The document discusses emerging technologies in projection mapping that involve moving components. It analyzes examples of projection onto moving surfaces like tree branches swaying in the wind. It also examines projections onto amorphous surfaces like water vapor or smoke. Another approach discussed is moving the projector, such as mounting it on a vehicle or drone. A promising new development is distributed projection using multiple drones equipped with lights that can create three-dimensional images by positioning themselves in space. This ubiquitous projection opens up new possibilities for lighting and imagery in public spaces.

1. Zadorina A.P. PerevalovD.S.
EACA (Ekaterinburg Academy
Modern Art), Ekaterinburg
MOBILE PROJECTIONS IN URBAN SPACES
Abstract
The paper is devoted to the study of the projection technologies, which
goes beyond traditional projection mapping on the static objects. We study examples
of the public art projects, where one or both components of the projection mapping
process (object for projection and light source) are movable. Also, we study the
approach for creating images in the space and lighting the scenes using moving
objects (drones), equipped with light sources. On the basis of the considered
examples, we make a conclusion about emerging new stage of the projection
technology, which can be called ubiquitous projection.
Keywords: videomapping, projection, moving screen, ubiquitous projection.
Video mapping - a technology lighting of surfaces are often non-planar,
through one or more projectors, images which are calibrated in a special way to
illuminate the desired portion of the surfaces in the desired manner [1]. The "classic"
video mapping is assumed that the two component process - the surface light source -
are fixed, and furthermore, the surface is static. At the same time, all other more
common methods video mapping, in which there are moving parts. In this paper we
consider the examples of such projects, which are focused primarily on display in
public places. First, we consider the stirring surface, then proceed to moving the
projector, then consider the situation when moving and surface and screen. Finally,
we will study the approach of creating images in space, which can be called "moving
the pixels", when three-dimensional images are constructed from a set of moving
luminous objects (drones).

2. 1.Video mapping on wiggling objects with a non-planar geometry
In these projects as objects that are projected, use sophisticated
nepoligonalnye objects, often without even being fixed, for example, wood, whose
branches are swaying in the wind [2].
Video mapping on a tree,
Experience Vivid, Sydney, 2016 © Intel [2]
Due to the complexity of the exact video mapping on the part of the object
(stirring the branches), in this approach, the basic technique is painting an object in
the whole image color or texture, as a rule, without taking into account the geometry
of the fine. Note that for accurate tracking parts moving surface could be used suchas
Microsoft Kinect depth camera. But at present, this approach is not common for
public art projects, apparently, due to the limitations that have the camera with
respect to the measurement accuracy, coverage and range of the work.
2. The video mapping on amorphous objects
Water vapor [3], water drops [4], Smoke and fog are amorphous translucent
objects that reflect and refract part of the light passing through them. This allows you
to use them as three-dimensional projection screens.

3. Video mapping on the pairs,
Mapping on cloud, Berlin / Dresden 2013 © Arte Creative [3]
If such a "screen" forms a thin layer in the space, the projection result looks
like a flat picture, hanging in space. If the smoke or vapor fills a space, the result
shows a perspective view of the projection of the divergent rays, which can grasp the
location of the projector.
A promising direction is to focus images of several projectors or lasers
arranged on the screen at different angles, allowing you to create three-dimensional
images of a more general kind. It should be noted that there are already some
pioneering work in this direction, but significant results can be expected in the near
future.
3. The projection of moving the projector
The projector is placed on a moving vehicle such as a car [5], Helicopter [7],
Or drone, you can create a moving projection, for example, in the form of an animal,
running along the walls of buildings.

4. The projection of moving the projector, 3D Projected Tiger Runs Through The
Streets, Paris 2012 © The French design studio, Le3 [5]
A more subtle approach is the precise controlof the position of the projector in
its motion and rotation [6] So as to produceprojection synchronized with the
geometry of the illuminated scene. Examples of this approachcan be seen primarily
in enclosed spaces such as theater stage, but without a doubt, we can expect the
implementation of such projects and in public spaces.
Flying the screen, Hudson 2013 © Wired [7]
As an important step in this direction should be noted the project [7], Wherein
the screen and the projector are flying in spacewith the aid of two helicopters.
4. Distributed projection
Here we look at an approach that develops the idea of moving the projector and
the screen, which can be called "distributed projection" (Ubiquituous projection), by

5. analogy with the "distributed computing" [8]. Originally, the term was introduced to
the study of mobile projectors [9], We see here in a broader manner. Namely, we
consider a distributed projection managed many sources of light (point, directional
lights or projectors), placed on a stand-alone facilities (drones), either issued by the
audience. Next, we consider only the case when the light sources are transferred
drones. In the case where a point light source, generates a set of drones in space
image by building a drone in the desired configuration and the inclusion of their light
for a given program. In project [10] Used 300 drones, and the number is constantly
increasing use of drones.
In the case where the drones are equipped with directional lighting sources
[11], They act as a "distributed projector" pixels which light in different directions,
lighting up the desired objects with the right angles.
The use of drones as moving pixels, Holidays Drone Show at Disney Springs,
Anaheim (California, USA), 2016 © Disney / Intel [10]
One of the challenges in creating such projects is the exact positioning of
drones in space. Typically, such a problem is solved by installing special marks on
the ground, recognizing that each drone calculates the coordinates of its location in
space, on the basis that adjusts its position.

6. To create a "mobile cloud moving points of light" that would fly, for example,
over the surface of the water, you should use other methods of orientation, for
example, the analysis of the provisions of drones neighbors.
conclusion
These examples show that all of the more common approaches to video
mapping, in which the illuminated object is any object, including amorphous and
moving. Furthermore, the number of light sources used autonomous increases. One
can speak of the emergence and growth of technology "distributed projection", which
opens up new expressive possibilities for lighting projects and create three-
dimensional images in public spaces.
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