The value of concrete in present society cannot be underestimated. We can see concrete structures everywhere, such as buildings, roads, bridges, and dams. There is no escaping the impact concrete makes on your everyday life. Concrete is a composite material which is made up of filler and a binder. Typical concrete is a mixture of fine aggregate sand , coarse aggregate rock , cement, and water. Cement and lime are usually used as binding materials, while the sand binder is mixed as fine aggregates and crushed stones, gravel, broken bricks clinker is employed as coarse aggregates. The concrete having cement, sand and coarse aggregates mix up in an appropriate percentage in addition to water is called cement concrete. In this kind of concrete, cement is used as a binding substance, sand as fine aggregates and gravel, crushed stones as coarse aggregates.An investigation relating to the use of byproducts to enhance the functions of concrete has been about for many years. In the recent years, the researchers have been made to use industry by products such as fly ash, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag, glass cullet, etc., in concrete production and civil applications. The potential uses of industrial byproducts in concrete or as a partial aggregate substitution or as a partial cement substitution depending on their chemical composition and grain size, The utilization of these materials in concrete comes from the environmental constraints in the safe disposal of these products. Big interest is being focused on the environment and safeguarding of natural resources and recycling of waste materials. Various industries are producing a significant number of products which incorporate residues such as reclaimed aggregates, reclaimed asphalt pavement, foundry sand, copper slag, fly ash, glass cullet, polyethylene terephthalate, high density polyethylene HDPE , unplasticized polyvinyl chloride UPVC , plasticized polyvinyl chloride PPVC , low density polyethylene LDPE , polypropylene PP , polystyrene PS , expanded polystyrene UPS . Priyatam Kumar | H. L. Yadav "Behavior of Concrete Using Copper Slag As A Strength Parameter in Low Cost Construction Work" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26689.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26689/behavior-of-concrete-using-copper-slag-as-a-strength-parameter-in-low-cost-construction-work/priyatam-kumar
Investigation of Crack Width Development in Reinforced Concrete Beams Using F...IJERA Editor
Due to increase in thermal power plants in India lot of fly ash is produced. The disposal of fly ash causes
negative impact on the environment in the way of water pollution, air pollution and finally effect on the eco
system. Hence disposal of fly ash is challenging task for engineers.
Lot of earlier investigations reported that fly ash has some cementing properties it can be replaced as cement
upto some percentage. Hence in this investigation an attempt has been made to replace the cement by fly ash
and investigated the resulting properties.
SOLIGNUM TREATED SAWDUST AS FINE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE PRODUCTIONIAEME Publication
The cost of construction has been on the increasewhich has become a concern to both individuals and government of especially developing countries,and that iswhy this study isaimed at using available cheap materials (sawdust) in concrete production. Concrete mix ratio of 1:2:4 was usedand replacedwith fine aggregate at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% with soligum treated sawdust. From the tests conducted, it was observed that increase in sawdust resulted in decrease in the compressive strength of the concrete. Also it was observed that increase in the sawdust content resulted in the reduction of weight of the concrete. In conclusion sawdust as an air entrainingagent has n appreciable positive effect on the compressive strength of concrete. The reduction in strength of concrete with sawdust as fine aggregate wasdue to its higher rate of water absorption because the higher the water contents in concrete, The lower the strength of the concrete
These alternate building materials can be used when it meets the respective specifications in the code of practice. Here some new materials and technology is discussed as well and a list many alternate materials for foundation, roof and walls are presented with details of each.
alternative building materials for houses
alternative building materials and methods
alternative home construction materials
alternative construction materials
alternative brick building materials
wood alternative materials
alternative building products
wood alternatives for construction
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
latest civil engineering seminar topics
Durability Study on Self Compacting Concrete with Mineral Admixtureijtsrd
Self compacting concrete can be placed and compacted under its own weight without any vibration and without segregation or bleeding. The use of mineral admixture such as fly ash, GGBS, etc. as partial replacement of cement in SCC can bring down cost. The use of industrial waste such as fly ash, GGBS, etc in the binder of concrete reduces the storage, disposal and environmental problems. The most beneficial property with M SAND addition to the concrete in the hardened state are the tensile strength, impact strength, the toughness and the energy absorption capacity. In the present study the mix design for M50 grade SCC was first carried out in accordance with EFNARC guidelines. The cement will be replaced with GGBS and fine aggregate get replaced with manufacturing sand Test such as slump flow,V funnel were carried out on fresh concrete and the optimum dosage of super plasticizer was found and cubes were cast for 7,28,56 days for the mix ratio 1 1.40 1.27 0.34. The influence of GGBS on the workability, mechanical strength and durability aspects like water absorption test, sulphate attack test, acid resistance test,rapid chloride penetration test , sorptivity test , linear polarization resistivity test and alkalinity test of self compacting concrete are studied. Boopathi V | Sharmila Devi K ""Durability Study on Self Compacting Concrete with Mineral Admixture"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23226.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/23226/durability-study-on-self-compacting-concrete-with-mineral-admixture/boopathi-v
Investigation of Crack Width Development in Reinforced Concrete Beams Using F...IJERA Editor
Due to increase in thermal power plants in India lot of fly ash is produced. The disposal of fly ash causes
negative impact on the environment in the way of water pollution, air pollution and finally effect on the eco
system. Hence disposal of fly ash is challenging task for engineers.
Lot of earlier investigations reported that fly ash has some cementing properties it can be replaced as cement
upto some percentage. Hence in this investigation an attempt has been made to replace the cement by fly ash
and investigated the resulting properties.
SOLIGNUM TREATED SAWDUST AS FINE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE PRODUCTIONIAEME Publication
The cost of construction has been on the increasewhich has become a concern to both individuals and government of especially developing countries,and that iswhy this study isaimed at using available cheap materials (sawdust) in concrete production. Concrete mix ratio of 1:2:4 was usedand replacedwith fine aggregate at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% with soligum treated sawdust. From the tests conducted, it was observed that increase in sawdust resulted in decrease in the compressive strength of the concrete. Also it was observed that increase in the sawdust content resulted in the reduction of weight of the concrete. In conclusion sawdust as an air entrainingagent has n appreciable positive effect on the compressive strength of concrete. The reduction in strength of concrete with sawdust as fine aggregate wasdue to its higher rate of water absorption because the higher the water contents in concrete, The lower the strength of the concrete
These alternate building materials can be used when it meets the respective specifications in the code of practice. Here some new materials and technology is discussed as well and a list many alternate materials for foundation, roof and walls are presented with details of each.
alternative building materials for houses
alternative building materials and methods
alternative home construction materials
alternative construction materials
alternative brick building materials
wood alternative materials
alternative building products
wood alternatives for construction
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
latest civil engineering seminar topics
Durability Study on Self Compacting Concrete with Mineral Admixtureijtsrd
Self compacting concrete can be placed and compacted under its own weight without any vibration and without segregation or bleeding. The use of mineral admixture such as fly ash, GGBS, etc. as partial replacement of cement in SCC can bring down cost. The use of industrial waste such as fly ash, GGBS, etc in the binder of concrete reduces the storage, disposal and environmental problems. The most beneficial property with M SAND addition to the concrete in the hardened state are the tensile strength, impact strength, the toughness and the energy absorption capacity. In the present study the mix design for M50 grade SCC was first carried out in accordance with EFNARC guidelines. The cement will be replaced with GGBS and fine aggregate get replaced with manufacturing sand Test such as slump flow,V funnel were carried out on fresh concrete and the optimum dosage of super plasticizer was found and cubes were cast for 7,28,56 days for the mix ratio 1 1.40 1.27 0.34. The influence of GGBS on the workability, mechanical strength and durability aspects like water absorption test, sulphate attack test, acid resistance test,rapid chloride penetration test , sorptivity test , linear polarization resistivity test and alkalinity test of self compacting concrete are studied. Boopathi V | Sharmila Devi K ""Durability Study on Self Compacting Concrete with Mineral Admixture"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23226.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/23226/durability-study-on-self-compacting-concrete-with-mineral-admixture/boopathi-v
Cost Effective and Innovative Housing Technologyijsrd.com
Shelter is amongst the three basic human needs but now-a-days, about two-third of the total Indian population does not have their own shelter. This two-third population belongs to the middle and lower income class. These people find it difficult to construct their houses at an affordable cost by using conventional construction technology. It is found in many cases that people serve their whole life constructing their own house, but fail. The mission and dream of these people can be achieved by appropriate use of cost effective and innovative construction technology. As a whole, the housing shortage of the country can be overcome within lesser funds, without compromising with the quality control and structural stability of the structure. Note: This technology is only applicable for single or two storied buildings and can be applied in most of the soil and climatic conditions.
Alternate Building Materials,Alternative Construction Technology and Rain Wat...Rajesh Kolli
The Core of any construction project is its design and at basic level is the materials used.
During the first phase of civilization we used the raw material such as leaves, branches and animal hides for the construction but with increase in our intellect we started improvising other materials such as stone, clay and timber.
With growing time we developed other materials such as brick and concrete, these materials went under great change and stayed till date from the starting of Egyptian civilisation to the present one.
The sudden change in the palate for construction was marked by the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION giving birth to various materials such as metals, glass and steel. It gave rise to many new technologies.
After the industrial revolution many materials had come up over these years. Such as PVC and plastics , many types of concrete like ferrocrete & precast, GRF etc. even now lot of researches are going on new materials and about increasing the efficiency of earlier one.
The major construction material that cost more are cement and gravel which
makes buildings costly. Palm kernel shells are locally available materials which can
be used in place of gravel. Previous works on the kernel shell shows that the strength
determined have met with the building requirements.
Concrete is the most common material used in construction, various research
work and experience gained shows that the quality and durability of concrete depend
mostly on the properties of its constituent, mix design, method of preparation, curing
etc. have their influence on it.
Tests results have shown that kernel shell concrete of mix ratio 1:2:4 has average
compressive strength of 5.6 N/mm2 at 14days curing while 12.47 N/mm2 at 28days of
curing.
Palm kernel shell produces a concrete with a lower compressive strength in
comparison with normal concrete with gravel.
The project in conclusion was a success as it took into consideration the economic
status quo of the population. This project help to provide new materials affordable for
the low income earners which helps in producing low cost houses and this does not
remove the criteria of performance for a material
Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine AggregateVISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan, Achu V, Riyana M S ,Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregate, International Journal of Current Engineering And Scientific Research, April 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4, p-ISSN: 2393-8374,o-ISSN: 2394-0697; GICID: n/d; DOI: 10.21276/ijcesr.
Effect of Steel Slag as Partial Replacement of Cement on Property of Concreteijtsrd
A well maintained infrastructure is a fundamental necessity for a modern society that provides great value, but ensuring that it meets all the requirements is challenging. Concrete as a construction material is in use for several decades. Concrete can withstand the severest environments and engineers are constantly trying to improve its performance with the aid of modern admixtures and waste materials with or without cementious properties. The use of waste material in concrete helps to consume these waste materials and also improves the properties of concrete in fresh and hydrated states.Civil structures are designed considering the target compressive strength of the concrete. Although, few other parameters such as workability, water to cement ratio, setting time of cement and surface hardness influence the performance of concrete.In the present research a series of experiments had been performed to compare the use of Steel Slag as partial replacement of cement in different proportions. Concrete mixes are modified by 5 10 , 15 , 20 and 25 of Steel Slag as replacement of cement.The main conclusions drawn are inclusion of Steel Slag increases the compressive strength up to a certain proportion and then reduces the strength. Steel powder increases the strength but reduces the workability. Comparatively higher early strength gain 3 days, 14 days, 28 days is obtained with Steel Slag concrete. Pushpa | Mr. Ravi Prakash Sharma "Effect of Steel Slag as Partial Replacement of Cement on Property of Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49129.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/49129/effect-of-steel-slag-as-partial-replacement-of-cement-on-property-of-concrete/pushpa
Study on Properties of Concrete using Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash with Sisal Fi...ijtsrd
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world it is a mixture of cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water. Storage and safe disposal of industrial by product such as fly ash, SF and rice husk ash is a huge problem everywhere, reuse of these waste eliminates reduce the problem. This experiment fine aggregate is replaced 0 ,10 ,20 ,30 and 40 of its weight by rice husk ash and cement is replaced 20 of its weight by fly ash and SF in all concrete mix and there effects are studied.In this experiment the compressive strength of the concrete is increased. The compressive strength of the concrete by replacing the 20 sand by RHS and 20 cement by the 19 fly ash and 1 SF the strength increases at 32.52 to 37.8 in M 30 concrete. After adding the RHA the strength is Decreases. The flexure strength of the concrete by replacing 20 sand by RHS and 20 cement by the 19 fly ash and 1 SF the strength increases at 5.2 to 6.69 in M 30 concrete. After adding the RHA the strength is Decreases Thus, flexure strength is also increase by including the RHS. It also reduces the consumption of the cement. The split tensile strength of the concrete by replacing 20 sand by RHS and 20 cement by the 19 fly ash and 1 SF the strength increases at 3.09 to 4.49 in M 30 concrete. After adding the RHA the strength is Decreases. Hence by adding the fly ash with stone dust is also increase the tensile strength of the concrete. Hence saving in cost is two ways cost of sand and cement. Yash Dixit | Nitesh Kushwaha "Study on Properties of Concrete using Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash with Sisal Fiber as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate & Cement: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38662.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/38662/study-on-properties-of-concrete-using-rice-husk-ash-and-fly-ash-with-sisal-fiber-as-partial-replacement-of-fine-aggregate-and-cement-a-review/yash-dixit
Cost Effective and Innovative Housing Technologyijsrd.com
Shelter is amongst the three basic human needs but now-a-days, about two-third of the total Indian population does not have their own shelter. This two-third population belongs to the middle and lower income class. These people find it difficult to construct their houses at an affordable cost by using conventional construction technology. It is found in many cases that people serve their whole life constructing their own house, but fail. The mission and dream of these people can be achieved by appropriate use of cost effective and innovative construction technology. As a whole, the housing shortage of the country can be overcome within lesser funds, without compromising with the quality control and structural stability of the structure. Note: This technology is only applicable for single or two storied buildings and can be applied in most of the soil and climatic conditions.
Alternate Building Materials,Alternative Construction Technology and Rain Wat...Rajesh Kolli
The Core of any construction project is its design and at basic level is the materials used.
During the first phase of civilization we used the raw material such as leaves, branches and animal hides for the construction but with increase in our intellect we started improvising other materials such as stone, clay and timber.
With growing time we developed other materials such as brick and concrete, these materials went under great change and stayed till date from the starting of Egyptian civilisation to the present one.
The sudden change in the palate for construction was marked by the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION giving birth to various materials such as metals, glass and steel. It gave rise to many new technologies.
After the industrial revolution many materials had come up over these years. Such as PVC and plastics , many types of concrete like ferrocrete & precast, GRF etc. even now lot of researches are going on new materials and about increasing the efficiency of earlier one.
The major construction material that cost more are cement and gravel which
makes buildings costly. Palm kernel shells are locally available materials which can
be used in place of gravel. Previous works on the kernel shell shows that the strength
determined have met with the building requirements.
Concrete is the most common material used in construction, various research
work and experience gained shows that the quality and durability of concrete depend
mostly on the properties of its constituent, mix design, method of preparation, curing
etc. have their influence on it.
Tests results have shown that kernel shell concrete of mix ratio 1:2:4 has average
compressive strength of 5.6 N/mm2 at 14days curing while 12.47 N/mm2 at 28days of
curing.
Palm kernel shell produces a concrete with a lower compressive strength in
comparison with normal concrete with gravel.
The project in conclusion was a success as it took into consideration the economic
status quo of the population. This project help to provide new materials affordable for
the low income earners which helps in producing low cost houses and this does not
remove the criteria of performance for a material
Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine AggregateVISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan, Achu V, Riyana M S ,Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregate, International Journal of Current Engineering And Scientific Research, April 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4, p-ISSN: 2393-8374,o-ISSN: 2394-0697; GICID: n/d; DOI: 10.21276/ijcesr.
Effect of Steel Slag as Partial Replacement of Cement on Property of Concreteijtsrd
A well maintained infrastructure is a fundamental necessity for a modern society that provides great value, but ensuring that it meets all the requirements is challenging. Concrete as a construction material is in use for several decades. Concrete can withstand the severest environments and engineers are constantly trying to improve its performance with the aid of modern admixtures and waste materials with or without cementious properties. The use of waste material in concrete helps to consume these waste materials and also improves the properties of concrete in fresh and hydrated states.Civil structures are designed considering the target compressive strength of the concrete. Although, few other parameters such as workability, water to cement ratio, setting time of cement and surface hardness influence the performance of concrete.In the present research a series of experiments had been performed to compare the use of Steel Slag as partial replacement of cement in different proportions. Concrete mixes are modified by 5 10 , 15 , 20 and 25 of Steel Slag as replacement of cement.The main conclusions drawn are inclusion of Steel Slag increases the compressive strength up to a certain proportion and then reduces the strength. Steel powder increases the strength but reduces the workability. Comparatively higher early strength gain 3 days, 14 days, 28 days is obtained with Steel Slag concrete. Pushpa | Mr. Ravi Prakash Sharma "Effect of Steel Slag as Partial Replacement of Cement on Property of Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49129.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/49129/effect-of-steel-slag-as-partial-replacement-of-cement-on-property-of-concrete/pushpa
Study on Properties of Concrete using Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash with Sisal Fi...ijtsrd
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world it is a mixture of cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water. Storage and safe disposal of industrial by product such as fly ash, SF and rice husk ash is a huge problem everywhere, reuse of these waste eliminates reduce the problem. This experiment fine aggregate is replaced 0 ,10 ,20 ,30 and 40 of its weight by rice husk ash and cement is replaced 20 of its weight by fly ash and SF in all concrete mix and there effects are studied.In this experiment the compressive strength of the concrete is increased. The compressive strength of the concrete by replacing the 20 sand by RHS and 20 cement by the 19 fly ash and 1 SF the strength increases at 32.52 to 37.8 in M 30 concrete. After adding the RHA the strength is Decreases. The flexure strength of the concrete by replacing 20 sand by RHS and 20 cement by the 19 fly ash and 1 SF the strength increases at 5.2 to 6.69 in M 30 concrete. After adding the RHA the strength is Decreases Thus, flexure strength is also increase by including the RHS. It also reduces the consumption of the cement. The split tensile strength of the concrete by replacing 20 sand by RHS and 20 cement by the 19 fly ash and 1 SF the strength increases at 3.09 to 4.49 in M 30 concrete. After adding the RHA the strength is Decreases. Hence by adding the fly ash with stone dust is also increase the tensile strength of the concrete. Hence saving in cost is two ways cost of sand and cement. Yash Dixit | Nitesh Kushwaha "Study on Properties of Concrete using Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash with Sisal Fiber as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate & Cement: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38662.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/38662/study-on-properties-of-concrete-using-rice-husk-ash-and-fly-ash-with-sisal-fiber-as-partial-replacement-of-fine-aggregate-and-cement-a-review/yash-dixit
Flexural Behavior of Fibrous Reinforced Cement Concrete Blended With Fly Ash ...Ijripublishers Ijri
Research for high strength and better performance characteristics of concrete are leading the researchers for developing
better structural concrete and new structural application techniques.New types of concrete have come in application
in construction by using supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash, silica fume metakaoline, nanosilica and
other materials using various reinforcing materials like different type of fibers for achieving better performance for the
composite compared to the normal concrete.In the present experimental investigation, a mix design for high strength
concrete of M80 is tried using triple blending technique with ternary blend of metakaoline and fly ash as partial replacement
by weight of cement at various blended percentages ranging between 10%-40% with steel fibers having aspect ratio
of 50. The various percentages of steel fibers to be tried are 0%, 0.5% and 1% by volume of concrete. The workability is
measured for its consistency using compaction factor method.The project aims at finding the optimum replacement of
cement by fly ash and metakaoline from which maximum benefit in various strengths and workability of the mix can be
obtained. The results of fiber reinforced specimens with various percentages of ternary blend are compared with control
specimens to study the behaviour of FRC properties with various percentages of the blends as partial replacement by
weight of cement. Sufficient number of cubes and beams will be cast. The case specimens will be tested for the change
in compressive and flexural strengths at 7 & 28 days for M80 concrete.It is expected that the results of present investigation
would help to arrive at the optimum percentages of the admixtures and fibre reinforcement to achieve optimum
strength properties of the composite.
Engineered Cementitious Composites Using High Volume Fly Ash and PVA Fibers f...IJERA Editor
For each ton of Cement produced, one ton of CO2, a greenhouse gas, is released into the atmosphere. Worldwide, the Cement industry produced about 1.4 billion tons in 1995, which caused the emission of as much CO2 gas as 300 million automobiles. Our industry has a responsibility and societal duty to make a contribution towards taking the steps necessary to achieve sustainable development. A scientific approach towards conserving natural resources involves increasing durability of structures, because more durable structures need to be replaced less frequently. Such increased durability can be achieved by choosing appropriate mix designs and selecting suitable Aggregates and admixtures. Development of Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) materials using High volume of Fly Ash and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibers will produce the most promising construction materials with High durability. This Paper focuses on Development and study of Engineered Cementitious Composites using High Volume Fly Ash and Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber, the use of which will increase the durability and hence lead to the Sustainable Development in Construction Industry
Green concrete for sustainable constructioneSAT Journals
Abstract There are many choices in regard to selection of materials in any type of constructions. Due to growing interest in sustainable construction, engineers and architects are motivated to choose the materials which are more sustainable. Green concrete capable for sustainable construction is characterized by application of industrial wastes to reduce consumption of natural resources and energy and pollution of the environment. Replacement of materials over nominal concrete is what makes green concrete more environmental friendly concrete. Marble sludge powder, quarry rocks, crushed concrete and fly ashes are some of the materials used for making green concrete, a sustainable construction. Keywords: Construction Industry, Environmental Impact, Geo-polymer concrete, Green Concrete, Recycled Materials, Sustainable Construction, Virgin Material.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Foam concrete has become most trending material in construction industry. People from construction field were come
out with the mix design of foam concrete to meet the specifications and the requirement needs. This is because foam concrete
has the possibility as alternative of lightweight concrete for producing intermediate strength capabilities with excellent thermal
insulation, freeze-thaw resistance, high impact resistance and good shock absorption. Fibres are generally used in concrete to
reduce the crackings due to plastic and drying shrinkages. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce
bleeding of water. The inclusion of fibre reinforcement in concrete can enhance many more engineering properties of the basic
materials, Such as fracture toughness, flexural toughness, flexural strength and resistance to fatigue, impact, thermal shock and
spalling. From the practical observations on addition of 2% of fibre gives the effective distribution of fibre in the concrete. The
strain value of the concrete is decreases with increase in fibre content.
As concrete is the most abundant material used in the world, it contains aggregate content of around 60 to 70 %. Since aggregate are being used rapidly there has been a scarcity in the avaibility of these materials. This research investigates the effect of partially replacing aggregates by burnt brick bats and lateritic fines in concrete respectively for M25 grade concrete. The incorporation is done for 5%, 10% and 15% of burnt brick bats for coarse aggregate and by talking 15% of lateritic fines as constant for fine aggregate by conducting compressive strength test which gave the optimum value of 15% for natural sand. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength was conducted. The results showed density of of the concrete incorporating brick and laterite was lower compared to conventional concrete, the concrete with 5% burnt brick and 15% lateritic soil showed increased strength for 7 days compared to normal concrete but when 28 days test was conducted the strength was similar to conventional concrete. The split tensile and flexural strength of replaced concrete was found to be lower than the nominal concrete.
Synergistic Effect on Ternary Blended Cementitious Systemijtsrd
This paper presents a detailed experimental investigation on the synergestic effects on ternary blended cementitious system containing fly ash and silica fume. The experimental programme consisted of three parts, the first part was to obtain the super plasticizer demand for each mix so as to obtain a workability of 110±5 , the second part was to determine the strength and durability properties of the mortar samples having different fly ash and silica fume contents and the third part was to determine the synergy existing in the ternary blends both in terms of durability and strength. Test results have shown that the ternary blended mixtures improved the mortar performance by improving the workability, strength and durability, therefore are applicable. Ternary mixtures performed in accordance with their ingredients however the degree of improvement that they contribute varies based on the selected dosage and type of SCMs. Synergy between the fly ash and silica fume is the main reason for the outstanding performance of ternary mixtures. The results obtained thus are encouraging for partial replacement. Jasir Thachaparambil "Synergistic Effect on Ternary Blended Cementitious System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52289.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52289/synergistic-effect-on-ternary-blended-cementitious-system/jasir-thachaparambil
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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quantity of structure and destruction, waste generated
enlarged exponentially. It contains generally of inert and
non-biodegradable resources such as wood, concrete, glass,
plastic and steel. Many large project sites have heaps and
piles of construction and demolition waste lying around on
roads and highways causing inconvenience and accidentsto
traffic movement. It is estimated that in India construction
industry generates nearly 10-12 million tons of waste
annually (Thomas and Wilson 2013).
In the last 20 years, a lot of work concerning the use of
several kinds of urban wastes in the building materials
industrials process has been published. One of the new
waste materials used in the concrete industry is recycled
plastic. For solving the disposal of large amounts of recycled
plastic material, reuse of plastic in the concrete industry is
considered as the most feasible application. Recycledplastic
can be used as coarse aggregate in concrete.
Concrete is one of the oldest and most commonconstruction
materials in the world, mainly due to its low cost,
availability, its long durability, and abilitytosustain extreme
weather environments. The worldwide production of
concrete is ten times that of steel by tonnage. On the other
hand, other construction materials such as steel and
polymers are more expensive and less common than
concrete materials. Concrete is a brittle material that has a
high compressive strength, but a low tensile strength. This
reinforcement of concrete is required to allow it to handle
tensile stresses. Such supportisusuallymadeoutusingsteel.
TYPES OF CONCRETE
Some common and main types of concrete are:
A. Normal concrete
B. High Strength Concrete
C. High-Performance Concrete
D. Air-Entrained Concrete
E. Light Weight Concrete
F. Self Compacting Concrete
G. Shotcrete
H. Pervious Concrete
I. Roller Compacted Concrete
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Concrete has many attributes that constitute it a popular
building material. The correct proportion of ingredients,
positioning, and curing are needed in parliamentary
procedure for these attributes to be optimal.
Good-quality concrete has many advantages that add to its
popularity. Foremost, it is economical when ingredients are
readily usable. Concrete's long life and comparatively low
maintenance requirements increase its economic benefits.
Concrete is not equally likely to rot, corrode, or decay as
other building materials. Concrete has the ability to be
formed or cast into virtually any desired form. Construction
of the casts and casting can occur on the worksite which
reduces prices.
Concrete is a non-combustible material which makes it fire-
safe and able with stand high temperatures. It is resistant to
wind, water, rodents, and worms. Hence, concrete is often
used for storm shelters.
Concrete does have some limitations despite its numerous
advantages. Concrete has a relatively low tensile strength
(compared to other building materials), low ductility, low
strength-to-weight ratio, and is susceptible to cracking.
Concrete remains the material of choice for many
applications, regardless of these limitations.
The compressive strength of concreteisnormallyatleastten
times its tensile strength, and five to six times its flexural
strength. The main factors governing compressive strength
are:
Water-cement ratio is by far the most significant
element.
The age of the cured concrete is too significant.Concrete
gradually builds strength after mixing due to the
chemical interaction between the cementandthewater.
It is normally tested for its 28-day strength, but the
strength of the concrete may continue to increase for a
year after mixing.
The character of the cement, curing conditions,
moisture, and temperature. The greater the period of
moist storage i.e 100% humidity and the higher the
temperature, the greater the strength at any given age.
Air entrainment, the introduction of very small air voids into
the concrete mix, serves to greatly increase the final
product's resistance to cracking from freezing-thawing
cycles. Most outdoor structures today employthistechnique.
CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE
Concrete is the conventional and one of the most durable
building materials for most civil engineering works in the
world. It provides superior fire resistance. Structures made
of concrete can have a long service life. Reinforced concrete,
pre-stressed concrete, and precast concrete is the most
widely used types of concrete functional extensions in
modern days.
Concrete is prepared from a mixture of coarse and fine
aggregates, Portland cement, and water. Other additives
such as fly ash and different types of admixtures such as air-
entraining agents, accelerators, retarders, and plasticizers
also may be used to improve the concrete’s capabilities for
workability or strength and their qualitative performances.
Conventional concrete is a particulate- strengthened the
ceramic-matrix-composite material. The sand and stone are
the dispersed particles in a multiphase matrix of cement
paste. Reinforced concrete can then be considered a “fiber-
reinforced” composite, with the reinforcing steel bar acting
as the “fiber”. One fundamental difference, however,
between conventional concrete and other engineering
composites is that the composition; and hence the
properties, of the cement paste do not remain constant after
processing but vary with time, temperature, and relative
humidity. A second difference is a concrete porosity.
The pores of concrete are filled with a highly alkaline
solution with a pH of between approximately 12.5.
INNOVATIONS IN CONCRETE:
Advances in concrete technology include the properties of
concrete such as workability, strength, durability and so on.
But this present scenario describes advances in concrete
technology such as admixtures, plasticizers, super
plasticizers, retarders. The use of these materials has
become a lift for structural Engineers to bring down big
constructions in usage in a smaller time. But in general,
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advances in concrete technology deals, with an increase in
strength and durability of concrete and increasing the
workability to the required time. The main advances in
Concrete technology deals, with the action of:
Plasticizers,
Super plasticizers,
Retarders,
Accelerators,
Air-entraining admixtures,
Pozzolanic Admixtures,
Damp-proofing Admixtures,
Gas forming Admixtures,
Workability Admixtures,
Bonding Admixtures,
Coloring Admixtures and
Corrosion Inhibiting Admixtures.
Not only has this but these also included construction
Chemicals such as:
Concrete Curing Compounds,
Mold Releasing agents,
Non-shrink high strength Grout,
Surface Retarders,
Guniting Aid and
Protective Coatings.
The above-mentioned compounds are useful in not only
increasing strength, durability and workability of concrete
but they are also useful in giving protection to concrete,
create bonds between the materials of concrete, and gives
attractive colors to concrete and also they reduce water to a
great extent which is a severe crisis in nowadays.
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
The strength of concrete is very much dependent upon the
hydration reaction just discussed. Water plays acritical role,
particularly the amount used. The strength of concrete
increases when less water is used to make concrete. The
hydration reaction itself consumes a specific amount of
water. Concrete is actually mixed with more water than is
needed for the hydrationreactions.Thisextrawater is added
to give concrete sufficient workability. Flowing concrete is
desired to achieve proper filling and the composition of the
forms. The water not consumed in the hydration reaction
will remain in the micro-structure pore space. These pores
make the concrete weaker due to the lack of strength-
forming calcium silicate hydrate bonds. Some pairs will
remain no matter how well the concrete has been
compacted.
Low water to cement ratio leads to high strength but low
workability. High water to cement ratio leads to low
strength, but good workability. The physical characteristics
of aggregates are shape, texture, and size. These can
indirectly affect strength because they affect theworkability
of the concrete. If the aggregate makes the concrete
unworkable, the contractor is likely to add more water,
which will weaken the concrete by increasing the water to
cement mass ratio.
Concrete's strength may also be affected by the addition of
admixtures. Admixtures are substances other than the key
ingredients or reinforcements which are added during the
mixing process. Some admixtures add fluidity to concrete
while requiring less water to be used. An example of an
admixture which affects strength is superplasticizer. This
makes concrete more workable or fluid without adding
excess water. A list of any other admixtures and their
functions is given below. Note that not all admixtures
increase concrete strength.
Durability is a very important concerninusingconcretefora
given application. Concrete provides good performance
through the service life of the structure when concrete is
mixed properly and care is taken in curing it. Good concrete
can have an infinite life span under the right conditions.
Water, although important for concrete hydration and
hardening, can also play a role in decreased durability once
the structure is built. This is because water can transport
harmful chemicals to the interior of the concrete leading to
various forms of deterioration.Suchdeterioration ultimately
adds costs due to maintenance and repair of the concrete
structure. The contractor should be able to account for
environmental factors and produce a durable concrete
structure if these factors are considered when building
concrete structures.
MATERIALS USED IN CONCRETE
The materials used in the projects for making concrete
mixture are cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, copper
slag, are detailed describe below:
CEMENT
Cement is by far the most important constituent of concrete,
in that it forms the binding medium for the discrete
ingredients. Made out of naturally occurring raw materials
and sometimes blended or underground with industrial
wastes. The cement used in this study was OPC 53 grades
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) conforming to IS-
12269:1987.
FINE AGGREGATE:
Aggregates which occupy nearly 70 to 75 percent volume of
concrete are sometimes viewed as inert ingredients in more
than one sense. However, it is now well recognized that
physical, chemical and thermal properties of aggregates
substantially influence the properties and performance of
concrete. The fine aggregate (sand) used was clean dry sand
was sieved in 4.75 mm sieve to remove all pebbles.
COARSE AGGREGATE:
Coarse aggregate is used for making concrete. They may be
in the form of irregular broken stone or naturally occurring
gravel. Material which is large to be retained on 4.75mm
sieve size is called coarse aggregates. Its maximum size can
be up to 40 mm.
WATER:
water plays an important role in theformationof concreteas
it participates in a chemical reaction with cement.Duetothe
presence of water, the gel is formed which helps in increase
of strength of concrete. Water used for mixing and curing
shall be clean and free from injurious quantities of alkalies,
acids, oils, salts, sugar, organic materials, vegetable growth
or other substance that may be deleterious to bricks, stone,
concrete or steel. Portable water is generally considered
satisfactory for mixing. The pH value of water shall not be
less than the following concentrations represent the
maximum permissible values.
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A. Limits of acidity: To neutralize 100 ml. sample of
water, using phenolphthalein as an indicator, it should
not require more than 5 ml. of 0.02 N NaOH. The details
of the test shall be as given in IS-3025: Part 1:1987
B. Limits of alkalinity: To neutralize 100 ml. sample of
water, using mixed indicator, it should not requiremore
than 25 ml of 0.02 N H2SO4. The details of tests shall be
as given in IS-3025: Part 1:1987.
C. Percentage of solids: Maximum permissible limits of
solids when tested in accordance with IS-3025: Part
1:1987 shall be as under:
Water found satisfactory for mixing is also suitable for
curing. However, water used for curing shall not
produce any objectionable stain or unsightly deposit on
the surface.
Sea water shall not be used for mixing or curing.
Water from each source shall be tested before the
commencement of the work and thereafter once in
every three months till the completion of the work. In
the case of ground water, testing shall also be done for a
different point of drawdown. Water from each source
shall be got tested during the dry season before
monsoon and again after the monsoon.
COPPER SLAG
Copper slag is a by-product of copper smelting and refining
process. As refineries draw metal out of copper ore, they
produce a large volume of non-metallic dust, soot, and rock.
Copper slag which is an industrial waste obtained from
smelting and refining process of copper from industry.
Nearly four tons of copper is obtained as waste is disposed
to lands cause’s environmental impacts. So it can be reused
as concreting materials. In refinery plants when copper
metal produced by extraction process then copper slag is
generated in a large amount in the production of copper
metal. About 2-2.5 tons of copper slag produced for each one
ton of copper production. Production of concrete has many
environmental benefits for example waste recycling and
resolve disposal problems. Concrete is wide utilized in the
development of superior structures like high rise buildings,
long-span bridges etc. So, it must have higher workability, it
has superior mechanical properties than those
of typical concrete. In order to produce concrete with good
mechanical properties, fly ash and silica fume that are
assume as waste materials used one of the most constituent.
Concrete production with that material gives upgrading in
workability compared to traditional concrete.
PROBLEM FORMULATION
Natural resources are decreasing in all over the world and
increasing wastesfromindustriesgeneratedsimultaneously.
The eco-friendly and reliable development for construction
consists the use of non-conventional and different waste
materials and recycling of waste material for reducing
emissions in environments and decreasingtheuseof natural
resources. The mixture of concrete mainly consists fly ash
for saving the cement also useful to maintain the heat of
hydration temperature of concrete. A mixture of water,
aggregate, sand and cement called concrete,itisa composite
material that uses in constructions and developments.
Therefore reducing the use of natural resources in
construction like sand, we use copper slag as a partial
replacement for reducing the use of sand because sand is a
natural resource and it is not easily available everywhere, so
copper slag is used in the concrete as one of the alternative
materials. It is the waste product of copper produces from
iron or steel plants. The construction industry is the only
area where the safe use of Copper slag is possible. When it is
introduced in concrete as a replacement material, it reduces
the environmentalpollution, spaceproblem and also reduces
the cost of concrete. In refinery plants when copper metal
produced by extraction process then copper slag is
generated in a large amount in the production of copper
metal.
METHODOLOGY
The aim of the experiment was to assess the properties of
concrete made with fine aggregates and copper slagtostudy
the various important aspects such as compressivestrength,
flexural strength and split tensile strength of concrete cube
prepared by using concrete materials and replacing copper
slag with different percentage of replacements with cement
and Fine aggregate respectively. In fresh state, the
workability parameters such asslumpconetestwasstudied.
In hardened state, the strength tests such as compressive
strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength were
studied. The study was carried out for mix design of Gradeof
concrete-M25, M30, M35 and design IS-456:2000 & IS -
10262:2009. In this study, total 270 numbers of concrete
molds were cast.Outof which 180 cubes150 150 150 mm
and 45 cylindrical objects cast with dimensions diameter
150mm, height-300mm and a flexural beamof45moldscast
by dimension 150 150 700 mm.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Compressive Strength Test
In this study the designed concrete is subjected to various
tests to estimate the strength and other properties of the
casted concrete. The main aim of the study is to monitor the
developed strength attained by the concrete at various
testing days from curing. Generally proper casting and
curing of concrete will increase the strength of the concrete.
For this project each test is carried out with 3 samples for
every mix ratio and tested at required curing time. Then the
average values are used for the investigations. The
Compressive Strength values taken from experimental
analysis are described below.
Table 1: Compressive Strength of M-25 concrete Mix at Different curing stages
Compressive Strength (N/mm²)
Grade:M-25
Percentage replacement 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days 50 Days
0% 17.207 22.70233 29.101 39.6896
5% 16.72067 20 28.77373 35.25
10% 15.59 19.75 26.75 33.5
15% 14.75 17.5 26 31.9
20% 13.5 16 24.9 31.2493
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Graph 1: Compressive Strength of M25 Mix cubes at different curing stages
The three cubes were specimens were tested using Compressive Strength machine. The results of compressive strength test
and a variation in strength of cubes shows in graph.
Table 2: Compressive Strength of M-30 concrete Mix at Different curing stages
Compressive Strength (N/mm²)
Grade:M-30
Percentage Replacement 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days 50 Days
0% 19.949 27.42193 32.433 42.9733
5% 18.5 26.75 30.5 40.1999
10% 16.5 24.001 28.005 39.59
15% 15.5 23.5 27.25 36.59
20% 13.5 22.5 25.99 35.36
Graph 2: Compressive Strength of M30 Mix cubes at different curing stages
Table 3: Compressive Strength of M-35 concrete Mix at Different curing stages
Compressive Strength (N/mm²)
Grade:M-35
Percentage Replacement 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days 50 Days
0% 23.434 31.893 36.635 43.175
5% 21.755 29.5 35.75 39.5
10% 18.505 27 33.5 36.75
15% 16.54 25.75 31.75 35.75
20% 15.75 24.5 28.057 34.999
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Graph 3: Compressive Strength of M35 Mix cubes at different curing stages
Most concrete structures are designed assuming that concrete processes sufficient compressive strength. The compressive
strength is the main criteria for the purpose of structural design. To study the strength development of concrete in
comparison to Conventional concrete, compressive strength tests were conducted at the ages of 7, 14, 28 & 50 days. Graphs
show compressive strength variations when Replacement of fine aggregates and cement by copper Slag.
Split Tensile Strength Test
The split tensile strength of concrete is tested by casting cylinder of size 150mm x 300mm and is continuously cured for 28
days testing. Totally 45 cylinders were casted for normal M25, M30, M35 grade and for 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight
partial replacement of copper slag for sand & cement. Three samples are tested and the average values are taken as tensile
strength of concrete. The values of split tensile strengths are shown in table.
Table 4: Split Tensile Strength of Concrete at 28 Days
Percentage Replacement of Copper Slag
Split Tensile Strength (N/mm²)
M-25 M-30 M-35
0% 2.51 3.088 3.592
5% 2.479 2.944 3.356
10% 2.34 2.89 3.125
15% 2.21 2.547 3
20% 2.11 2.458 2.957
Graph 4: Split Tensile Strength at 28 Days
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Flexural strength
Flexural strength also called as modulus of rupture. In concrete flexure is the bending moment caused by the applied load, in
which a concrete beam has compression at top and tensile stress at the bottom side. Beams on testingwillfailintensiondueto
its property and shear will appear on concrete. In this experimental works totally 45-beams of size 700 x 100 x 100 mm are
casted of M25, M30, M35 grades concrete and other percentage of replacements as for 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight of
copper slag with sand and cement. Then compare the values of both design mixes. The flexural values of various mixes are
displayed in Table.5.
Table 5: Flexural Strength of Concrete at 28 days
Percentage Replacement of Copper Slag
Flexural Strength (N/mm²)
M-25 M-30 M-35
0% 2.51 3.088 4.82
5% 2.479 2.944 4.14
10% 2.34 2.89 3.92
15% 2.21 2.547 3.86
20% 2.11 2.458 3.64
Graph 5: Flexural Strength at 28 Days
Waste Management
Copper slag is mixed in the concrete asreplacementmaterial
of fine aggregate. It is the waste product of copper produces
from iron or steel plants. The safe disposal of this waste is
lack, Costly and causes environmental Pollution. The
construction industry is the only area where the safe use of
Copper slag is possible. When it is introduced in concrete as
a replacement material, it reduces the environmental
pollution, space problem and also reduces the cost of
concrete. Many researchers had already establish, copper
slag achievable use as a material in concrete. In this
Experimental study Copper slag is used in concrete in the
form of replacement material of fine aggregate. For this
study, M25, M30 and M35 grade of concrete is prepared and
the test are conducted for various substitute of fine
aggregate and cement using copper slag as 0%, 5%, 10%,
15%, 20% in concrete prepared with fine aggregate.
Conclusion:
The Present Study investigated the effectiveness of using
copper slag for partial replacement of sand, cement and
combination of both in concrete elements. As per
investigational analysis following conclusionscan bedrawn.
The utilization of copper slag in concrete provides
additional environmental as well as technical benefits
for all related industries. Partial replacement of copper
slag in fine aggregate and cement reduces the cost of
making concrete.
Replacement of copper slag with sand and cement
increases the self weight of concrete specimens to the
maximum of 15-18%.
A Copper slag is a type of waste used as a substitute to
natural sand in concrete.
From this investigation, the copper slag particles are
waste of low cost material which would help to resolve
solid waste disposal problem and protect environment
from pollution.
Cost of Concrete production reduces when Copper Slag
is used as a fine aggregate in concrete.
Copper Slag behaves similar to River Sand as it contains
Silica (SiO2) similar to sand.
Addition of Copper Slag increases the density of
concrete thereby increasing the Self-weight.
The Compressive Strength of Concrete with partial
replacement of Sand with Copper Slag up to 20% can be
comparable with conventional Concrete.
Partial substitution of Copper waste in concrete with
shows good resistance to sulphate attack
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Utilization of copper slag as ordinary Portland cement
replacement in concrete and as a cement raw material has
the dual benefit of eliminating the costs of disposal and
lowering the cost of the concrete.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our Special Thanks to Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National Institute of
Technical Teachers Training and Research Bhopal under
MHRD Government of India for offering the supports for the
work.
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