Mitosis is one of the process which differentiate living organisms from non living things. this process consists of this phases Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. The results of the cell division is two identical daughter cells. mitosis takes place in every somatic cell except in the sex cells such as egg cell and sperm cell. the process of mitosis is a cycle meaning that it is continuous from each cell. Rudolf Virchow described mitosis with a simple statement "every cell from a cell".
This presentation talks about the cell cycle and mitosis. Also, an integration of cancer cells will be tackled in this presentation in accordance to uncontrolled cell division or mitosis.
A simple, basic introduction to mitosis. Please use on your own will, but do not use this powerpoint for any school projects if you are a student. Here is an outline of the presentation. Notes included.
Introduction to Mitosis
What is Mitosis?
Mitosis is the division of a single parent cell, resulting in two daughter cells.
Usually happens in ordinary tissue growth.
What are the Steps of Mitosis?
The steps of mitosis are:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Remember: P-M-A-T
Prophase
The first stage of mitosis, when the chromosomes become visible and the nuclear membrane disappears.
Metaphase
The chromosomes now attach to spindle fibers with their pairs.
Anaphase
The chromosome pairs separate and move to the opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase
The final stage of mitosis, when the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell and a new nuclei forms around the new chromosomes around the two daughter cells.
This presentation talks about the cell cycle and mitosis. Also, an integration of cancer cells will be tackled in this presentation in accordance to uncontrolled cell division or mitosis.
A simple, basic introduction to mitosis. Please use on your own will, but do not use this powerpoint for any school projects if you are a student. Here is an outline of the presentation. Notes included.
Introduction to Mitosis
What is Mitosis?
Mitosis is the division of a single parent cell, resulting in two daughter cells.
Usually happens in ordinary tissue growth.
What are the Steps of Mitosis?
The steps of mitosis are:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Remember: P-M-A-T
Prophase
The first stage of mitosis, when the chromosomes become visible and the nuclear membrane disappears.
Metaphase
The chromosomes now attach to spindle fibers with their pairs.
Anaphase
The chromosome pairs separate and move to the opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase
The final stage of mitosis, when the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell and a new nuclei forms around the new chromosomes around the two daughter cells.
CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION
• CELL CYCLE
The orderly sequence of events by which the cell duplicates its contents and divides into two is termed as the cell cycle. The event is genetically controlled. It consists of two periods-(a) interphase (b)mitosis.
• MITOSIS
Occurs in somatic cells. Equational division. Duplicated chromosomes distributed equally to the daughter cells. Consists of 4 stages –prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
• MEIOSIS
Occurs in germ cells. Involves two sequential cycles that are meiosis I and meiosis II. There is only a single cycle of DNA replication. Meiosis I is initiated after is S phase. Meiosis involves the pairing of homologous chromosomes and recombination between them. Four haploid cells are formed called germ cells.
CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION
• CELL CYCLE
The orderly sequence of events by which the cell duplicates its contents and divides into two is termed as the cell cycle. The event is genetically controlled. It consists of two periods-(a) interphase (b)mitosis.
• MITOSIS
Occurs in somatic cells. Equational division. Duplicated chromosomes distributed equally to the daughter cells. Consists of 4 stages –prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
• MEIOSIS
Occurs in germ cells. Involves two sequential cycles that are meiosis I and meiosis II. There is only a single cycle of DNA replication. Meiosis I is initiated after is S phase. Meiosis involves the pairing of homologous chromosomes and recombination between them. Four haploid cells are formed called germ cells.
Cell DivisionCell Division in ProkaryotesBinary FissionDefMaximaSheffield592
Cell Division
Cell Division in Prokaryotes
Binary Fission
Definition
Bacterial cells divide by a method of asexual reproduction known as binary fission. Fission means splitting. So in the process the genetic material is replicated, the cell grows larger and then splits into two.
Genetic Material of the Bacterial Cell
The genetic information of a bacterial cell exists as a single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule. Bacterial cells are prokaryotic cells; they lack a nucleus. The DNA of the bacterial cell is not surrounded by and enclosed within a nuclear membrane. It lies free within the protoplasm of the bacterial cell. Although the bacterial cell lacks a nucleus, the area of the cell protoplasm where the nucleus is found is called the nucleoid.
Prior to the Division of the Cell the DNA must be Doubled
Prior to the division of the bacterial cell, the DNA must be replicated, producing two copies that can be equally distributed to each of the two daughter cells. Replication of the DNA at a specific site on the DNA molecule called the origin of replication. The replication enzymes copy the DNA of both strands, moving around the circular DNA in both directions simultaneously until a specific site of termination is reached. When these enzymes have proceeded all the way around the circle of DNA, the cell possesses two copies of the genome. These “daughter” genomes are attached side-by-side to the plasma membrane.
Elongation of the Cell and Segregation of DNA to Opposite Ends of the Cell
As the DNA replicates, the cell elongates. The two circular molecules of DNA now separate and move apart toward opposite ends of the cell.
Fission of the Cell into two Daughter Cells
After the DNA molecules have been segregated to opposite ends of the cell, the bacterial cell will divide to form two daughter cells. Then a group of proteins that will operate together to separate the cell into two assemble at the site of separation. A key component of this group of division machinery proteins is the protein FtsZ. FtsZ proteins begin the separation process by forming a ring in the middle of the cell. Other components of the division apparatus then join the FtsZ ring, forming new plasma membrane that separates the cytoplasm into the two cells. This is followed by the formation of cell wall material in the separation zones. The result of the process of binary fission is two cells, each with its own circular, double stranded, DNA molecule.
The cell will now begin to split into two cells by a process called septation. This occurs as a septum forms in the middle of the cell. A protein called FtsZ forms a ring in the middle of the cell. As this process proceeds, the cell lays down new plasma membrane and cell wall materials in the zone between the attachment sites of the two daughter genomes. A new plasma membrane grows between the genomes; eventually, it reaches all the way into the center of the cell, dividing it in two. B ...
A Powerpoint for Grade 12 Life Sciences / Biology students focussing on chromosomes and meiosis. Contains information and diagrams on meiosis, mitosis, the structure of chromosomes, DNA and RNA
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
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1. MITOSIS(CELL DIVISION)
MITOSIS IS A PROCESS
WHERE BY A CELL DIVIDE
TO FORM TWO IDENTICAL
DAUGHTER CELLS, THE
TWO DAUGHTER ARE
ALSO IDENTICAL TO THE
PARENT CELL.
MITOSIS TAKES PLACE IN
EVERY SOMATIC CELL
(BODY CELLS) EXCEPT IN
SEX CELLS( MEIOSIS
TAKES PLACE THERE)
2. Chromosomes form when the chromatin network in the nucleus of the cell, coil up, shortens and
thickens.
Each organism has a specific amount of chromosomes.
All humans have 46 chromosomes.
These chromosomes are arranged in identical pairs called homologous chromosome pairs –
Therefore humans have 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes.
These chromosomes is only visible during cell division processes.
One chromosome consist of 2 chromatids and one centromere that attach the chromatids
together.
Each chromatid consist of genes which in turn consist of DNA.
CHROMOSOMES
3. THE PHASES OF THE CELL DIVISION CYCLE
INTERPHASE (INCLUDE G1- , S- [DNA SYNTHESIS] AND G2 PHASE)
MITOSIS
CYTOKINESIS
GROWTH
THE RESULTS IS TWO NEW IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS
4. WHY IS IMPORTANT FOR MITOSIS TO OCCUR?
FOR GROWTH IN ORGANISMS
TO REPAIR DAMAGED CELLS/TISSUES
TO REPLACE DEAD CELLS/TISSUES
FOR REPRODUCTION IN SOME SIMPLE ORGANISMS SUCH AS BACTERIA.
5. MITOSIS CONSISTS OF THIS PHASES
INTERPHASE
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
6. INTERPHASE
CELL BUILDS UP ENOUGH ENERGY
FOR DIVISION PROCESS.
DNA REPLICATION OCCURS
CELL LOOK NORMAL, LIKE BEFORE
DIVISION
7. PROPHASE
Nuclear envelope and nucleolus
disappear.
Chromatin become more tightly
coiled, and condenses into
individual chromosomes.
Chromosomes arrange
randomly in the cell.
Centrioli move to opposite
poles, with spindle fibers
stretching between them.
8. METAPHASE
The centrioli reached the
opposite poles with the
spindle fibers in between.
The chromosomes arrange
randomly on the equator, each
single chromosome attaching
to a separate spindle fiber by
means of the centromere.
9. ANAPHASE
The spindle fibers pull tight.
The centromers attaching
the chromatids of the
chromosomes split in half.
Daughter chromosomes
move to opposite poles.
10. EARLY
TELOPHASE(KARYOKINESIS-
DIVISION OF A NUCLEUS)
Daughter chromosomes reach
poles.
Nuclear envelope surrounds
chromosomes.
Nucleolus reappear at each pole.
Chromosomes become less
condense forming chromatin.
Two identical nuclei has been
formed
11. LATE TELOPHASE
(CYTOKINESIS-DIVISION OF
THE CYTOPLASM)
Invagination of the cytoplasm and
plasma membrane occurs.
(Cleavage furrow forms in animal
cells and a cytoplasmic plate
forms in plant cells)
Continues until the cell in divided
into 2 separate cells. (Identical to
one another and to the original
cell)
