono and Co-Digestion of Laminaria Digitata with Simulated Food W...IRJET Journal
This study examined anaerobic digestion of the seaweed Laminaria digitata both on its own (mono-digestion) and combined with simulated food waste (co-digestion) in continuous reactor experiments. Different mix ratios of L. digitata and food waste were tested in continuous stirred tank reactors over 85 days. The optimal mix ratio for highest methane production and efficiency was found to be 90% L. digitata and 10% food waste. Mono-digestion of L. digitata led to reactor failure due to accumulation of volatile fatty acids and lowered pH as organic loading rate increased. Co-digestion helped dilute inhibitory components and improved digestion stability compared to mono-digestion of L. digitata alone.
Control of the humidity percentage of a bioreactor using a fuzzy controller ...IJECEIAES
Different controllers have been designed and used to cultivate bonsai, which need specific conditions to grow and survive in a different place or climate, for this case, humidity. In this work, theoretical, simulation and experimental level are compared and presented in terms of performance characteristics such as complexity, accuracy and convergence of an algorithm proposed to design and implement a fuzzy controller used in a bioreactor to control the humidity percentage to grow bonsai. The MATLAB™ script and fuzzy logic Toolbox™ were used for the analysis and simulation. The controller implementation was done on an Arduino Uno board, and 25850 bytes or 80% of the memory were used to implement it. A sensor to monitor the humidity percentage, a stepper motor connected to a water tap, and a DC motor connected to a propeller were used to adjust the humidity percentage of the bioreactor. The controller results show a maximum error of ±1% for all entire range, and a processing time of 5 milliseconds for one iteration. The results of the tests carried out in the bioreactor are in accordance with the predictions and theoretical simulations, which presents a maximum error of 3%, and a convergence time of 50 seconds for the worst case.
The document describes a study that used finite element modeling and computational fluid dynamics to simulate the flow of Jatropha seeds through three different designs of a single screw extruder. Key findings from the simulations include:
1) The optimal gap area between the screw and barrel is 0.5-1.0 mm to push material forward without rubbing.
2) The optimal chamber area or normal pitch is 17-22 mm to provide enough pressure to force material flow.
3) Increasing screw speed increased velocity and local shear rate but did not change flow patterns.
The document reports on a study of extracting passion fruit seed oil using supercritical CO2. Experimental data was collected for extraction conducted at varying pressures, temperatures, and CO2 flow rates. An increase in pressure, temperature, and flow rate increased the extraction yield, with a maximum yield of 18.5% obtained. Mass transfer coefficients for passion fruit oil were determined to be 8.496 x 10-5 s-1 at specific conditions. Rheological studies observed dilatant fluid behavior in all tests. Bayesian inference was used to model mass transfer and account for parameter uncertainty.
New calculation of thetray numbers for Debutanizer Tower in BIPCinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
New calculation of thetray numbers for Debutanizer Tower in BIPCinventionjournals
The document describes methods for calculating the number of trays in a debutanizer tower. It presents data on the feed, overhead, and bottoms compositions. It then calculates the relative volatilities of components using vapor pressure data. The Montross and Underwood methods are used to calculate the minimum reflux ratio and number of theoretical trays. For the debutanizer tower, the Montross method estimates the number of trays is 18.5% higher than the minimum, while the Underwood method estimates 48.5% higher, indicating overdesign.
Implementing Life Cycle Assessment to Understand the Environmental and Energy...barkercarlock
1) The document discusses using life cycle assessment (LCA) to analyze the environmental impacts of biodiesel production.
2) LCA involves defining goals, making an inventory of inputs/outputs, assessing environmental impacts, and interpreting results.
3) The study examines biodiesel production within two system boundaries, finding that agricultural inputs and transesterification energy use are significant contributors to environmental impacts.
Optimization of Organic Rankine Cycle’s thermal efficiency based on Grey rela...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used the Taguchi method and grey relational analysis to optimize the thermal efficiency of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system. Nine parameters that could impact the ORC's efficiency were examined across nine tests using an orthogonal array. Statistical analysis identified the optimum and worst combinations of parameter levels. The optimum conditions achieved a first law efficiency of 17.3% while the worst was 9.6%. The study provides insights into effective and ineffective ORC parameters and ranks their statistical impact on efficiency.
Effective Moisture Diffusivity and Activation Energy of Tomato in Thin Layer ...drboon
The aim of this paper is to report tomato slice moisture diffusivity data determined and activation energy from experimental drying kinetics. The thin-layer drying experiments were carried out under five air temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80ºC, two air velocity 1.5, and 2 m/s and three level of relative humidity 20, 40 and 60%. It was observed that drying took place in the falling rate period. Moisture transfer from tomato slice was described by applying the Fick’s diffusion model. The effective diffusivity values changed from 9.9119×10^-10 to 6.4037×10^-9 m^2/s for the range of temperatures considered. An Arrhenius relation with an activation energy value of 33.3299 to 43.2287 kJ/mol and the diffusivity constant value of 1.7695×10^-4 to 3.09156×10^-2 m^2/s were obtained which shows the effect of drying air temperature, air velocity and relative humidity on the diffusivity.
Similar to Modeling of the extraction of oil from neem seed using minitab 14 software (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
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This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
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A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
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Modeling of the extraction of oil from neem seed using minitab 14 software
1. Chemical and Process Engineering Research
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
Modeling of the Extraction of Oil from Neem Seed using Minitab
14 Software
Usman J.G1., Okonkwo P.C2*.
1.Department of Chemical Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Nigeria.
2.Department of Chemical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
*Corresponding email: chemstprom@yahoo.com
Abstract
22 factorial design technique was applied using Minitab 14 software to investigate the effect of impeller speed
and contact time on the percentage yield of oil in agitated solvent extraction of oil from neem seed. 2 levels for
each factor were considered for flat blade turbine impeller (A1) and rushton turbine impeller (A2) at confidence
level of 95% (α = .05). The maximum percentage yield was 36.86% and was obtained when impeller type A1
was operated at 84 rpm for 40 minutes contact time at 50oC extraction temperature and particle size of 0.425 –
0.710mm.The factorial analysis revealed that impeller speed, contact time and their interaction have significant
effect on the extraction yield of oil from the neem seed. The properties of the neem oil extracted were found to
be: specific gravity, 0.9111; pH, 6.5; refractive index, 1.4668; iodine value, 70.21g/g; acid value,
34.33mgKOH/g and Saponification value, 180.95 mgKOH/g. These values compare favourably with literature
values. The model equations for using A1 and A2 are Y= 20.9100 + 0.02500X1 + 0.01838X2 + 0.00371 X1 X2
and Y = 17.5734 + 0.00234X1 + 0.00898X2 + 0.0038 X1 X2 respectively.
Keywords : Neem oil, Extraction, Modeling and Minitab 14.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Neem tree, which is also known as Azadrichta indica, is one of the best known trees in India, which is known for
its medicinal properties. Extraction of oil has been of great interest worldwide and this has been as a result of the
constant increase in the world population. The Neem oil produced cannot cater for all need of the population
which includes domestics and industrial uses [1].
Neem oil extract, which is the fatty acid-extract of Neem tree seeds, is the most widely used product of the Neem
tree. Neem seeds contain about 25 - 45% oil and provide the major source of Neem chemicals [2]. The average
composition of Neem oil is shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Average Composition of Neem Oil
Formula
Fatty acid
Linoleic acid
C18H32O2
Oleic acid
C18H34O2
Palmittic acid
C16H32O2
Stearic acid
C18H36O2
Linolenic
C18H30O2
Palmitoleic acid
C16H30O2
Source [2]. ND* = Not Determined.
Composition range
6-16%
25-54%
16-33%
9-24%
ND*
ND*
The term model, as used in this paper, is referred to the ensemble of equations which describe and interrelate the
variables or parameters of the extraction process using a designed and constructed agitated pilot solvent
extraction plant.
In this study, food grade ethanol was used for the extraction of oil from the neem seed using agitated pilot
solvent extraction plant. The effect of turbine impeller speed (mixing intensity) and contact time on percentage
yield of oil from the neem seed was investigated for 2 different impeller types. Minitab 14 software was used to
get the design of experiment (DOE), analyzed the result and obtained the model equations.
The standard properties of neem oil are shown in Table 2.
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2. Chemical and Process Engineering Research
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol.14, 2013
Table 2: Standard Properties of Neem Oil
Property
Odour
Specific gravity at 30oC
Refractive index at 30°C
Ph
Iodine value
Acid Value
Saponification value
Source:[1,4 and 5]
www.iiste.org
Literature Value
Garlic
0.908-0.934
1.4615-1.4705
5.7 – 6.5
65 – 80
40
175-205
Unit
g/g
mg KOH/g
mg KOH/g
Two general categories of models exist:
(i) Those based on physical theory. Mathematical models based on physical and chemical laws (e.g., mass
and energy balances, thermodynamics, chemical reaction kinetics) are frequently employed in
optimization applications. These models are conceptually attractive because a general model for any
system size can be developed even before the system is constructed.
(ii) Those based on strictly empirical descriptions. Empirical models are usually only relevant for restricted
ranges of operation and scale-up.
Typical relations for empirical models might be
Y = a0+al Xl + a2 X2 + ……...……….…………………………….………………1
Linear in the variables and coefficients
Y = a0 + al1 X12 + a12 X1 X2+ ………………………………………………...……….2
Linear in the coefficients, nonlinear in the variables (Xl, X2).
Where y = response variable, a = coefficient constant, X = operating variable.
When the model is linear in the coefficients, they can be estimated by a procedure called linear regression. If the
model is nonlinear in the coefficients, estimating them is referred to as nonlinear regression. In either case, the
simplest adequate model (with the fewest number of coefficients) should be used [3].
Agitation refers to the induced motion of a material in a specified way, usually in a circulatory pattern inside
some sort of container. Mixing is the random distribution, into and through one another, of two or more initially
separated phases. Mixing is applied to processes used to reduce the degree of non-uniformity, or gradient of a
property in a system such as concentration, viscosity, temperature and so on. Mixing is achieved by moving
material from one region to another to enhance mass and heat transfers [6].
When there are several factors in an experiment, a factorial design should be used. By factorial experiment we
mean that in each complete trial or run, all possible combinations of the levels of the factors are investigated.
When the objective is factor screening , it is usually best to keep the number of factor level low; most often two
(2) levels are used. These levels are ‘+’ and ‘-’ called ‘high’ and ‘low’ respectively. The effect of a factor is
defined as the change in response produced by a change in the level of the factor, and is the difference between
the average response at the high level and the average response at the low level. If the calculated effect is five
(5), it means that changing from high level to low level caused an average response increase of 5 units. Consider
the two factors in this work namely: impeller speed and contact time denoted as A and B respectively, with ‘a’
levels of factor A and ‘b’ levels of factor B. If the experiment is replicated n times, the observation from a twofactor factorial experiment may be described by the model:
Yijf = γ + βiX1 + βj X2 + βij (X1 X2) + єijf ………………………………………………………...........(3)
i = 1,2 …….., a
j = 1,2 …….., b
f = 1,2 ……., n
Where Yijf = response ; that is percentage Yield of oil from the Neem seed,
γ = overall mean effect, that is the average effect of all the two factors: Impeller speed and Contact time on the
yield,
βi = effect of the ith level of factor A, that is the effect of Impeller speed on the yield,
βj = effect of the jth level of factor B, that is the effect of Contact time on the yield,
βij = effect of the interaction between Impeller speed (A) and Contact time (B) on the yield,
and єijf = error component, that is generated due to effects of A and B [7].
X1 = variable representing factor A (impeller speed)
X2= variable representing factor B (contact time)
X1 X2 = variable representing the interaction between factors A and B.
8
3. Chemical and Process Engineering Research
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
METHODOLOGY
Design of Experiment (DOE)
A 22 factorial design was adopted with two-variables two-level DOE using Minitab 14 computer soft ware. The
run-by-run experimental design were shown in Tables 3 and 4 for impellers A1 and A2 respectively. The runs
were replicated twice giving a total of 8 runs (4 x 2) to minimize error for each impeller type. The two factors
and their levels considered are:
(b)
Turbine impeller speed : 37 and 84 rpm
(c)
Contact time : 20 and 40 minutes.
Table 3: DOE for the Extraction of Oil from Neem Seed Kernel for Impeller A1(Flat Blade Turbine Impeller) .
Impeller Speed (rpm)
Contact Time (min)
Run Order
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
84
37
37
37
37
84
84
84
20
20
20
40
40
40
40
20
Table 4: DOE for the Extraction of Oil from Neem Seed Kernel for Impeller A2 (Rushton Turbine Impeller) .
Impeller Speed (rpm)
Contact Time (min)
Run Order
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
84
84
37
84
37
37
37
84
20
40
40
20
20
40
20
40
Solvent Extraction
The extraction of oil was done using food grade ethanol as solvent in a pilot solvent extraction plant. The pilot
plant is mainly made up of extractor, evaporator and condensate receiver. Impeller was used for agitation in the
extractor.
The pilot plant was adequately checked and appropriate valves; V1,V2 and V3 were closed. The electrical fittings
were equally checked and ascertained to be in good conditions. The chiller was switched on and set to 0oC and
allow to work for 30 minutes to attain stability and cool the condenser; this was done to aid easy condensation of
the food grade ethanol vapour to liquid. 21.23 litres of food grade ethanol and 0.3348kg (334.8g) of ground
Neem seed kernel of particle sized 0.425 – 0.71mm were charged into the extractor.
The main switch and 50oC switch were put on. The electric heater for the extractor was switched-on and the
XMTD electronic temperature controller manufactured by XY Instrument Ltd, China was set to 50oC for a
period of time to stabilize the system at 50oC. The stability was noticed by the aid of a temperature sensor placed
in the extractor and a click short sharp sound that was heard and the temperature controller light changed from
green to red which indicates that the system is stabilized at 50oC. Once the stability was attained, the electric
motor manufactured by Brook Crompton Doncaster, England was switched-on and regulated at 84 rpm with the
aid of a speed control unit using flat blade turbine impeller (A1) which was already mounted on the shaft; mixing
and agitation commenced immediately for a period of 20 minutes. The above procedure was repeated based on
the guide obtained from Minitab 14 computer software design of experiment (DOE). The DOE are shown in
Tables 3 and 4 for impellers A1 and A2 respectively, while impellers A1 and A2 and the pilot solvent extraction
plant are shown in Plates 1-3 respectively.
Plate 3: Pilot Solvent Extraction Plant for Extracting Neem Oil from Neem Seed
After extraction, the electric heater and electric motor were switched-off and the control valve, V1 was fully
opened. The mixture flow through the reinforce rubber tube and through the inverted funnel for filtration to take
9
4. Chemical and Process Engineering Research
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
place with the aid of a stainless steel filter mesh of size 0.00001m (0.01mm) attached to the cake receiver. The
impeller shaft was disconnected from the electric motor and top of the extractor was opened and 0.424 litre of
ethanol was introduced for washing to take place through percolation. After washing, the cake receiver was
collected via the cake discharge outlet and placed in an oven. The weight of the cake was taken after every one
hour until constant weight is achieved.
The control valves V1, V2 and V3 were shut and the temperature sensor was transferred to the evaporator. The
78oC switch was switched-on and the temperature controller set to 78oC. The heating was maintained at 78oC so
that evaporation of the food grade ethanol can take place. The vapour ethanol passed through the already cooled
condenser and was collected in the ethanol condensate receiver as liquid ethanol. After 4hr 25mins of
evaporation, a sample of oil was collected via V2 and analyzed. The collected Neem oil was dried in an oven for
10 minutes to dried-off any residual food grade ethanol .The main switch was switched-off and V3 opened to
collect the recovered solvent for recycling.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The optimum percentage yield of oil from the Neem seed was 36.86% obtained when operating impeller A1
(Flat Blade Turbine Impeller) at 84 rpm for 40 minutes contact time; while for impeller A2 (Rushton Turbine
Impeller) under similar operating conditions have the best percentage yield of 31.25%. The difference in
percentage yield can be associated with the presence of a disc on Rushton turbine impeller which hindered the
upward flow of the mixture there by reducing the rate of leaching of the oil from the neem seed around that
region. The results show that increase in mixing intensity and contact time increases the yield for individual type
of the impellers. This is because the higher the agitation of the medium, the faster the rate of oil transfer from the
neem seed to the solvent medium and the longer the contact time, the higher the quantity of oil extracted.
The results obtained from the experiment were shown in Tables 5 and 6.
Table 5: Percentage Yield of Oil from Mixer - Extractor for Impeller Types A1 using Food Grade Ethanol as
Solvent.
Impeller speed
Contact time
Cake weight (g)
YIELD
Run order
(rpm)
(min)
(%)
1
84
20
236.64
29.32
2
37
20
253.51
24.28
3
37
20
249.04
25.62
4
37
40
242.70
27.51
5
37
40
238.98
28.62
6
84
40
211.40
36.86
7
84
40
215.68
35.58
8
84
20
234.66
29.91
Table 6: Percentage Yield of Oil from Mixer - Extractor for Impeller Types A2 using Food Grade Ethanol as
Solvent.
Run order
Impeller speed
Contact time
Cake weight (g)
YIELD
(min)
(min)
(%)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
84
84
37
84
37
37
37
84
20
40
40
20
20
40
20
40
255.59
232.60
254.62
251.07
266.68
256.68
264.65
230.19
23.66
30.53
23.95
25.00
20.35
23.33
20.95
31.25
Minitab 14 software was used to analyze the results. The analysis was done using confidence level of 95% (i.e α
= .05) to determine the effects, coefficients, F and P values of the main and interactive factors. If the value in the
F column from the estimated effect and coefficient table is greater than the F value obtain from the statistical
table, such factor is significant. Using α = .05, if the value in the P column of the estimated effects and
coefficients table is less than .05, such factor is significant.
The estimation of the effect, coefficients and ANOVA were done and the results shown in Tables 7 – 10 for
impellers A1 and A2.
Table 7 shows the individual effects, coefficients and P values of the main and interactive factor. The impeller
10
5. Chemical and Process Engineering Research
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
speed have the highest individual effect of 6.4100, that is changing from high level to low level caused an
average response increase of 6.4100 units. Impeller speed, contact time and the interaction between the impeller
speed and contact time have a P values of .000, .001 and .036 respectively; these factors were all significant
because the P values were less than .05. Similarly, from Table 8, the impeller speed, contact time and the
interaction factor were all significant.
Table 7: Estimated Effects and Coefficients for Yield (coded units) for Impeller A1
Term
Effect
Coef
SE Coef
P
Constant
Impeller Speed (rpm)
Contact Time (min)
Impeller Speed (rpm)*
Contact Time (min)
6.4100
4.8600
1.7450
29.7125
3.2050
2.4300
0.8725
0.2799
0.2799
0.2799
0.2799
.000
.000
.001
.036
Table 8: Estimated Effects and Coefficients for Yield (coded units) for Impeller A2
Term
Effect
Constant
Impeller Speed (rpm)
Contact Time (min)
Impeller Speed (rpm)*
Contact Time (min)
Coef
5.4650
4.7750
1.7850
SE Coef
24.8775
2.7325
2.3875
0.8925
0.2186
0.2186
0.2186
0.2186
P
.000
.000
.000
.015
Tables 9 and 10 show the ANOVA tables for testing the significance of factors based on the F and P values. The
main factors have an F value of F2,4 = 103.24 and F2,4 = 6.94 from the statistical table. Since 103.24 > 6.94, the
main factors are significant. For the 2-way interaction factor with F values of 9.72, it is significant because its F
values is greater than F1,4 = 7.71 from the statistical table. The significance of the main factors and interaction
factor were further confirmed by the P value of .000 and .036 respectively, which are less than .05. Similarly,
from Table 10, main factors have a significant effect (F2,4 = 137.76 > F2,4 = 6.94), while the interactive factor
have significance effect (F1,4= 16.67 > F1,4 = 7.71).
Table 9: Analysis of Variance for Yield (coded units) for Impeller A1
Source
Main Effects
2-Way Interactions
Residual Error
Total
DF
2
1
4
7
Seq SS
129.415
6.090
2.507
138.013
Adj SS
129.415
6.090
2.507
Adj MS
64.7077
6.0901
0.6268
F
103.24
9.72
P
.000
.036
Table 10: Analysis of Variance for Yield (coded units) for Impeller A2
Source
DF
Main Effects
2-Way Interactions
Residual Error
Total
2
1
4
7
Seq SS
Adj SS
105.334
105.334
6.372
6.372
1.529
1.529
113.235
Adj MS
F
52.6669
6.3725
0.3823
137.76
16.67
P
.000
.015
Table 11 shows the estimated coefficients of the individual main factors and the interactive factor. The
coefficients were used to generate first order regression model equations for the full factorial model using
impellers A1 and A2 .
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6. Chemical and Process Engineering Research
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table 11: Estimated Coefficients for Yield (uncoded units) for using Impellers A1 and A2
Impeller
A1
A2
Term
Coefficients
Coefficients
Constant
20.9100
17.5734
Impeller Speed (rpm)
0.02500
0.00234
Contact Time (min)
0.01838
0.00898
Impeller Speed * Contact Time
0.00371
0.00380
The model equation for using impeller A1 investigating the effect of impeller speed and contact
time is: Y= 20.9100 + 0.02500X1 + 0.01838X2 + 0.00371 X1 X2 …………………...……..…(4)
The model equation for using impeller A2 investigating the effect of impeller speed and contact
time is: Y = 17.5734 + 0.00234X1 + 0.00898X2 + 0.0038 X1 X2.………………………..…..…(5)
Where :Y= % yield
X1 = variable representing factor A (impeller speed)
X2 = variable representing factor B (contact time)
X1 X2 = variable representing the interaction between factors A and B.
Surface Plot of Yield
Figures 1 and 2 are three – dimensional surface plots, showing the plane of predicted response values generated
by the regression model at any point within the experimental region for impeller A1 and A2 respectively. The
flat nature of the surface plots show that the regression model equations are first-order model. From the surface
plots, the maximum yield can be obtained when the impeller speed and contact time are operated at their high
levels.
S urface Plot of Y IELD vs CO N TACT TIME (min), IMPELLER S PEED (rpm)
35
Y IELD
30
40
25
30
40
60
80
IM P ELL ER SP EED (r pm)
Figure 1: Surface plot of Yield for impeller A1
12
20
C O NT A C T T IM E (min)
7. Chemical and Process Engineering Research
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
S urface Plot of Y IEL D (% ) v s CO N TACT TIME (min), IMPEL LER S PEED (rpm)
32
28
Y IELD ( % )
24
40
20
30
40
60
80
C O NT A C T T IM E ( min)
20
IM P ELL ER SP EED ( r pm)
Figure 2: Surface plot of Yield for impeller A2
Model Validation
The experimental and predicted yield values are shown in Tables 12 and 13 for using impellers A1 and A2
respectively.
Table 12: Values for Experimental and Predicted Yields for using impeller A1
Run Order
Impeller Speed (rpm) Contact Time (min)
Experimental
Yield (%)
1
37
20
24.28
2
37
20
25.62
3
37
40
27.51
4
37
40
28.62
5
84
20
29.32
6
84
20
29.91
7
84
40
35.58
8
84
40
36.89
Predicted Yield
(%)
24.95
24.95
28.07
28.07
29.61
29.61
36.22
36.22
Table 13: Values for Experimental and Predicted Yields for using impeller A2
Run Order
Impeller Speed (rpm) Contact Time (min)
Experimental
Yield (%)
1
37
20
20.35
2
37
20
20.95
3
37
40
23.33
4
37
40
23.95
5
84
20
23.66
6
84
20
25.00
7
84
40
30.53
8
84
40
31.25
Predicted Yield
(%)
20.65
20.65
23.64
23.64
24.33
24.33
30.89
30.89
The model equations 4 and 5 were validated using values within the experimental limits. 45 and 56 rpm were
considered for impeller speed, while 25 and 30 minutes were considered for contact time. The validation values
are shown in Tables 14 and 15 for using impellers A1 and A2 respectively.
13
8. Chemical and Process Engineering Research
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table 14: Values for Validation of Model using Impeller A1
S/NO
Impeller Speed (rpm)
Contact Time (min)
1
56
25
2
45
30
Yield (%)
27.96
27.59
Table 15: Values for Validation of Model using Impeller A2
S/NO
Impeller Speed (rpm)
Contact Time (min)
Yield (%)
1
56
25
23.25
2
45
30
23.08
The percentage yield of neem oil obtained for validating the model equation 4 in Table 14 fall within the
percentage range obtained for predicted yield of 36.22% (84 rpm, 40 mins) and 24.95% (37 rpm, 20 mins) as
shown in Table 14. Therefore, the predicted model equation adequately fits the experimental values. From Table
15, the percentage yields obtained for validating the model equation 5 falls within the percentage range obtained
for predicted yield of 30.89% (84 rpm, 40 mins) and 20.65% (37 rpm, 20 mins) as shown in Table 15. Therefore,
the predicted model equation values adequately fit the experimental values.
The linear relationship between the predicted and experimental responses were shown in Figure 3 and 4 when
the predicted response was plotted against experimental response. The least square fit line passing through the
origin suggests the adequacy of the models.
40
Predicted Yield (%)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Experimental Yield (%)
Figure 3 : Predicted Yield Vs Experimental Yield for impeller A1
35
Predicted Yield (%)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
Experimental Yield (%)
Figure 4: Predicted Yield Vs Experimental Yield for impeller A2
14
30
35
9. Chemical and Process Engineering Research
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
CONCLUSION
Neem oil was extracted using food grade ethanol as solvent in a pilot solvent extraction plant using the DOE as
guide. Using alpha (α) = .05, the main factors : impeller speed (A) and contact time (B) and the impeller speed –
contact time interaction (AB) have significant effect on the percentage yield of oil for both impellers A1 and A2.
The highest percentage yield was 36.89% within the experimental limit. The model equations for using A1 and
A2 are: Y= 20.9100 + 0.02500X1 + 0.01838X2 + 0.00371 X1 X2 and Y = 17.5734 + 0.00234X1 + 0.00898X2 +
0.0038 X1 X2 respectively.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Chemical Engineering Department, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria.
Biochemistry Department, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria.
Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria.
National Research Institute for Chemical Technology Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria.
Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna state, Nigeria.
REFERENCES
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Soap from Neem Oil. 2008; Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal university of Technology, Minna,
Nigeria. Accessed 2 January 2012. Available: http://www. Lejpt.academicdirect.org/A08/29_40.htm.
Anya,U. A. Chioma, N. N. and Obinna, O. Optimized Reduction Of Free Fatty Acid Content On Neem Seed Oil,
For Biodiesel Production. Journal of Basic and Applied Chemistry. 2012;.2(4) 21-28:22
Edgar, T.F. Himmelblau, D.M. and Lasdon, L.S. Optimization of Chemical Processes. 2nd Edition McGraw-Hill
Higher Education, New York, 2001.
Anonymous. Neem uses. No date; Accessed 7 January 2012. Available: http://www. neem
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Workneh, Wondesen. Extraction and Characterization of Essential oil from Morgosa seed. 2011; Addis Ababa
University, School of Graduate Studies, Addis Ababa institute of Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Ethopia. Accessed 2 January 2012. Available: www.libsearch.com/search/soxhlet%25
McCabe, W.L. Smith, J.C. Harriott, P. Unit Operation of Chemical engineering. 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill Book
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Montgomery, D.C. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control. 5th Ediion, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, USA; 2005.
15
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