This document provides an overview of the evolution of mobile networks from 1G to 4G. It discusses:
- 1G networks which used analog technology in the 1980s and provided only voice calling capabilities with low quality.
- 2G networks from the 1990s which introduced digital technology and SMS messaging. This improved voice quality and enabled basic data services.
- 2.5G networks added packet-switched data and increased speeds up to 57.6 kbps, allowing basic mobile Internet access via GPRS.
- 3G networks from the 2000s supported higher speed data up to 2 Mbps and new applications like MMS and mobile video calling. This began the era of modern smartphones.
Smart cities: how computers are changing our world for the betterRoberto Siagri
Introduction
The world is flat, hot and crowded, as Thomas Friedman says in his last book. Luckily, we can also say that it is getting more and more intelligent. Our world is increasingly interconnected and increasingly able to talk to us: people, systems and objects can communicate and interact with one another in completely new ways. Now we have the means to measure, hear and see instantaneously the state of all things. When all things, including processes and working methods, are intelligent, we will be able to respond to changing conditions with more speed and more focus, and make more precise forecasting which in turn will lead to optimization of future events. This ongoing transformation has given birth to the concept of Smart Cities, cities that are able to take action and improve the quality of life of their inhabitants, reconciling it with the needs of trades, factories, service industries and institutions by means of an innovative and pervasive use of digital technologies.
Micromedia: A Global Digital Climate ChangeLindner Martin
By Martin Lindner. The Environment we're living, working and learning in is changing. Information becomes microcontent, small pieces loosely joined - and undbundled, re-mixed, aggregated, mashed-up and reloaded into the circulation.
In "The Future of the Internet IV," Director Lee Rainie reports on the results of a new survey of experts predicting what the Internet will look like in 2020 at the American Association for the Advancement of Science's 2010 Annual Meeting in San Diego.
Ten Technology Trends That Will Change the World in Ten YearsCisco Services
For more info: http://www.cisco.com/go/ibsg/innovations
At Cisco Live 2011, Dave Evans, Cisco’s chief futurist and chief technologist for the Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG), presented the 10 technology trends that will change the world in 10 years.
Smart cities: how computers are changing our world for the betterRoberto Siagri
Introduction
The world is flat, hot and crowded, as Thomas Friedman says in his last book. Luckily, we can also say that it is getting more and more intelligent. Our world is increasingly interconnected and increasingly able to talk to us: people, systems and objects can communicate and interact with one another in completely new ways. Now we have the means to measure, hear and see instantaneously the state of all things. When all things, including processes and working methods, are intelligent, we will be able to respond to changing conditions with more speed and more focus, and make more precise forecasting which in turn will lead to optimization of future events. This ongoing transformation has given birth to the concept of Smart Cities, cities that are able to take action and improve the quality of life of their inhabitants, reconciling it with the needs of trades, factories, service industries and institutions by means of an innovative and pervasive use of digital technologies.
Micromedia: A Global Digital Climate ChangeLindner Martin
By Martin Lindner. The Environment we're living, working and learning in is changing. Information becomes microcontent, small pieces loosely joined - and undbundled, re-mixed, aggregated, mashed-up and reloaded into the circulation.
In "The Future of the Internet IV," Director Lee Rainie reports on the results of a new survey of experts predicting what the Internet will look like in 2020 at the American Association for the Advancement of Science's 2010 Annual Meeting in San Diego.
Ten Technology Trends That Will Change the World in Ten YearsCisco Services
For more info: http://www.cisco.com/go/ibsg/innovations
At Cisco Live 2011, Dave Evans, Cisco’s chief futurist and chief technologist for the Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG), presented the 10 technology trends that will change the world in 10 years.
Presentatie The Internet of Things iBestuur Congres 2013 door Ben van LierCentric
Ben van Lier van Centric sprak op 24 januari tijdens het iBestuur Congres in ’s Hertogenbosch samen met Jean-Louis Roso van TNO over The Internet of Things. De sessie opende met de trailer van de science fictionfilm Prometheus, waarin mensen en technologie voor hun functioneren en overleven van elkaar afhankelijk zijn. Is dit fictie of is The Internet of Things dichterbij dan we denken? Van Lier legde in zijn presentatie uit dat de onderlinge verbondenheid in netwerken van mensen en dingen verstrekkende gevolgen heeft voor ons leven en de manier van werken. Hij liet bestuurders, beslissers en experts uit en rondom het i-overheidslandschap zien dat de afhankelijkheid van technologie groeit in onze alledaagse wereld.
The Internet of Things. How it Works. Why it Matters.Laurie Lamberth
Slides from a webcast put on by the Gerson Lehrman Group in February, 2013 on the Internet of Things. Travel with me on a half-hour journey through the thought leaders in the space, into the types of devices and networks that support them -- with a big finish about how the Internet of Things can improve the environment, our health, our communities and our lives.
Take a look at how far Microsoft Windows has come since 1981, when it first launched. Then visit http://www.lynda.com/windows10 to learn everything you need to know about Windows 10.
Presentatie The Internet of Things iBestuur Congres 2013 door Ben van LierCentric
Ben van Lier van Centric sprak op 24 januari tijdens het iBestuur Congres in ’s Hertogenbosch samen met Jean-Louis Roso van TNO over The Internet of Things. De sessie opende met de trailer van de science fictionfilm Prometheus, waarin mensen en technologie voor hun functioneren en overleven van elkaar afhankelijk zijn. Is dit fictie of is The Internet of Things dichterbij dan we denken? Van Lier legde in zijn presentatie uit dat de onderlinge verbondenheid in netwerken van mensen en dingen verstrekkende gevolgen heeft voor ons leven en de manier van werken. Hij liet bestuurders, beslissers en experts uit en rondom het i-overheidslandschap zien dat de afhankelijkheid van technologie groeit in onze alledaagse wereld.
The Internet of Things. How it Works. Why it Matters.Laurie Lamberth
Slides from a webcast put on by the Gerson Lehrman Group in February, 2013 on the Internet of Things. Travel with me on a half-hour journey through the thought leaders in the space, into the types of devices and networks that support them -- with a big finish about how the Internet of Things can improve the environment, our health, our communities and our lives.
Take a look at how far Microsoft Windows has come since 1981, when it first launched. Then visit http://www.lynda.com/windows10 to learn everything you need to know about Windows 10.
4G technology in wireless communications and it's standards.
Prepared by : Ola Mashaqi ,, Suhad Malayshe
(A telecomm. Engineering Students)
Annajah National University
Introduction to GSM - an Overview of Global System for Mobile Communicationiptvmagazine
This slideshow explains the basic components, technologies used, and operation of Global System for Mobile Communication - GSM - systems. You will discover the evolution of GSM; 1st generation analog systems, 2nd generation GSM systems (digital voice), 3rd generation multimedia, and 4th generation wideband ultra broadband systems.
You will learn the key system components and basic services that GSM systems can provide. Discover the types of GSM devices which include mobile telephones, wireless PCMCIA cards, embedded radio modules, and external radio modems. The different types of services are described including voice services, data services, and messaging services.
Learn about the physical and logical radio channel structures of the GSM system along with the basic frame and slot structures. The operation of the GSM radio channels are explained including channel coding, modulation types, speech coding, RF power control, and mobile assisted handover. GSM radio channel have 8 time slots per frame and that some of these are used for signaling (control channels) and others are used for user traffic (voice and data).
This seminar will provide the basics of this fascinating technology. After attending this seminar you will understand OFDM-principles,
including SC-FDMA as the transmission scheme of choice for the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna technology (MIMO) is a fundamental
part of LTE and its impact on the design of device and network architecture will be explained. Further LTE-related physical layer
aspects such as channel structure and cell search will be presented with an overview of the LTE protocol structure.
The second part of the seminar provides an overview of the evolution in LTE towards 3GPP specification Release 9 and 10. This
includes features and methods for location based services like GNSS support or time delay measurements and the concept of
multimedia broadcast. Finally, we’ll introduce the main features of LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release-10) including carrier aggregation for
a larger bandwidth and backbone network aspects like self-organizing networks and relaying concepts.
This is the third part of a Future Internet Tutorial presented at IWT 2011. See: www.inatel.br/iwt
The Internet has invaded most aspects of life and society, changing our lifestyle, work, communication and social interaction and giving us expectations about new forms of interactions and access to global knowledge. Application and user demands on the Internet are increasing with mobile technologies and media content. Nevertheless, the Internet today is a complex agglomerate of protocols that inherits the grown legacies of decades of patchwork solutions.
There is a common consensus that the Internet needs improvement. Nevertheless, there is not yet a shared vision on how this may happen. As a direct consequence research programs have started worldwide to re-think traditional Internet design principles and to come up with new architectural concepts for the so-called Future Internet (FI).
The Future Internet Tutorial provides an overview of Future Internet research directions and trends. It presents the Future Internet research initiatives around the world and the efforts to establish experimental facilities for FI research. The tutorial gives an introduction to new Future Internet architectures that are currently under discussion and related technologies. Among the approaches discussed are addressing and routing concepts, adaptability, autonomicity, self-*, *-aware and manageability, virtualization, neutrality, openness, diversity, extendibility, flexibility and evolvability. The tutorial also presents some interdisciplinary aspects related to artificial general intelligence and bio-inspired ICT.
www.inatel.br/iwt
Taking the Long View: ICT Trends & DevelopmentsKristjan Rebane
Presentation to the foreign and exchange students at the Tallinn Technical University about the technological development in the world and technology trends as seen in 2011
Anytime, anywhere, any device: mobile technologies in libraries
Mobile technology is increasingly becoming the preferred method of internet access by teenage users, and what better way for libraries to be perceived as useful and relevant than to provide instant, online, 24/7 access to reliable information using this technology? Hear how universities, schools and public libraries are marketing their services using mobile phones and devices.
Internet of Things, is a new revolution of the Internet. Objects make themselves recognizable and they get intelligence thanks to the fact that they can communicate information about themselves and they can access information that has been aggregated by other things. Alarm clocks go off early if there’s traffic; plants communicate to the sprinkler system when it’s time for them to be watered; running shoes communicate time, speed and distance so that their wearers can compete in real time with people on the other side of the world; medicine containers tell your family members if you forget to take the medicine. All objects can get an active role thanks to their connection to the Internet.
For their final project, second semester Northern Virginia Community College Composition students (ENG 112) work in groups to create presentations that introduce, analyze, and draw a conclusion about a significant American cultural artifact, (a trend, a celebrity, or anything that significantly impacts American culture). Students work together to build a persuasive argument using a combination of text, multimedia, and visual design. Students develop a claim about the negative or positive impact of the artifact on the demographic of American culture it affects. Alternatively, students may discuss what the artifact says about our culture.
These students are asked to explore a cultural artifact and determine its significance and/or role in our society. Students are encouraged to present their findings using any media they wish to implement.
At any given moment it is easy to look back to see how technology has changed over time. At the same time it is difficult to see what transformations are taking place in current moment, and even more difficult to see where things are going.
We will explore what technology is. For us it may be the latest tech stuff we see, something new. But what about everyday objects that we take for granted. Are those not technologies also?
How does technology evolve and where did it come from? We look at some ideas on evolution of technology and how it is similar to biology in some ways. We will also look at the origin of the word technology. Finally we will define the term we will use in the course. Terms defined are technology, product performance, and innovation to name few.
In this presentation, Akash introduces the concept of IoT and associated trends. Akash's interest areas lie in IoT applications in security, home appliances and Troubleshooting.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Mission to Decommission: Importance of Decommissioning Products to Increase E...
Mobile network fundamentals and evolution
1. Mobile network
University of Zagreb
fundamentals and evolution
Vedran Podobnik, Ph.D.
Prof. Gordan Jezic, Ph.D.
Faculty of Electrical
Engineering and Computing
Electrical Engineering Modern Telecommunications:
STudents European Linking people everywhere!
assoCiation
14-22 May 2011
Local Committee Zagreb
Zagreb, Croatia
2. Mobile phones today
it is hard to imagine a
world without mobile
phones
we use them every day to
communicate with the
world around us
however, it was not
always this easy to get in
touch with our friends
and family…
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3. Outline
Why?
The evolution of computing
From mainframes to smartphones
The evolution of the Internet
From the four-node network to the ubiquitous network
How?
The evolution of mobile networks
From 1G to beyond 3G
Where are we today?
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5. Computing: 1st era (1)
Mainframe computing
titanic machines of the early
1950s
large and powerful computers
utilization of scarce resources
shared amongst a number of
users
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6. Computing: 1st era (2)
Mainframe computing – problems
very expensive
very huge in volume
available only to the „chosen
ones”
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7. Computing: 2nd era (1)
Personal computing (PC)
general-purpose computer
useful for individuals
size
capabilities
sales price
since 1975
around 1985 the number of people
using PCs surpassed the number of
people using shared computers
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8. Computing: 2nd era (2)
Personal computing (PC) – problems
“There is more information
available at our fingertips
during a walk in the woods
than in any computer system,
yet people find a walk among
trees relaxing and computers
frustrating.” *
* Mark Weiser, John Seely Brown: The Coming Age of Calm Technology, 1997
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9. Computing: 3rd era (1)
Ubiquitous/pervasive computing, ambient intelligence, Internet of Things
people interact with a dynamic set of small
networked computers, often invisible and
embodied in everyday objects in the
environment
since 2005
“The most profound technologies are
those that disappear. They weave
themselves into the fabric of everyday life
until they are indistinguishable from it.” *
Mark Weiser
* Mark Weiser: The Computer for the 21st Century, 1991
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10. Computing: 3rd era (2)
Calm technology
„Our computers should be like our childhood: an invisible
foundation that is quickly forgotten but always with us, and
effortlessly used throughout our lives.” *
* Mark Weiser: The World is
not a Desktop, 1994
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11. Computing: 3rd era (3)
Micro-scale smartphones (1)
regularly equipped with a rich set of
sensors
not used only as a phone anymore, but
as well as:
gaming device
media player, camera, audio recorder
social networking tool
email client, instant messenger
clock, calendar, dictionary
GPS device, map, compass
remote control, file locker, torch light…
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12. Computing: 3rd era (4)
Micro-scale smartphones (2)
„Your cell phone has more computing power than
all of NASA in 1969. NASA launched a man to the
moon. We launched a bird into pigs.” *
* Tweets about
Computing
(March 23, 2011)
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13. Computing: 3rd era (5)
Micro-scale smartphones (3)
lecture and mini-workshop
“Software development for mobile devices”
Asst. Prof. Mario Kusek
Thursday, May 19
10:15-12:00
13:15-15:00
FER Droid
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14. Computing
An overview of evolution
Figure:
Mark Weiser
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16. Internet: the Weiser’s view
A transtion towards ubiquitous computing
„Over the next decade the results of the massive
interconnection of personal, business, and government
information will create a new field, a new medium, against
which the next great relationship will emerge” *
* Mark Weiser, John Seely Brown: The Coming Age of Calm Technology, 1997
Figure: http://www.chrisharrison.net/
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17. Internet: the genesis (ARPANET)
1970-1990
emerged in the early 1970s, as a small network
interconnecting just a few computers
as Internet grew through the 1970s and 1980s, many
people started to realize its potential
the very first
transmission on the
ARPANET, on October
29, 1969, was from
UCLA to SRI
* SRI International
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18. Internet: the global proliferation
1990-2000 – an advent of the World Wide Web
WWW or simply Web 1.0
invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1991
information medium enabling users to read and write via
computers connected to the Internet
bearer of the digital revolution in the 1990s
critical global service that touches almost all aspects of modern life
"He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass
medium for the 21st century. He designed it. He loosed
it on the world. And he more than anyone else has
fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free..." *
* TIME 100 Persons Of The 20th Century
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19. Internet: becoming social
2000-nowadays
Web 2.0 (“the Social Web”)
no longersimply about connecting information
about connecting people to collaborate in ad-hoc groups
groups are created and dismantled with minimal overhead
social networking phenomenon
lecture
“Social Networking and Social
Responsibility”
Vedran Podobnik, Ph.D.
Friday, May 20
10:15-11:00
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20. Internet: becoming autonomous
2005-nowadays
Web 3.0 (“the Semantic Web”)
Internet as a platform for connecting knowledge
enable people and machines to
connect
evolve
share
knowledge on an unprecedented scale
use
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21. Internet: going mobile (traffic volume)
2010-2015 (Cisco forecast)
mobile data traffic
doubles every year
until 2015
6.3 Exabytes (1015B)
per month of mobile
data traffic by 2015
26-fold increase
over 2010
Source: Cisco, 2011
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22. Internet: going mobile (connection speeds)
2010-2015 (Cisco forecast)
mobile network connection speeds
doubled in 2010
the average mobile network
downstream speed was 215 kbps
the average mobile network connection
speed for smartphones was 1040 kbps
mobile network connection speeds
will increase 10-fold by 2015
the average mobile network connection
speed will grow at a compound annual
growth rate of 60 percent
2.2 Mbps in 2015
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23. Internet: going mobile (device profiles)
2010-2015 (Cisco forecast)
devices with high usage
profiles are growing in
number on the mobile
network
Source: Cisco, 2011
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24. Internet: going mobile (smartphones) (1)
2010-2015 (Cisco forecast)
average smartphone usage doubled in 2010
the average amount of traffic per smartphone in
2010 was 79 MB per month, up from 35 MB per
month in 2009
smartphones represent only 13 percent of total
global handsets in use today, but they represent
over 78 percent of total global handset traffic
the average smartphone will generate 1.3
GB of traffic per month in 2015
a 16-fold increase over the 2010 average of 79
MB per month
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25. Internet: going mobile (smartphones) (2)
2010-2015 (Cisco forecast)
Android approaches iPhone levels of data use
the beginning of the 2010
iPhone consumption was at least 4 times higher than that of any
other smartphone platform
the end of the 2010
iPhone consumption was only 1.75 times higher than that of the
second-highest platform, Android
VS
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26. Internet: going mobile (tablets)
2010-2015 (Cisco forecast)
3 million tablets were
connected to the mobile
network in 2010
each tablet generated 5 times
more traffic than the average
smartphone
mobile data traffic per tablet was
405 MB per month
110 million mobile-connected
tablets will generate as much
traffic in 2015 as the entire
global mobile network in 2010
248 petabytes per month
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27. Internet: going mobile (laptops)
2010-2015 (Cisco forecast)
94 million laptops on the mobile
network in 2010
each laptop generated 22 times more
traffic than the average smartphone
mobile data traffic per laptop was 1.7
GB per month
543 million mobile-connected
laptops in 2015
mobile data traffic per laptop in 2015
will be 6.5 GB per month
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28. Internet: going mobile (M2M)
2010-2015 (Cisco forecast)
Machine-to-
Machine Traffic to
increase 40-fold in
period 2010-2015
Business and
consumer security
and surveillance
Health care
Inventory and fleet
management
Telematics
Source: Cisco, 2011
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29. Internet: going mobile (breaking electricity barrier)
2010-2015 (Cisco forecast)
48 million people in the world have mobile phones, even
though they do not have electricity at home
the off-grid, on-net population will reach 138 million by 2015
Source: Cisco, 2011
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30. Internet: going mobile (mobile penetration)
2010-2015 (Cisco forecast)
nearly one mobile device per capita by 2015
over 7.1 billion mobile-connected devices, including machine-to-machine
(M2M) modules
estimated world’s population of 7.2 billion
788 million mobile-only Internet users by 2015
the 56-fold grow from 14 million in 2010 to 788 million by the end of 2015
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32. Different aspects of mobility (1)
Terminal mobility
the ability for the same user
device to communicate
whilst changing its point of
attachment to the network
wireless access – mobile
terminal
network intelligence
determination of user device
location
user movement tracking
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33. Different aspects of mobility (2)
Personal mobility
the ability for the subscriber to
communicate using the device
or devices of his/her choice
wireless and wireline access
network intelligence
person identification and
accessability
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34. Different aspects of mobility (3)
Service mobility
the ability for the service whilst user device is changing its
point of attachment to the different network
network intelligence
selection of the best access
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35. Different aspects of mobility (4)
Session mobility
the ability for a communication session to be moved from
one device to another under the control of the user
network intelligence
customization of the session based on user profile
SESSION
Gateway
Core network
Network X Network Y
Access
Plain telephone
Cable Mobile
Fixed Fixed wireless
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36. Mobile network
A public network in which an access is based on radio communications
Mobile
Network Other Networks
Cellular System
core network
fixed Network
access network
radio access network based on cellular system
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37. Evolution of Mobile Telecommunications
Generations
LTE
Functionality
Data rates HSPA
UMTS HSPA+
MMS
EDGE
HSCSD GPRS
57.6 kbit/s
Packets
GSM - Data
9.6 kbit/s
SMS
GSM - Voice
NMT Time
1980. 1990. 2000. 2011. 2012.
1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G
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38. First Generation (1G) (1)
Analog system – Frequency Division Multiple Access, FDMA
invented in AT&T’s Bell Labs in the early 1970s
deployed in early 1980s
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telepohony) (1981)
Scandinavian countries
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) (1983)
US, South America, China, Australia
TACS (Total Access Communication System) (1983)
UK, Ireland, Japan
frequency band = channel
different frequencies for downlink and uplink
large cells with omni-directional base station antennas
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39. First Generation (1G) (2)
The first commercially produced mobile phone
DynaTAC8000X (Motorola)
it was created by Martin Cooper
in 1984
it took over a decade to develop
and $100 million
there were only about 2,000 of
these mobile phones available to
the public
Martin Cooper
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40. First Generation (1G) (3)
DynaTAC8000X
retail price $9000 (in present-day terms)
weighted 1 kg
could store only 30 phone numbers
battery needed to be charged for 10 hours
talk time only 1 hour
the phone is well known for being used
by Gordon Gekko in Wall Street movie
too heavy, too impractical, and too
expensive for most people to buy
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41. Second Generation (2G) (1)
Digital System
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications)
deployed in early 1990s
digital voice coding and digital modulation
phone conversations were digitally encrypted
provides advanced call capabilities and a better
system capacity than 1G
more users per unit bandwidth
allows for far greater mobile phone penetration levels
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42. Second Generation (2G) (2)
Time Division Multiple Access, TDMA
124 frequencies x 8 channels = 992
channels
designed before the widespread of
the Internet
voice traffic is dominant
circuit switched network
limited data services
data rate: on the order 10 kbps
SMS (Short Message Service)
the „killer service”
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43. Second Generation (2G) (3)
The GSM network architecture
BSS NSS
MS
Other
network
MSC/VLR GMSC
BTS BSC
Access Network
HLR
AUC
MS - Mobile Station
EIR
Core Network
BSS - Base Station System
BSC - Base Station Controller
BTS - Base Transciever Station NSS - Network SubSystem
GMSC - Gateway Mobile Switching Centre
MSC - Mobile Switching Centre
HLR - Home Location Register
VLR - Visitor Location Register
AUC - Authentication Centre
EIR - Equipment Identification Register
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45. Second Generation (2G) (5)
GSM devices
trend away from the large 1G
"brick" phones toward tiny 2G
devices
100–200g hand-held devices
more advanced batteries
more energy-efficient electronics
practical
affordable for most people to buy
additional functionalities
camera, mp3 player, …
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46. Advanced Second Generation (2.5G) (1)
High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD)
an enhancement to the original data transmission
mechanism of the GSM
different error correction methods to be used for data
transfer
from 9.6 kbit/s to 14.4 kbit/s
ability to use multiple time slots at the same time
from 1 time slot to maximum of 4 time slots
data rates up to 57.6 kbit/s
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47. Advanced Second Generation (2.5G) (2)
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
MS BSS NSS
PCU
PSTN
ISDN
MSC/VLR GMSC
GSM
BTS BSC
HLR
AUC
data rates up to 171.2 kbit/s EIR
multiple time slots allocated to
GPRS Core Packet Network
user (downlink + uplink)
Internet
a packet transmission system that GPRS
IP
overlays GSM and interworks with
SGSN GGSN
external packed data networks
such as Internet
SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support Node
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48. Advanced Second Generation (2.5G) (3)
EDGE (Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution)
NSS
EDGE RAN
MS
PSTN
ISDN
GMSC
MSC/VLR GSM
BTS BSC
Access Network
HLR
AUC
also known as Enhanced GPRS EIR
(EGPRS)
data rates up to 384 kbit/s E-GPRS Core Packet Network
sophisticated methods of Internet
coding and transmitting data IP GPRS
higher bit-rates per radio SGSN GGSN
channel
Core Network
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49. Third Generation (3G) (1)
Digital System – Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)
voice quality comparable to the PSTN
data rates
symmetrical / asymmetrical data transmission rates
support for both packet switched (PS) and circuit switched
(CS) data services
non-orthogonal codes create interference between
users
frequency reuse of 1
no frequency planning needed
soft handoff – smooth handoff from one cell to the
next
more complex than hard handoff
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50. Third Generation (3G) (2)
Problems 2G → 3G
high prices of UMTS licences in the most of EU
countries
higher investments in new access networks
new nodes
new locations for access points for new cells
required number of cells is increasing
new terminals for 2G, 2.5G and 3G
content, services, ...
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51. Third Generation (3G) (3)
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)
requires new Radio Access Network (RAN)
changes in Core Network (CN)
CS – 2G and 3G users
PS – new functionalities of SGSN and GGSN nodes
terminal, personal and service mobility
transfer of voice, data and multimedia
up to 144 kbit/s in all conditions, up to 384 kbit/s in outdoor
space, up to 2 Mbit/s in indoor space
more services simultaneously
integration with fixed network
coexistence with 2G (GSM)
call handover between GSM and UMTS
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52. Third Generation (3G) (4)
The UMTS network architecture
Access Network Core Network
Other RAN
CS Domain
MS
PSTN
ISDN
3G MSC/VLR 3G GMSC GSM
BTS BSC
HLR
AUC
UTRAN EIR
RNS
UE PS Domain
Internet
IP IP
Node B RNC 3G SGSN 3G GGSN
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53. Third Generation (3G) (5)
Overview of UMTS 3GPP realese specifications
UMTS Release Features
Release 99 (1999): First Release of UMTS standard, based on W-CDMA technology. Support for
GSM/EDGE/GPRS/WCDMA RANs.
R4 (2001) Separating of CS and PS domains in core network. MSC Server – MGW split
core network architecture for the CS domain, MMS support.
R5 (2003) First Relase that includes IMS, with goal to support an introduction of multimedia
services, and IP access network UTRAN. SIP is used as main signaling
protocol. Quality of Service control and advanced control of services and
charginig possibilities. Introduction of HSDPA.
R6 (2004-2005): Integration with WLANs. QoS support, PoC and MMS. Introduction of MBMS,
HSUPA i advanced charging possibilities.
R7 (2006-2007) Adding of broadband fixed access through IMS. Seamless hadover of voice call
between CS and PS (IMS-WLAN) domains with defined QoS.
R8 (2007-2008) All-IP Network (AIPN). Long Term Evolution (LTE). Multimedia conferencing in
IMS.
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54. Third Generation (3G) (6)
High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)
HSDPA – High Speed Downlink Packet Access (Rel 5)
based on downlink shared channel, data only
up to 10 Mbit/s (peak data rates up to 14 Mbit/s)
high rates in the downlink and lower rates uplink
started in 2006
HSUPA – High Speed Uplink Packet Access (Rel 6)
peak data rete up to 5.8 Mbit/s
started in 2007
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55. Third Generation (3G) (7)
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
beyond present GSM-UMTS-HSPA systems
higher levels of capacity and performance
data rate may be up to 100 Mbit/s (downlink peak)
high level requirements
full IP-based
increased service provisioning, more services at lower cost
flexibility of use of existing and new frequency bands
simplified architecture, open interfaces
2009 to 2012 and beyond
technology:
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) – multiple antennas,
parallel streams to a single user
HSOPA (High Speed OFDM Packet Access)
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56. Third Generation (3G) (8)
Network convergence
convergence towards all-IP architecture
fixed and mobile
circuit-swithed (CS) and packet-switched (PS)
support for terminal, personal, service and
session mobility including network roaming
lecture
“Internet and convergence with mobile networks”
Prof. Maja Matijasevic
Tuesday, May 17
11:15-12:00
13:15-15:00
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57. Third Generation (3G) (9)
3G → LTE
3GPP Long Term Evolution
LTE
DL: 100 Mbit/s
UL: 50 Mbit/s
In 20 MHz
3GPP UMTS Radio Access Network Evolution
HSDPA HSDPA/HSUPA HSPA
DL: 14.4 DL: 14.4 Mbit/s Evolution
Mbit/s UL: 5.76 Mbit/s DL: 28 Mbit/s
UL: 384 kbit/s In 5MHz UL: 11.5 Mbit/s
In 5MHz In 5MHz
3GPP GSM EDGE Radio Access Network Evolution
EDGE Enhanced EDGE
DL: 384 kbit/s DL: 1.3 Mbit/s
UL: 384 kbit/s UL: 653 kbit/s
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
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58. Third Generation (3G) (10)
Mobile Access Network Evolution
Mobility/Range Different access to Core Network
High speed
Vehicular
Rural
Enhanced 3G
Vehicle
Vehicular Evolution >2010
Urban GPRS
GSM
FLASH-OFDM
Pedestrian
3G/WCDMA
EDGE
HSDPA
Walk
Nomadic IEEE
802.16e
Fixed urban
Indoor DECT WiMAX
Fixed
WLAN
Personal area Bluetooth (IEEE 802.11e) IEEE 802.16a,d
0.1 1 10 100 Mbit/s
User data rate
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59. Further reading (1)
The evolution of computing
Weiser, M. The Computer for the 21st Century. Scientific
American, 265, 3 (1991), 94-104.
Weiser, M. The World is not a Desktop. ACM Interactions,
1, 1 (1994), 7-8.
Weiser, M.; and Brown, J.S. The Coming Age of Calm
Technology. In Beyond Calculation: The Next Fifty Years of
Computing. Dening, P.J.; Metcalfe, R.M.; and Burke, J.
(Eds.), 75-86. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1997.
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60. Further reading (2)
The standardization of mobile networks
ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
http://www.itu.int
ETSI (European Telecommunications Standard Institute)
http://www.etsi.org
UMTS Forum
http://www.umts-forum.org
3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)
http://www.3gpp.org
GSM Association
http://www.gsmworld.com
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61. Vedran Podobnik, Ph.D.
Contact info
University of Zagreb
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing
Department of Telecommunications
E-mail: vedran.podobnik@fer.hr
Homepage: http://agents.tel.fer.hr/vedran.podobnik
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