This paper focuses on experimentalstudies of intake port of a four cylinder diesel engine for different
vacuum pressures and valve lift positions. In this study, the cylinder head is experimented through a paddle
wheel flow setup, which gives the flow coefficient and swirl number asoutput. Main scope of the work is to
understand the flow behaviour through the intake port and finally to determine mean flow coefficient and
mean swirl number for different valve lift ratios L/D, where L is valve lift and D is bore diameter.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance, Optimization and CFD Analysis of Submersible Pump Impellerijsrd.com
To improve the efficiency of submersible flow pump, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is one of the advanced tools used in the pump industry. A detailed CFD analysis was done to predict the flow pattern inside the impeller which is an active pump component. From the results of CFD analysis, the velocity and pressure in the outlet of the impeller is predicted. CFD analyses are done using ANSYS CFX software. In this research paper we will modified the impeller design by choosing some parameter.
Experimental Studies, Geometry Acquisition and Grid Generation Of Diesel Engi...meijjournal
A typical diesel engine port is of complicated geometry . This paper addresses the experimental studies of
intake port of a four cylinder diesel engine for different vacuum pressures and valve lift positions. In this
study the cylinder head is experimented through a paddle wheel flow setup which gives the flow coefficient
and swirl number as output. The main scope of the work is to understand the flow behaviour through the
intake port and finally to determine mean flow coefficient and mean swirl number for different valve lift
ratios L/D, where L is valve lift and D is bore diameter. This paper also addresses the geometry acquisition
and grid generation for three dimensional Computational Fluid Analysis for flow filed computation and
obtain a calibrated CFD code for future design once the code is validated with experimental results
Cavitation Effects in Centrifugal Pumps- A ReviewIJERA Editor
Cavitation is one of the most challenging fluid flow abnormalities leading to detrimental effects on both the
centrifugal pump flow behaviors and physical characteristics. Centrifugal pumps’ most low pressure zones are the
first cavitation victims, where cavitation manifests itself in form of pitting on the pump internal solid walls,
accompanied by noise and vibration, all leading to the pump hydraulic performance degradation. In the present
article, a general description of centrifugal pump performance and related parameters is presented. Based on the
literature survey, some light were shed on fundamental cavitation features; where different aspects relating to
cavitation in centrifugal pumps were briefly discussed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance, Optimization and CFD Analysis of Submersible Pump Impellerijsrd.com
To improve the efficiency of submersible flow pump, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is one of the advanced tools used in the pump industry. A detailed CFD analysis was done to predict the flow pattern inside the impeller which is an active pump component. From the results of CFD analysis, the velocity and pressure in the outlet of the impeller is predicted. CFD analyses are done using ANSYS CFX software. In this research paper we will modified the impeller design by choosing some parameter.
Experimental Studies, Geometry Acquisition and Grid Generation Of Diesel Engi...meijjournal
A typical diesel engine port is of complicated geometry . This paper addresses the experimental studies of
intake port of a four cylinder diesel engine for different vacuum pressures and valve lift positions. In this
study the cylinder head is experimented through a paddle wheel flow setup which gives the flow coefficient
and swirl number as output. The main scope of the work is to understand the flow behaviour through the
intake port and finally to determine mean flow coefficient and mean swirl number for different valve lift
ratios L/D, where L is valve lift and D is bore diameter. This paper also addresses the geometry acquisition
and grid generation for three dimensional Computational Fluid Analysis for flow filed computation and
obtain a calibrated CFD code for future design once the code is validated with experimental results
Cavitation Effects in Centrifugal Pumps- A ReviewIJERA Editor
Cavitation is one of the most challenging fluid flow abnormalities leading to detrimental effects on both the
centrifugal pump flow behaviors and physical characteristics. Centrifugal pumps’ most low pressure zones are the
first cavitation victims, where cavitation manifests itself in form of pitting on the pump internal solid walls,
accompanied by noise and vibration, all leading to the pump hydraulic performance degradation. In the present
article, a general description of centrifugal pump performance and related parameters is presented. Based on the
literature survey, some light were shed on fundamental cavitation features; where different aspects relating to
cavitation in centrifugal pumps were briefly discussed.
REVIEW OF FLOW DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR DISCHARGE SIDE OF CENTRIFUGA...ijiert bestjournal
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been conducted to find the pressure losses for dividing and combining fluid flow through a junction of discharge system. Simulations are performed for a range of flow ratios and equations are developed for pressure loss coefficients at junctions. A mathematical model based on s uccessive approximations then would be employed to estimate the pressure losses. The proposed CFD based strategy can be used for the analysis of all the three pipe branches of s ome diameter are selected along with equal length so that only the effect of bend angle can be st udied. The effect of bend angle,pipe diameter,pipe length,reynolds number on the resistan ce coefficient is studied. The software used is CATIA for modeling and ANSYS fluent for analysis purpose.
A REVIEW ON IMPROVEMENT OF EFFICIENCY OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP THROUGH MODIFICATIO...ijiert bestjournal
The paper reviews the literature available on the i mprovement of efficiency of centrifugal pump through modification in suction manifolds. The paper discusses the available material of performance improvement through various paramete rs and mainly focuses on the research related to manifold modifications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Jet pump is a type of mechanical device where the extra energy is provide by jet in mixing chamber. This jet is the fluid again circulate from diffuser exit to mixing chamber for better performance. This is also known as motive fluid. So the effects of change in geometrical parameter (Diffuser angle) on its performance were investigated. The set of experiment were carried out to study the effect of diffuser angle on the performance of jet pump. The performance of the jet pump is described by three sets of curves, Discharge vs. Head, Input power vs. Head, and Efficiency vs. Head. Changing the diffuser angle will affect jet pump behavior. Venturi diffuser angle was found to be an important geometrical parameter to characterize the maximum suction lift of the jet pump.
Project Objectives:
To build a representative network model for one OGM(Oil Gathering Manifold) in H Field consists of 4 wells using PIPESIM software.
To match the network model with the field data.
To display & analyze the results after building the model.
Flow analysis of centrifugal pump using CFX solver and remedies for cavitatio...IJERA Editor
In this scholarly thesis pertinent to the working of centrifugal pump, a CFD solver namely CFX is employed in order to simulate fluid flow characteristics with well-defined constraints and boundary conditions defining the problem. Stringent solid model is meticulously prepared encompassing the present day usage and constructional features of a centrifugal pump and is constrained with various boundary conditions having fixed domain in order to evaluate plots and results. To spearhead and facilitate this analysis program a numerical approximation tool with high degree of convergence rate called ANSYS 15.0 software is used. The ASNYS software avoids tedious calculations presumably impending in the design procedure and uses ultimate numerical tool to approximate the solution of the partial differential equations associated with continuity, momentum and energy phases of a flow problem in a 3-D model. This exquisite feature of ANSYS enables designer to optimize the design procedure in an iterative manner based on the final plots of post-processing phase. In addition, the scholarly writing also constitutes the appraisal of the most debilitating and painstaking problem retarding the efficiency of the centrifugal pump known as cavitation. Possible remedies for overcoming this problem will be indirectly inferred from the various plots and figures derived from the post-processing phase of the design process.
Optimization of design of mixed flow centrifugal pump impeller using cfdeSAT Journals
Abstract
Centrifugal pumps are widely used hydraulic machines, irrespective of the fact that their performance is generally not very good. So, turning them into more efficient machines is quite a challenge. The performance of a centrifugal pump is highly dependent on its geometrical parameters and its vane profile. In order to analyze the flow through complex systems like centrifugal pumps, Computation fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used. This work aims to study the performance analysis of a centrifugal mixed flow pump designed to deliver 0.25 m3/s of water with a head of 20 m at a speed of 1450 rpm using ANSYS CFX (ver.14.0). PTC Creo (ver. 2.0) has been used to model the pump unit. The performance of the pump was first determined using the existing vane angles and thickness of the blade then, the inlet vane angle, the outlet vane angle along with the thickness of the blade has been varied to analyze the pump’s performance . The results show that for an initial inlet angle 21.08˚, outlet angle 16.28˚ and blade thickness as 10mm, the efficiency of the pump was 84%. However, the efficiency of pump rises to 89.19% for the optimized angles and blade thickness.
FLOW DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR DISCHARGE SIDE OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPijiert bestjournal
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been conducted to f ind the pressure losses for dividing and combining fluid flow through a junction of discharge system. Si mulations are performed for a range of flow ratios and equations are developed for pressure loss coeff icients at junctions. A mathematical model based on successive approximations then would be employed to estim ate the pressure losses. The proposed CFD based strategy can be used for the analysis of all the thr ee pipe branches of some diameter are selected along with equal length so that only the effect of bend angle can be studied. The effect of bend angle,pipe diameter,pipe length,Reynolds number on the resistance coeffi cient is studied. The software used is CATIA for modeling and ANSYS fluent for analysis purpose.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, GEOMETRY ACQUISITION AND GRID GENERATION OF DIESEL ENGI...meijjournal
A typical diesel engine port is of complicated geometry . This paper addresses the experimental studies of intake port of a four cylinder diesel engine for different vacuum pressures and valve lift positions. In this study the cylinder head is experimented through a paddle wheel flow setup which gives the flow coefficient and swirl number as output. The main scope of the work is to understand the flow behaviour through the intake port and finally to determine mean flow coefficient and mean swirl number for different valve lift ratios L/D, where L is valve lift and D is bore diameter. This paper also addresses the geometry acquisition and grid generation for three dimensional Computational Fluid Analysis for flow filed computation and obtain a calibrated CFD code for future design once the code is validated with experimental results
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ)meijjournal
A typical diesel engine port is of complicated geometry . This paper addresses the experimental studies of intake port of a four cylinder diesel engine for different vacuum pressures and valve lift positions. In this study the cylinder head is experimented through a paddle wheel flow setup which gives the flow coefficient and swirl number as output. The main scope of the work is to understand the flow behaviour through the
intake port and finally to determine mean flow coefficient and mean swirl number for different valve lift ratios L/D, where L is valve lift and D is bore diameter. This paper also addresses the geometry acquisition and grid generation for three dimensional Computational Fluid Analysis for flow filed computation and
obtain a calibrated CFD code for future design once the code is validated with experimental results
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
REVIEW OF FLOW DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR DISCHARGE SIDE OF CENTRIFUGA...ijiert bestjournal
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been conducted to find the pressure losses for dividing and combining fluid flow through a junction of discharge system. Simulations are performed for a range of flow ratios and equations are developed for pressure loss coefficients at junctions. A mathematical model based on s uccessive approximations then would be employed to estimate the pressure losses. The proposed CFD based strategy can be used for the analysis of all the three pipe branches of s ome diameter are selected along with equal length so that only the effect of bend angle can be st udied. The effect of bend angle,pipe diameter,pipe length,reynolds number on the resistan ce coefficient is studied. The software used is CATIA for modeling and ANSYS fluent for analysis purpose.
A REVIEW ON IMPROVEMENT OF EFFICIENCY OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP THROUGH MODIFICATIO...ijiert bestjournal
The paper reviews the literature available on the i mprovement of efficiency of centrifugal pump through modification in suction manifolds. The paper discusses the available material of performance improvement through various paramete rs and mainly focuses on the research related to manifold modifications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Jet pump is a type of mechanical device where the extra energy is provide by jet in mixing chamber. This jet is the fluid again circulate from diffuser exit to mixing chamber for better performance. This is also known as motive fluid. So the effects of change in geometrical parameter (Diffuser angle) on its performance were investigated. The set of experiment were carried out to study the effect of diffuser angle on the performance of jet pump. The performance of the jet pump is described by three sets of curves, Discharge vs. Head, Input power vs. Head, and Efficiency vs. Head. Changing the diffuser angle will affect jet pump behavior. Venturi diffuser angle was found to be an important geometrical parameter to characterize the maximum suction lift of the jet pump.
Project Objectives:
To build a representative network model for one OGM(Oil Gathering Manifold) in H Field consists of 4 wells using PIPESIM software.
To match the network model with the field data.
To display & analyze the results after building the model.
Flow analysis of centrifugal pump using CFX solver and remedies for cavitatio...IJERA Editor
In this scholarly thesis pertinent to the working of centrifugal pump, a CFD solver namely CFX is employed in order to simulate fluid flow characteristics with well-defined constraints and boundary conditions defining the problem. Stringent solid model is meticulously prepared encompassing the present day usage and constructional features of a centrifugal pump and is constrained with various boundary conditions having fixed domain in order to evaluate plots and results. To spearhead and facilitate this analysis program a numerical approximation tool with high degree of convergence rate called ANSYS 15.0 software is used. The ASNYS software avoids tedious calculations presumably impending in the design procedure and uses ultimate numerical tool to approximate the solution of the partial differential equations associated with continuity, momentum and energy phases of a flow problem in a 3-D model. This exquisite feature of ANSYS enables designer to optimize the design procedure in an iterative manner based on the final plots of post-processing phase. In addition, the scholarly writing also constitutes the appraisal of the most debilitating and painstaking problem retarding the efficiency of the centrifugal pump known as cavitation. Possible remedies for overcoming this problem will be indirectly inferred from the various plots and figures derived from the post-processing phase of the design process.
Optimization of design of mixed flow centrifugal pump impeller using cfdeSAT Journals
Abstract
Centrifugal pumps are widely used hydraulic machines, irrespective of the fact that their performance is generally not very good. So, turning them into more efficient machines is quite a challenge. The performance of a centrifugal pump is highly dependent on its geometrical parameters and its vane profile. In order to analyze the flow through complex systems like centrifugal pumps, Computation fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used. This work aims to study the performance analysis of a centrifugal mixed flow pump designed to deliver 0.25 m3/s of water with a head of 20 m at a speed of 1450 rpm using ANSYS CFX (ver.14.0). PTC Creo (ver. 2.0) has been used to model the pump unit. The performance of the pump was first determined using the existing vane angles and thickness of the blade then, the inlet vane angle, the outlet vane angle along with the thickness of the blade has been varied to analyze the pump’s performance . The results show that for an initial inlet angle 21.08˚, outlet angle 16.28˚ and blade thickness as 10mm, the efficiency of the pump was 84%. However, the efficiency of pump rises to 89.19% for the optimized angles and blade thickness.
FLOW DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR DISCHARGE SIDE OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPijiert bestjournal
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been conducted to f ind the pressure losses for dividing and combining fluid flow through a junction of discharge system. Si mulations are performed for a range of flow ratios and equations are developed for pressure loss coeff icients at junctions. A mathematical model based on successive approximations then would be employed to estim ate the pressure losses. The proposed CFD based strategy can be used for the analysis of all the thr ee pipe branches of some diameter are selected along with equal length so that only the effect of bend angle can be studied. The effect of bend angle,pipe diameter,pipe length,Reynolds number on the resistance coeffi cient is studied. The software used is CATIA for modeling and ANSYS fluent for analysis purpose.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, GEOMETRY ACQUISITION AND GRID GENERATION OF DIESEL ENGI...meijjournal
A typical diesel engine port is of complicated geometry . This paper addresses the experimental studies of intake port of a four cylinder diesel engine for different vacuum pressures and valve lift positions. In this study the cylinder head is experimented through a paddle wheel flow setup which gives the flow coefficient and swirl number as output. The main scope of the work is to understand the flow behaviour through the intake port and finally to determine mean flow coefficient and mean swirl number for different valve lift ratios L/D, where L is valve lift and D is bore diameter. This paper also addresses the geometry acquisition and grid generation for three dimensional Computational Fluid Analysis for flow filed computation and obtain a calibrated CFD code for future design once the code is validated with experimental results
Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal (MEIJ)meijjournal
A typical diesel engine port is of complicated geometry . This paper addresses the experimental studies of intake port of a four cylinder diesel engine for different vacuum pressures and valve lift positions. In this study the cylinder head is experimented through a paddle wheel flow setup which gives the flow coefficient and swirl number as output. The main scope of the work is to understand the flow behaviour through the
intake port and finally to determine mean flow coefficient and mean swirl number for different valve lift ratios L/D, where L is valve lift and D is bore diameter. This paper also addresses the geometry acquisition and grid generation for three dimensional Computational Fluid Analysis for flow filed computation and
obtain a calibrated CFD code for future design once the code is validated with experimental results
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
DESIGN IMPROVEMENTS OF VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS-A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
In Variable displacement pump the displacement or amount of fluid pumped per revolution of
pump‟s input shaft can be varied as per requirement. This paper investigate the different
improvements achieved for increase the efficiency of variable displacement pump .This paper
also discussed about the alternative mechanisms for variable displacement pump to improve
efficiency and cost reduction of pump.
A Review Paper on Effects of Different Intake Manifold Designs on Diesel Engi...ijsrd.com
One of the objectives of car manufacturers is to improve engine performance, reduce consumption and reduce emissions. To achieve this objective, it is important to understand the phenomena involved in the combustion chambers of engines. There are various factors that influence the engine performance such as compression ratio, atomization of fuel, fuel injection pressure, and quality of fuel, combustion rate, air fuel ratio, intake temperature and pressure and also based on piston design, inlet manifold, and combustion chamber designs etc. Geometrical design of intake manifold is one such method for the better performance of an I.C. Engine. Air swirl motion in CI engine influences the atomization and distribution of fuel injected in the combustion chamber. Intake manifolds provides Air motion to the chamber. So, to get the maximum output with the least input on Diesel engine researchers are experimentally and computationally working on construction of the intake manifold configurations for increase in engine performance and reduction of Exhaust Emissions. In this paper i have studied few papers and also gone through basics of my topic from various books to understand the phenomena.
The effect of rotational speed variation on the velocity vectors in the singl...IOSR Journals
The current investigation is aimed to simulate the three-dimensional complex internal flow in a
centrifugal pump impeller with five twisted blades by using a specialized computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
software ANSYS /FLUENT 14code with a standard k-ε two-equation turbulence model.
A single blade passage will be modeled to give more accurate results for velocity vectors on (blade, hub, and
shroud). The potential consequences of velocity vectors associated with operating a centrifugal compressor in
variable rotation speed.
A numerical three-dimensional, through flow calculations to predict velocity vectors through a
centrifugal pump were presented to examined the effect of rotational speed variation on the velocity vectors of
the centrifugal pump . The contours of the velocity vectors of the blade, hub, and shroud indicates low velocity
vectors in the suction side at high rotational speed (over operation limits )and the velocity vectors increases
gradually until reach maximum value at the leading edge (2.63×10 m/s) of the blade
The effect of rotational speed variation on the static pressure in the centri...IOSR Journals
The current investigation is aimed to simulate the three-dimensional complex internal flow in a
centrifugal pump impeller with five twisted blades by using specialized computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
software ANSYS /FLUENT 14code with a standard k-ε two-equation turbulence model.
A single blade passage will be modeled to give more accurate results for static pressure contours on (blade,
hub, and shroud). The potential consequences of static pressure associated with operating a centrifugal
compressor in variable rotation speed.
A numerical three-dimensional, through flow calculations to predict static pressure through a
centrifugal pump were presented to examined the effect of rotational speed variation on the static pressure of
the centrifugal pump . The contours of the static pressure of the blade, hub, and shroud indicates negative low
static pressure in the suction side at high rotational speed (over operation limits )and the static pressure
increases gradually until reach maximum value at the leading edge (6×105 Pa) of the blade.
The aim of this study is to investigate a technique to enhance the air swirl to achieve
betterment in engine performance characteristics in a direct injection (DI) single cylinder diesel
engine. A good swirl promotes the fast combustion and improves the efficiency. The engine should
run at low speeds in order to have low mechanical losses and fast combustion, enabling good
combustion efficiency. Therefore to produce high turbulence prior to combustion within the cylinder,
swirl induced by the inlet manifold will be helpful. This paper aims at studying the effect of air swirl
generated by directing the air flow in intake manifold on engine performance. The turbulence is
achieved in the inlet manifold with different types of internal threads of constant pitch. In view this,
experimental investigation has been carried out to find the effect of swirl on the performance
characteristics of the engine, by inducing swirl in inlet manifolds with three different types of
internal threads viz. acme, buttress and knuckle threads of constant pitch. The results indicate that
inlet manifold with buttress threads is identified as optimum configuration based on performance
characteristics of engine. This is because inlet manifold with buttress threads achieved a higher swirl
coefficient and swirl ratio compared with inlet manifold having acme and knuckle threads
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE INTAKE PORT OF A DIESEL ENGINE TO DETERMINE SWIRL
1. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.5, No.2, May 2016
DOI: 10.14810/ijmech.2016.5202 21
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE INTAKE PORT
OF A DIESEL ENGINE TO DETERMINE SWIRL
Shankar. V1
, Thejaraju R2
, Varunraju V 3
, Amal Chacko K 4
1
Professor & Principal Investigator,
2
Assistant Professor
3
Research Associate ,
4
Fellowship - Undergraduate Final Year Student
Major Research Project -Diesel Engine Research & Development
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Christ University
Bangalore-560074, India
1
Email: shankar.v@christuniversity.in
ABSTRACT
This paper focuses on experimentalstudies of intake port of a four cylinder diesel engine for different
vacuum pressures and valve lift positions. In this study, the cylinder head is experimented through a paddle
wheel flow setup, which gives the flow coefficient and swirl number asoutput. Main scope of the work is to
understand the flow behaviour through the intake port and finally to determine mean flow coefficient and
mean swirl number for different valve lift ratios L/D, where L is valve lift and D is bore diameter.
KEYWORDS
Experimental study,Intake port, mean swirl number, mean flow coefficient, L/D ratio.
1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The research focus is on diesel engine at Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering Christ University, Bangalore and a research proposal was made [1] and Major
Research Project (MRP) and in-house funded project has been sanctioned [2] during November
2013 by the Centre of Research Projects, Christ University for a period of three years. The aim
and objective in three phases is a) to create a state-of-the-art facility catering to various class of
diesel engines in the range of five to hundred HP. Five to ten HP single cylinder engines are used
for irrigation and tiller applications whereas sixty to eighty HP class four cylinder engines are
used for light motor vehicle applications, b) to evaluate the base line engine characteristics by
extensive testing and endurance testing and c) to work on engine modification by going in for
Low Heat Rejection (LHR) engine with the idea of providing value added inputs on the existing
engine in terms of better Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) and reduced pollutants. Research
work is in good progress and LHR engine is realized by Thermal Barrier Coating ( TBC) of
piston crown. A dozen thrust areas are identified for research and one such fascinating area is 3
D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) studies of diesel engine intake port and experimental
validation,
Over half a dozen research faculties from various departments – Mechanical, Electrical,
Electronics, Mathematics and Chemistry departments participate in this interdisciplinary research
program and thirty undergraduate research students participate in the program. The potential
spinoff includes: a) faculty pursuing Ph.D. b) Students performing research after prescribed
2. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.5, No.2, May 2016
22
academic hours and turning out project/fellowship reports and c) vendor development for
associating with research work. For instance, Amado Tools, Bangalore is involved in fabrication
related activities and Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI), Pune is involved in
testing at the paddle wheel facility [3]
2. INTRODUCTION
Research on diesel engine inlet port has been a fascinating area for the last so many decades and
continues to be potential area of research in the next generation advanced diesel engines for
enhanced mixing and combustion efficiency. There is a need to press into service available tools
like Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) which is far advanced in terms of millions of grids
coupled with a potential solver. The 3 Dimensional (D) CFD analysis, no doubt, gives a lot of
information. However, testing is required to calibrate the CFD code so that it would be useful for
future design, development and optimization of inlet ports. This, in turn, has a tremendous effect
on power, Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) and exhaust emissions from the engine. CFD has
minimized testing efforts; however it does not and cannot eliminate experimental tests. S.K
Sabaleand S.B. Sanab [4] has developed a methodology for design of helical inlet port targeting
high swirl number of the order of 1.8 and experimentally tested in paddle wheel facility.
Anqi Chen [5] gives a mathematical description and numerical approximation of the flow through
inlet port and uses STAR CD CFD code for 3 D CFD analysis. Steady flow in the inlet port and
the cylinder is analysed and computation of unsteady flow is highlighted. . Researchers in the past
used classical diagnostic techniques, such as hot wire anemometer [6], to investigate engine flow
field. For the analytical work, method of characteristics [7]has been used for computation. With
the advancement of both software and hardware capabilities, powerful 3 D CFD codes like
Fluent, Star CD are used for computation optical diagnostics are employed for experimental
verification.
It is recognized that volumetric efficiency and therefore power output could be considerably
increased by improving air induction and flow characteristics. Air motion into the cylinder
during intake stroke of an internal combustion engine is one of the important factors, which
govern the performance of an engine. Swirl is the rotation of charge about cylinder axis and it is
used in diesel engines to control air-fuel mixing. Several research studies related to swirl
enhancement in IC engines reported that swirl facilitates mixing of air fuel mixture and increases
the combustion rate. Furthermore, a high swirl is also not desired, as kinetic energy for the flow is
obtained at expense of a reduced volumetric efficiency. Optimum swirl can be created by
optimum design of the intake port. An optimal swirl ratio is not only good for optimum
combustion, but also for optimal emission reduction[8].
The recent experiments and computations have indicated that the induction generated turbulence,
which independent of its initial magnitude, decays by the time of ignition to levels determined by
the engine speed. Therefore, it is desirable for the bulk in-cylinder flow to persist through
compression, hence releasing its stored kinetic energy at convenient time for combustion to be
affected. The controlling parameter is the design and orientation of intake port, in the absence of
piston bowl effects. The significant portion of the combustion process takes place by diffusion of
flames in a diesel engine. The air-fuel mixing controls the rate of chemical reaction and hence the
heat release under this condition. The earlier studies show that the air-fuel mixing is a function of
kinetic energies associated with fuel injection and airturbulence[9].
Yufeng Li[10] proposed new equations for estimation of swirl ratio in which the volumetric
efficiency, the compression ratio and pressure drop through intake valve are taken into
consideration. Cylinder head of few diesel engines were tested on the steady flow rig and their
3. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.5, No.2, May 2016
23
swirl ratios were estimated by these methods. However the result did not show much difference
but corrections of the compression ratio, the volumetric efficiency and pressure drop on the swirl
ratio were clearly understood.
The focus on present work is to experimentally investigate the swirl number and flow coefficient
for different valve lift and vacuum pressure. The test article is typical research engine cylinder
head of a four cylinder four stroke seventy two HP diesel engine with a bore of the order of 76
mm and stroke being 80 mm. Ideally, it is good to test all the four ports individually y to have a
statistical correlation of data. However, extensive tests are carried out on one port and 3 D CFD
analysis is in progress for validation and for future design purposes.
3. TYPICAL INLET PORT
A typical intake port geometry and schematic representation of swirl flow behaviour
through the intake port is shown in Fig. 1 and a schematic of steady flow swirl is given in
Fig. 2.
Figure1. Typical inlet port and valve assembly
3.1 . Parameters Governing Swirl Flow
It has been observed that in-cylinder flow strongly depends on the inlet port, valve and cylinder-
head geometry. Thus in order to better understand the swirl flow behaviour, it is necessary to
understand the effect of each design parameters – effect of valve shape, port shape , valve lift and
pressure drop on swirl flow.
4. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.5, No.2, May 2016
24
Figure2. Schematic of steady flow swirl
In order to understand the effect of valve shape, the fillet radius of the valve stem, angle of valve
head, valve seat angle and sharp corners on the valve and seat have been changed and their
influence on air flow characteristics was studied by Tanaka[11]. He found that rounding of sharp
corners on the valve and the seat had major influence as rounding of corners between valve and
seat made convergent-divergent nozzle which increases the air flow rate.
3.1.1 Effect of Valve Shape
The shape of the port near port exit and passage between valve seat and valve head effects the
flow pattern. Flow coefficient defined as ratio of measured flow rate and theoretical flow rate
increases when the square ratio of port diameter to valve seat diameter were in range of 2.25 to
4.0 as the resistance to the flow decreases studied by Kastner et al.[12].
3.1.2 Effect of Valve Lift
Flow pattern inside the inlet valve and cylinder vary with valve lift. In an automobile engine, the
valve lift is limited by getting the valve open and shut quickly and is generally one-fifth of valve
head diameter. Khalighi[13] observed that at low lifts, the swirl pattern is characterized by double
rotation under the valve and flow remains attached to valve head and seat whereas at higher lifts,
there is only single rotation and flow separates from valve head. Hence, the discharge coefficient
,Cd, decreases at low valve lift and then increases with increase in valve lift.
3.1.3 Pressure Drop
Flow through intake valve and its seat is similar to flow through venture in which passage
converges and diverges. The discharge coefficient decreases as the pressure drop is increased thus
limiting the flow rate of air inside the cylinder. At higher valve lifts, the discharge coefficient is
independent of pressure drop as flow breaks away from wall and passage has more divergence.
L- Valve lift
Vd-Valve diameter
Ls-Stroke length
D-Bore diameter
5. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.5, No.2, May 2016
25
4. TEST PLAN
To measure the swirl number of the engine under consideration for the following conditions:
a. For various air-flow rate ( with a pressure differential between 200-650mm of water)-200,
250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 , 550, 600 and 650 mm of water
b. For different intake valve lifts (0-8mm)
Swirl tests have been carried out in the paddle wheel facility of Automotive Research Association
of India (ARAI), Pune. Typical test plan is given in table 1[14,15].
Table 1 Intake Port Test Matrix [11]
5.PADDLE WHEEL SETUP
The Swirl test facility in ARAI is shown in Fig 3. anda schematic of the test facility is given in
Fig 4.
Figure3. Swirl Flow Rig Setup [3]
Sl.
No
Pressure
(mm of
Water)
Valve Lift (mm)
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V8
1 200 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
2 250 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
3 300 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
4 350 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
5 400 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
6 450 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
7 500 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
8 550 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
9 600 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 650 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Cylinder
head
Cylinder
liner
Surge Tank
6. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.5, No.2, May 2016
26
Figure4.A Schematic of paddle wheel facility at ARAI, Pune
Air swirl speed or momentum in the cylinder generated by intake ports is generally measured on
a steady flow rig. The variable frequency drive blower provides an air flow source for the steady
flow rig. The cylinder head to be measured is placed on the rig bench and is centred well with
cylinder dummy which has diameter identical to engine bore. The steady flow starts from
maximum valve lift up to 1mm of valve lift.
5.1. Test Rig Components and Test Procedure
The main components of the test rig include:
1. Cylinder head port
2. Swirl meter
3. Liner
4. Paddle wheel
5. Manometer 1 for pressure drop measurement
6. Control valve for tank pressure adjustment
7. Blower unit
8. Surge tank
9. Orifice
10. Manometer 2 for tank pressure setting
To test the inlet port at various valve lifts, the following steps were followed:
i. The valve was set at 8mm valve opening by giving a rotation to metric screw and noting
the reading on dial gauge mounted upon the valve stem.
ii. Blower was started with control valve partially opened.
iii. The differential pressure across the tank was observed in the U-tube water manometer. It
was monitored from 200mm-650mm of water by operating the control valve.
iv. The final readings were taken after waiting for 15 minutes so that the flow could be
maintained steady. Various reading were noted, namely, lift (L) in mm, mass flow rate
(m) in lit/sec. and paddle wheel speed (nD) in rpm.
7. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.5, No.2, May 2016
27
The readings were taken at each interval of valve lift, starting from 8mm to 0mm for each valve
of pressure ranging from 200mm-650mm of water following the same procedure.
In order to co-relate the swirl flow test rig with actual engine following assumption are
considered:
Air flowing through intake ports in real engine and on steady flow rig is assumed to
be compressible and isentropic.
Swirl motion in the cylinder of both real engine and steady flow rig is rigid body
vortex.
Pressure drop as air flows through intake ports is constant during the intake
process in the real engine i.e. air velocity passing through valve seat is constant
during intake process.
5.2. Formulae
The flow coefficient of the intake port at each valve lift is defined as,
Cf =
̇
Where Cf is the flow coefficient; ̇ is the mass flow rate;
is the air density at valve seat;
A is the inner valve area of the valve seat;
Vs is the velocity when air passes through the intake valves;
√
Where d is the diameter of intake valve seat;
is the pressure difference between cylinder dummy and atmosphere.
The swirl intensity in the cylinder dummy at each valve lift is defined as:
Where, Rs is the swirl ratio at each valve lift
nd is the swirl speed (rev per min) i.e. pedal wheel speed
n is the relative engine speed when the mass flow rate in real engine is equal to mass
flow rate in the steady rig.
8. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.5, No.2, May 2016
28
6 . RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The current study involves determination of mean swirl number, mean flow coefficient, paddle
wheel speed, and dischargecoefficient and flow rate with respect to L/D non dimensional ratio for
various pressures . The results are presented and discussed below:
Figure 5. Paddle wheel speed Vs Valve lift ratio
The variation of the paddle wheel speed with respect to different pressures of water has been
plotted in figure 5. From the above figure , it can be obsreved that the variation of paddle wheel
speed with respect to non dimentional ratio L/D at different pressures are uniform and linear
behaviour. Thus we can understand that with increase in pressure drop the circumferential
velocity increases which increases the pedal wheel speed and it increases linearly with valve lift.
Figure 6. Flow coefficient Vs Valve lift ratio
Fig 6.shows the variation of flow coefficient versus L/D ratio. From the above figure, the
variation of non dimentional ratio between 0.03-0.09 results in distortion of the flow coefficient
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
PADDLEWHEELSPEED
NON DIMENSIONAL RATIO L/D
Paddle wheel speed Vs Valve lift
200mm of water
250mm of water
300mm of water
350mm of water
400mm of water
450mm of water
500mm of water
550mm of water
600mm of water
650mm of water
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
FLOWCOEFFICIENT
NON DIMENSIONAL RATIO L/D
Flow coefficient Vs Lift
200mm of water
250mm of water
300mm of water
350mm of water
400mm of water
450mm of water
500mm of water
550mm of water
600mm of water
650mm of water
9. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.5, No.2, May 2016
29
whereas from L/D ratio of 0.10-0.22, the flow coefficient is independent of pressure
drop.Therefore in general the flow coefficient is approximately independent of pressure drop
except at small valve lift, where it increases with pressure drop.
Figure 7. Swirl number Vs Valve lift ratio
The variation of the swirl number with respect to different pressures of water has been plotted in
figure 7. From the above figure, the variation of non dimentional ratio between 0.05-0.12 results
in distorting the swirl number from 0-0.7 as disturbance is created for the flow.Thus we can
understand that at lower valve lift, the swirl number increases with pressure drop but at higher
lifts, the swirl number is independent of pressure drop.
Figure 8. Flow rate Vs Valve lift ratio
From figure 8.it may be noted that the port allows the flow from 5 l/s to 38 l/s for the L/D ratio
ranging from 0.015 to 0.243. For initial half range of L/D ratio, the flow increases linearly and for
the remaining half the increase is moderate and then it becomes asymptotic. At lower valve lift,
the flow remains attached to the valve head and valve seat. But at higher lifts the flow separates
from valve seat. Thus at higher valve lift, the rate of increase of flow rate decreases and becomes
asymptotic.
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
SWIRLNUMBER
NON DIMENSIONAL RATIO L/D
Swirl number Vs Valve lift
200mm of water
250mm of water
300mm of water
350mm of water
400mm of water
450mm of water
500mm of water
550mm of water
600mm of water
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
FLOWRATE(Lit/sec)
NON DIMENSIONAL RATIO L/D
200mm of water
250mm of water
300mm of water
350mm of water
400mm of water
450mm of water
500mm of water
550mm of water
600mm of water
650mm of water
10. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.5, No.2, May 2016
30
CONCLUSION
The current study involves familiarization of flow characteristics in the intake port shape by using
paddle wheel setup and therefore getting an insight into their relative merits and demerits. Some
of the conclusions obtained from above study are as follows:
From the above results we can conclude that the maximum swirl number, flow rate, paddle wheel
speed has been obtained for the highest L/D ratio. For the L/D ratio of less than 0.05 there was no
reaction of paddle wheel speed and swirl number. The pedal wheel speed increases with increase
in L/D ratio and also with increase in pressure drop. Howeverfor initial half range of L/D ratio,
the flow increases linearly independent of pressure drop and for the remaining half the increase is
moderate and then it becomes asymptotic. Since asvalve lift increases, there is flow separation
taking place between valve seat and valve headand thus the flow area remains constant even with
increase in valve lift and hence the flow becomes asymptotic.The experimental results would be
compared with the 3 D CFD analysis that is in progress.
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