The document discusses carbon capture and storage techniques used at the Nagarjuna Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited (NFCL) plant in Kakinada, India. NFCL uses natural gas as a feedstock to produce ammonia via steam methane reforming, capturing the CO2 byproduct for use in urea production. It also recovers CO2 from the flue gases of natural gas combustion using a carbon dioxide recovery plant. This recovered CO2 is also used to make urea, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The techniques allow NFCL to mitigate emissions while continuing efficient urea production using natural gas as a feedstock and fuel source in fertilizer manufacturing.
The document discusses the introduction, preparation, and properties of hydrogen gas. It begins by introducing hydrogen and how it was first artificially produced. It then discusses various methods of preparing hydrogen gas, including the reaction of metals with acids or water, electrolysis of water, and from hydrocarbons like methane. The document outlines the process for producing hydrogen from methane, including desulfurization, reforming, shift reactions, and methanation. It concludes by discussing the physical and chemical properties of hydrogen gas and its various industrial uses such as in rockets, fuel cells, and ammonia production.
This presentation is about cooling tower & cooing water treatment & cooing water problems. In the end the presentation can able to understand about operation & monitoring of cooling water.
Hydrogen has many potential industrial applications but faces challenges in production, storage, and safety. It is primarily produced through steam methane reforming, which accounts for 48% of global hydrogen. Other methods include electrolysis and gasification of fossil fuels or biomass. Hydrogen is used in various industrial processes but storage remains an issue due to its low density. Further development is needed to establish hydrogen as a sustainable energy carrier.
Desulfurization is the process of removing sulfur from substances like natural gas, coal, oil, and flue gas to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions. There are several common methods for desulfurization, including hydrodesulfurization, chemical desulfurization, physical adsorption of sulfur oxides, and wet sulfuric acid processes. Hydrodesulfurization involves heating a mixture of oil and hydrogen gas over a catalyst to break sulfur-carbon bonds and form hydrogen sulfide. Chemical desulfurization uses oxidizing agents like organic peroxides to remove sulfur from crude oil. Physical adsorption uses adsorbents like activated carbon or plant materials to capture sulfur oxides from flue gases or aqueous solutions.
Sulfuric acid is a colorless, oily and corrosive liquid produced through a reaction between sulfur trioxide and water. It is used to manufacture fertilizers and other chemicals. There are three main processes to produce sulfuric acid - the contact process, lead chamber process and wet sulfuric acid process. The contact process is the most widely used as it produces higher concentrations of sulfuric acid. Strict safety precautions must be followed when handling sulfuric acid due to its highly corrosive nature.
Catalytic Reforming Process is one of the most important processes in the petroleum and petrochemical industries which produce high octane number gasoline.
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The document discusses the introduction, preparation, and properties of hydrogen gas. It begins by introducing hydrogen and how it was first artificially produced. It then discusses various methods of preparing hydrogen gas, including the reaction of metals with acids or water, electrolysis of water, and from hydrocarbons like methane. The document outlines the process for producing hydrogen from methane, including desulfurization, reforming, shift reactions, and methanation. It concludes by discussing the physical and chemical properties of hydrogen gas and its various industrial uses such as in rockets, fuel cells, and ammonia production.
This presentation is about cooling tower & cooing water treatment & cooing water problems. In the end the presentation can able to understand about operation & monitoring of cooling water.
Hydrogen has many potential industrial applications but faces challenges in production, storage, and safety. It is primarily produced through steam methane reforming, which accounts for 48% of global hydrogen. Other methods include electrolysis and gasification of fossil fuels or biomass. Hydrogen is used in various industrial processes but storage remains an issue due to its low density. Further development is needed to establish hydrogen as a sustainable energy carrier.
Desulfurization is the process of removing sulfur from substances like natural gas, coal, oil, and flue gas to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions. There are several common methods for desulfurization, including hydrodesulfurization, chemical desulfurization, physical adsorption of sulfur oxides, and wet sulfuric acid processes. Hydrodesulfurization involves heating a mixture of oil and hydrogen gas over a catalyst to break sulfur-carbon bonds and form hydrogen sulfide. Chemical desulfurization uses oxidizing agents like organic peroxides to remove sulfur from crude oil. Physical adsorption uses adsorbents like activated carbon or plant materials to capture sulfur oxides from flue gases or aqueous solutions.
Sulfuric acid is a colorless, oily and corrosive liquid produced through a reaction between sulfur trioxide and water. It is used to manufacture fertilizers and other chemicals. There are three main processes to produce sulfuric acid - the contact process, lead chamber process and wet sulfuric acid process. The contact process is the most widely used as it produces higher concentrations of sulfuric acid. Strict safety precautions must be followed when handling sulfuric acid due to its highly corrosive nature.
Catalytic Reforming Process is one of the most important processes in the petroleum and petrochemical industries which produce high octane number gasoline.
This is great Presentation with 3D effects which is all about production of ammonia from natural gas.
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its better to download it and then run in powerpoint 2013.
6 methods of preparation of caustic sodarita martin
Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda or lye, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaOH. It is a white solid, and is a highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt. It is available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as prepared solutions at a number of different concentrations.
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 aims to control and reduce air pollution in India. It establishes central and state pollution control boards to regulate air quality standards. The boards monitor entities for compliance with emissions standards and can take legal action against violators or order operations to cease. Key features include giving the boards powers to declare air pollution control areas, require industries to obtain permission before operating in such areas, set emissions limits, conduct inspections and testing, and establish air quality laboratories. Non-compliance can result in fines and imprisonment. The Act contains 54 sections organized across 7 chapters delineating the roles and responsibilities of the pollution control boards.
The document provides an overview of a module on flare system design and calculation. It discusses gas flaring definitions, components of a flare system, types of flares, environmental impacts, and considerations for flare system design and sizing calculations. Key aspects covered include gas flaring principles, when flaring occurs, composition of flared gases, reducing flaring through recovery systems, and sizing the flare header to minimize backpressure while limiting gas velocity.
This document describes procedures for monitoring sulfur dioxide (SO2) in ambient air. It discusses two mechanical methods for SO2 monitoring that were selected for their reliability and cost. The document provides detailed instructions for using the pararosaniline method to measure SO2 concentrations in the range of 25 to 1000 ug/m3. The method involves collecting air samples using absorbing reagents, then analyzing the samples colorimetrically based on the reaction of SO2 with pararosaniline dye to measure absorbance. Interferences are minimized through use of reagents like sulfamic acid and adjustments to sampling and analysis procedures.
This ppt is about stockholm conference on environment 1972.less text and lucrative slides for management student.use notes for delivering presentation.
Flue gas desulphurization detailed processmay021994
Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems use alkaline reagents like limestone or lime to scrub sulfur dioxide from flue gases through wet or dry scrubbing. In wet scrubbing, flue gases are sprayed with an alkaline slurry, while dry scrubbing injects a dry alkaline sorbent. Both reactions form solid compounds that are removed. FGD systems can achieve 50-98% SO2 removal depending on the technology and have moderate retrofitting difficulty, but also have high costs and generate waste products.
The document discusses hydrogen production via steam reforming of natural gas. Steam reforming involves four steps: reforming, shift conversion, gas purification, and methanation. It produces hydrogen at high efficiency and is the lowest cost production method currently available. However, it also produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Newer steam reforming plants use pressure swing absorption to produce 99.99% pure hydrogen. While steam reforming is an efficient process, it contributes to carbon dioxide emissions, so methods to capture and store the CO2 are being investigated.
Env legislation and implementation in india Arvind Kumar
This document discusses environmental legislation and pollution control in India. It outlines several key Acts related to water, air, environment protection, and hazardous waste management. It describes the roles and functions of the Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Boards in advising the government, coordinating activities, enforcing standards, and managing pollution control programs. Standards are discussed as an important tool for controlling pollution at its source and balancing technical, economic, and environmental factors.
DM Plant is an ion exchange technology that uses two connected vessels containing cation and anion exchange resins to remove salts from water. The first vessel contains a strongly acidic cation exchange resin that converts positive salt ions to acids, which are then absorbed by a strongly basic anion exchange resin in the second vessel. Mixed bed deionizers can further purify the water by using both resin types together.
The ammonia manufacturing process involves 6 key steps:
1) Hydrogen is produced from natural gas through steam reforming.
2) Nitrogen from air is added to the synthesis gas.
3) Carbon monoxide is removed through a water gas shift reaction.
4) Water is removed by condensation.
5) Carbon dioxide is removed using an MDEA solution.
6) The purified gas mixture is compressed and catalyzed over iron to produce ammonia.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Catalyst Catastrophes in Syngas Production - I
The Hazards
Review incidents by reactor
Purification….
Through the various unit operations to
Ammonia synthesis
Nickel Carbonyl
Pre-reduced catalysts
Discharging catalysts
Conclusion
Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) is a process that removes sulfur dioxide from flue gases of fossil fuel power plants and industrial boilers. There are three main types of FGD processes - wet, dry, and semi-dry. The most common FGD technology uses a limestone/gypsum wet-process. Currently in India, only 1% of coal-fired power plant capacity has installed the mandatory flue gas desulfurization equipment to control toxic sulfur dioxide emissions, despite an estimated investment requirement of over 80,000 crore rupees.
The document discusses different types of reformers used in ammonia plants, including pre-reformers, primary reformers, and secondary reformers. It provides details on the process, internals, catalysts, and operating conditions of each reformer type. Primary reformers are described as duplex reforming furnaces containing nickel catalyst-loaded tubes that are fired by natural gas burners to drive the endothermic reforming reactions. Key variables that impact the reforming reactions such as temperature, pressure, steam-to-carbon ratio, and catalyst activity are also summarized.
Sulfuric acid is made through the contact process, which involves four main steps:
1) Formation of SO2 by burning sulfur or heating iron pyrite.
2) Purification of SO2 through various chambers to remove impurities that could poison the catalyst.
3) Oxidation of SO2 to SO3 over a vanadium pentoxide catalyst at 450-500°C, producing enough energy for the process.
4) Formation of sulfuric acid by first combining SO3 with sulfuric acid to make oleum, then diluting the oleum with water.
Liquid fuels can be harnessed to create mechanical energy and usually produce kinetic energy. They take the shape of their container. The largest source of liquid fuel is petroleum/crude oil extracted from underground deposits. Crude oil is refined through processes like distillation to produce fuels like gasoline, kerosene, diesel and heavy fuel oils. These fuels have various properties and uses depending on their composition and boiling points. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can be produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification.
Pre-reforming
Flow-schemes
Feed-stocks
Catalyst handling, loading & start-up
Benefits of a pre-reformer
Case studies
Effects upon primary reformer
Data analysis
Reactor temperature profiles
Catalyst management
Summary
Activation Of Carbon Produced From Coconut Shell By Using Fluidized Bed ...Ratan Kumar
The document summarizes the production of activated carbon from coconut shells using pyrolysis and a fluidized bed reactor. The process involves two stages: 1) pyrolysis of coconut shells at 600°C produces char, bio-oil, syngas, and steam byproducts. 2) The char is activated in a fluidized bed reactor at 900°C with steam, producing activated carbon. Fluidized bed reactors are well-suited for activation due to their excellent gas-solid contact and heat transfer. Key parameters that affect activation include temperature, particle size, fluidizing velocity, and static bed height.
6 methods of preparation of caustic sodarita martin
Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda or lye, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaOH. It is a white solid, and is a highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt. It is available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as prepared solutions at a number of different concentrations.
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 aims to control and reduce air pollution in India. It establishes central and state pollution control boards to regulate air quality standards. The boards monitor entities for compliance with emissions standards and can take legal action against violators or order operations to cease. Key features include giving the boards powers to declare air pollution control areas, require industries to obtain permission before operating in such areas, set emissions limits, conduct inspections and testing, and establish air quality laboratories. Non-compliance can result in fines and imprisonment. The Act contains 54 sections organized across 7 chapters delineating the roles and responsibilities of the pollution control boards.
The document provides an overview of a module on flare system design and calculation. It discusses gas flaring definitions, components of a flare system, types of flares, environmental impacts, and considerations for flare system design and sizing calculations. Key aspects covered include gas flaring principles, when flaring occurs, composition of flared gases, reducing flaring through recovery systems, and sizing the flare header to minimize backpressure while limiting gas velocity.
This document describes procedures for monitoring sulfur dioxide (SO2) in ambient air. It discusses two mechanical methods for SO2 monitoring that were selected for their reliability and cost. The document provides detailed instructions for using the pararosaniline method to measure SO2 concentrations in the range of 25 to 1000 ug/m3. The method involves collecting air samples using absorbing reagents, then analyzing the samples colorimetrically based on the reaction of SO2 with pararosaniline dye to measure absorbance. Interferences are minimized through use of reagents like sulfamic acid and adjustments to sampling and analysis procedures.
This ppt is about stockholm conference on environment 1972.less text and lucrative slides for management student.use notes for delivering presentation.
Flue gas desulphurization detailed processmay021994
Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems use alkaline reagents like limestone or lime to scrub sulfur dioxide from flue gases through wet or dry scrubbing. In wet scrubbing, flue gases are sprayed with an alkaline slurry, while dry scrubbing injects a dry alkaline sorbent. Both reactions form solid compounds that are removed. FGD systems can achieve 50-98% SO2 removal depending on the technology and have moderate retrofitting difficulty, but also have high costs and generate waste products.
The document discusses hydrogen production via steam reforming of natural gas. Steam reforming involves four steps: reforming, shift conversion, gas purification, and methanation. It produces hydrogen at high efficiency and is the lowest cost production method currently available. However, it also produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Newer steam reforming plants use pressure swing absorption to produce 99.99% pure hydrogen. While steam reforming is an efficient process, it contributes to carbon dioxide emissions, so methods to capture and store the CO2 are being investigated.
Env legislation and implementation in india Arvind Kumar
This document discusses environmental legislation and pollution control in India. It outlines several key Acts related to water, air, environment protection, and hazardous waste management. It describes the roles and functions of the Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Boards in advising the government, coordinating activities, enforcing standards, and managing pollution control programs. Standards are discussed as an important tool for controlling pollution at its source and balancing technical, economic, and environmental factors.
DM Plant is an ion exchange technology that uses two connected vessels containing cation and anion exchange resins to remove salts from water. The first vessel contains a strongly acidic cation exchange resin that converts positive salt ions to acids, which are then absorbed by a strongly basic anion exchange resin in the second vessel. Mixed bed deionizers can further purify the water by using both resin types together.
The ammonia manufacturing process involves 6 key steps:
1) Hydrogen is produced from natural gas through steam reforming.
2) Nitrogen from air is added to the synthesis gas.
3) Carbon monoxide is removed through a water gas shift reaction.
4) Water is removed by condensation.
5) Carbon dioxide is removed using an MDEA solution.
6) The purified gas mixture is compressed and catalyzed over iron to produce ammonia.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Catalyst Catastrophes in Syngas Production - I
The Hazards
Review incidents by reactor
Purification….
Through the various unit operations to
Ammonia synthesis
Nickel Carbonyl
Pre-reduced catalysts
Discharging catalysts
Conclusion
Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) is a process that removes sulfur dioxide from flue gases of fossil fuel power plants and industrial boilers. There are three main types of FGD processes - wet, dry, and semi-dry. The most common FGD technology uses a limestone/gypsum wet-process. Currently in India, only 1% of coal-fired power plant capacity has installed the mandatory flue gas desulfurization equipment to control toxic sulfur dioxide emissions, despite an estimated investment requirement of over 80,000 crore rupees.
The document discusses different types of reformers used in ammonia plants, including pre-reformers, primary reformers, and secondary reformers. It provides details on the process, internals, catalysts, and operating conditions of each reformer type. Primary reformers are described as duplex reforming furnaces containing nickel catalyst-loaded tubes that are fired by natural gas burners to drive the endothermic reforming reactions. Key variables that impact the reforming reactions such as temperature, pressure, steam-to-carbon ratio, and catalyst activity are also summarized.
Sulfuric acid is made through the contact process, which involves four main steps:
1) Formation of SO2 by burning sulfur or heating iron pyrite.
2) Purification of SO2 through various chambers to remove impurities that could poison the catalyst.
3) Oxidation of SO2 to SO3 over a vanadium pentoxide catalyst at 450-500°C, producing enough energy for the process.
4) Formation of sulfuric acid by first combining SO3 with sulfuric acid to make oleum, then diluting the oleum with water.
Liquid fuels can be harnessed to create mechanical energy and usually produce kinetic energy. They take the shape of their container. The largest source of liquid fuel is petroleum/crude oil extracted from underground deposits. Crude oil is refined through processes like distillation to produce fuels like gasoline, kerosene, diesel and heavy fuel oils. These fuels have various properties and uses depending on their composition and boiling points. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can be produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification.
Pre-reforming
Flow-schemes
Feed-stocks
Catalyst handling, loading & start-up
Benefits of a pre-reformer
Case studies
Effects upon primary reformer
Data analysis
Reactor temperature profiles
Catalyst management
Summary
Activation Of Carbon Produced From Coconut Shell By Using Fluidized Bed ...Ratan Kumar
The document summarizes the production of activated carbon from coconut shells using pyrolysis and a fluidized bed reactor. The process involves two stages: 1) pyrolysis of coconut shells at 600°C produces char, bio-oil, syngas, and steam byproducts. 2) The char is activated in a fluidized bed reactor at 900°C with steam, producing activated carbon. Fluidized bed reactors are well-suited for activation due to their excellent gas-solid contact and heat transfer. Key parameters that affect activation include temperature, particle size, fluidizing velocity, and static bed height.
1) Gasification is a technology that converts solid waste into a synthetic gas (syngas) through partial oxidation reactions and has the potential to be applied in Ireland's waste industry.
2) Gasification can provide Ireland with electricity, fuels, and building materials from waste while reducing dependence on landfills and fossil fuels.
3) The paper reviews the history, chemistry, design, and environmental performance of gasification as well as its ability to produce useful products like electricity, fuels, and slag from waste processing.
This is a report on the design of a plant to produce 20 million standard cubic feet per day (0.555 × 106 standard m3/day) of hydrogen (H2) of at least 95% purity from heavy fuel oil (HFO) with an upstream time of 7680 hours/year applying the process of partial oxidation of the heavy oil feedstock.
Co2 removal through solvent and membraneRashesh Shah
1) Carbon dioxide separation from fossil fuel combustion gases is important for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Amine-based chemical absorption is the most common existing method, using solvents like monoethanolamine (MEA) to capture CO2.
2) However, MEA absorption requires high energy costs for solvent regeneration. New solvents are being developed to improve the efficiency and reduce costs of CO2 capture from power plant flue gases.
3) Key challenges include the low pressure of flue gases, oxygen and sulfur oxide content, and solvent degradation. Integrating capture with power plants could utilize low-grade waste heat to reduce energy costs.
PRESENTATION ON PLANT DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURING OF HYDROGENPriyam Jyoti Borah
Steam reforming or steam methane reforming is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Commonly natural gas is the feedstock. The main purpose of this technology is hydrogen production.The reaction is conducted in a reformer vessel where a high pressure mixture of steam and methane are put into contact with a nickel catalyst. Catalysts with high surface-area-to-volume ratio are preferred because of diffusion limitations due to high operating temperature. Examples of catalyst shapes used are spoked wheels, gear wheels, and rings with holes. Additionally, these shapes have a low pressure drop which is advantageous for this application.
IRJET- Capturing carbon dioxide from air by using Sodium hydroxide (CO2 T...IRJET Journal
This document describes a method for capturing carbon dioxide from air using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The authors designed and tested a prototype air purifier that uses a mist of NaOH solution to absorb CO2 from ambient air as it passes through a filtration structure. CO2 reacts with NaOH to form sodium carbonate, which is then reacted with calcium hydroxide to regenerate the NaOH solution. Experimental results show removal efficiencies up to 63% for air with 4% CO2 concentration when using a 3% NaOH solution at 100°C. Higher NaOH concentrations and temperatures increased CO2 absorption. The system aims to directly capture CO2 from the air as a way to reduce greenhouse gas levels in a
Increasing Calorific Value of Biogas using Different Techniques: A Reviewijsrd.com
The use of fossil fuel is increasing day by day and is going to deplete soon. Biogas is a clean environment friendly fuel. Biogas produced from anaerobic digestion of organic waste cannot be utilized straight off as a vehicle fuel. The gases produced from anaerobic digestion are CH4 and trace components like CO2, H2O, H2S, Siloxanes, Hydrocarbons, NH3, O2, CO and N2. To use biogas as fuel, its CV should be about equal to CV of natural gas. Hence CV of biogas can be improved by removing CO2 and trace components from biogas. These gases are not completely combustible and will harm engine parts. For transforming biogas to bioCNG two steps are performed: (1) cleaning process to remove trace components and (2) upgrading process to increase CV of biogas. This paper reviews the attempt made to increase CV of a biogas by different methods for cleaning and upgrading.
This proposal discusses a heat recovery system for Coronet Foods to reduce natural gas consumption. Coronet Foods uses natural gas for baking ovens whose exhaust reaches 200-250°C. Currently, this waste heat is released into the environment. The proposed system would recover up to 70% of this heat to heat water for use in production processes. This could save over 20% of Coronet's gas usage and lower costs significantly. Technical details are provided on gas composition, heat losses, heat recovery potential, and expected savings from utilizing currently wasted heat to heat water. The objectives are to analyze exhaust gases, maximize heat recovery, and implement a system to heat water for Coronet's operations.
The document discusses the need to control CO2 emissions and various methods for doing so. It explains that CO2 and other greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere and are causing global climate change. It then outlines different technologies for capturing CO2 from power plants, such as solvent absorption and membrane separation. Finally, it discusses options for storing captured CO2 underground or in the oceans and shifting to non-fossil energy sources like solar, wind and geothermal to reduce CO2 emissions.
The document discusses a method for producing synthesis gas (syngas) from gasification of bagasse. Bagasse is a waste product from sugar production that is abundant in India. Syngas produced from bagasse gasification can be used as an alternative fuel source for power generation and other industrial processes. The method involves pyrolyzing bagasse in a free-fall reactor to produce char, and then gasifying the char in a packed bed reactor to produce syngas, which consists mainly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Experimental results show that syngas yield increases with higher temperature and smaller bagasse particle size during pyrolysis.
This document discusses hydrogen production via steam reforming with CO2 capture. It examines the possibilities of capturing CO2 from a steam reforming hydrogen plant. There are three main locations where CO2 can be captured: 1) from the raw hydrogen stream before purification, 2) from the purge gas stream after purification, and 3) from the steam reformer flue gas. Capturing from the raw hydrogen and flue gas streams can achieve overall CO2 removal rates of 60% and 90%, respectively. Amine-based capture is commonly used for the raw hydrogen and flue gas streams. A case study found the cost of capturing from the flue gas to be higher than from the raw hydrogen stream, and in both cases the
Technologies for Carbon Capture in Oil Refineriescanaleenergia
Saipem has experience providing engineering services for carbon capture, transportation, and storage projects for oil and gas companies. This includes designing pipelines, conducting environmental impact studies, and modeling wells and reservoirs. The document then discusses differences between capturing carbon from power stations versus refineries, sources of emissions in refineries, and options for capturing carbon from fluid catalytic cracking units, hydrogen production plants, and heaters/boilers in refineries. It concludes by outlining two overall approaches - converting a refinery to run on hydrogen or using oxygen combustion.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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This document discusses various methods of carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change, including capturing CO2 from power plant flue gases using chemical absorption with amines, enhancing soil carbon through agricultural practices like no-till farming, storing CO2 in geological formations like depleted oil and gas reservoirs, and increasing terrestrial carbon sinks in forests, soils, and other ecosystems. The large-scale potential of carbon sequestration makes it an important tool for reducing CO2 emissions while still allowing continued fossil fuel usage.
Environmental Friendly Coal Power PlantsAbdul Haseeb
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a three-step process to reduce carbon dioxide emissions: 1) Capture CO2 from power plants or industrial processes, 2) Transport captured CO2 via pipelines or ships, 3) Inject CO2 deep underground for long-term storage. CCS has potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80-90% and enable continued use of fossil fuels for electricity generation while mitigating climate change. However, CCS also faces challenges of high costs and uncertainties around long-term storage and potential leakage of injected CO2.
Environmental Friendly Coal Power PlantsAbdul Haseeb
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a three-step process to reduce carbon dioxide emissions: 1) Capture CO2 from power plants or industrial processes, 2) Transport captured CO2 via pipelines or ships, 3) Inject CO2 deep underground for long-term storage. CCS has potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80-90% and enable continued use of fossil fuels for electricity generation while mitigating climate change. However, CCS also faces challenges of high costs and uncertainties around long-term storage and potential leakage of injected CO2.
Flaring is the controlled burning of natural gas during oil and gas production. While necessary for safety, flaring wastes a resource and harms the environment. It is in industry's interest to minimize flaring by commercializing gas when possible. When gas cannot be utilized, reinjection underground or flaring with high-efficiency systems are preferable to venting. Governments must provide policies to encourage alternative approaches tailored to local conditions, in order to reduce flaring impacts.
Similar to Mitigation of GHE by carbon capture at NFCL,Kakinada.ppt (20)
This document outlines the academic regulations and course structure for the Petroleum Engineering B.Tech degree program. It details requirements for awarding the degree including pursuing the program for 4 years, registering for 208 credits and securing 200, requirements for promotion between years, distribution of marks, attendance requirements, award of class and minimum instruction days. Regulations are provided for malpractices during examinations and lateral entry students. The document establishes the framework for students to complete the Petroleum Engineering degree.
This document provides information about acidizing oil and gas wells. It discusses that acidizing involves pumping acid into wells or formations to improve productivity or injectivity. There are three main types of acid treatments: acid washing, matrix acidizing, and fracture acidizing. The document outlines key factors in acid selection like formation type and permeability. It also discusses common acid systems and additives used. Methodology sections provides details on calculating skin factor and models for predicting acidization. The conclusion states that acidizing is widely used for well stimulation and hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid are most commonly used, sometimes in blends.
This document discusses trends in the natural gas market and forecasts for future demand and supply. It notes that global natural gas consumption grew by around 1.8% in 2016 and is expected to continue growing over the next few years, driven by markets in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Natural gas production is continuing to grow as well, with unconventional gas production increasing. The document forecasts that global natural gas demand will increase by 53% between 2017-2040, with non-OECD Asia, the Middle East, and Africa leading consumption growth. It also predicts natural gas will account for 28% of global electricity generation by 2040.
The document summarizes the history of petroleum exploration and liberalization in India. It discusses how exploration began in the 1800s and the first commercial discovery was made in 1889. It then covers major developments and exploratory efforts through the 1900s. Factors leading to policy liberalization in the early 1990s included discouraging exploration results, declining domestic production, and increasing demand and costs. The document outlines the blocks and fields offered for private/joint venture participation under various bidding rounds from 1980 to 1995.
The document discusses key concepts in contract law under the Indian Contract Act of 1872. It defines a contract as an agreement that is enforceable by law. The essential elements of a valid contract are offer and acceptance, intention to create a legal relationship, consensus between the parties, consideration, capacity to contract, free consent, legality of purpose, and possibility of performance. It also discusses different types of contracts such as express versus implied contracts, absolute versus contingent contracts, and valid versus invalid contracts. Key terms like offer, acceptance, and consideration are also defined in detail according to the Act.
This document provides an introduction and overview for Petroleum Engineering 406:
- It outlines the course details including class hours, grading, textbooks, and schedule.
- It introduces well control concepts that will be covered such as kicks, blowouts, terminology, calculations, detection and procedures.
- It lists the course content which will cover topics like well control equipment, unusual operations, offshore drilling, and dual gradient drilling.
This document discusses various types of fishing tools and techniques used in oil and gas well operations. It begins by defining fishing as the removal of debris or equipment from a wellbore. It then describes different types of fishing tools including diagnostic tools, inside grappling tools called spears, outside grappling tools called overshots, and force intensifiers or jars. It provides details on how each type of tool is used to engage and remove objects stuck in the wellbore. The document also discusses milling tools that are used when conventional fishing methods cannot remove an object, and spear fishing tools that use latch fingers to engage with and extract equipment from the well.
The document summarizes two international conferences on mineral extraction from geothermal brines that were held in 2005 and 2006. The conferences aimed to discuss research, identify issues for commercializing mineral extraction, and facilitate collaboration. Extracting minerals like silica, lithium, manganese, and zinc could yield economic benefits by reducing operating costs, increasing power output, and providing saleable byproducts. The document outlines some uses and market values for these minerals to argue that mineral extraction from geothermal reservoirs deserves further attention and focus.
This document discusses ventilation hazards and risks in mines and methods for their control. It identifies potential hazards from gas, dust, spontaneous combustion, frictional ignition, windblast and heat. It recommends mines undertake risk assessments to understand their specific hazards and implement management plans with controls tailored to each identified risk. Controls address issues like gas monitoring, dust suppression, diesel particulate filtration, inspection for spontaneous combustion, minimizing frictional ignition risks, maintaining appliance integrity and training personnel. Effective ventilation management plans that are understood and followed are key to minimizing risks.
The document discusses family law in Canada, specifically related to divorce. It notes that jurisdiction over family law is shared between the federal and provincial/territorial governments. The federal government legislates on marriage and divorce through the Divorce Act, while provinces/territories legislate on property division, child support, parenting and other related issues. The document outlines changes to divorce law and society over time, including the introduction of no-fault divorce in 1985. It summarizes provisions of the 1985 Divorce Act related to obtaining divorce, child support, spousal support, and the objectives of support orders.
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Mitigation of GHE by carbon capture at NFCL,Kakinada.ppt
1. Mitigation of Green house emission by
Carbon capture from Pre & Post Combustion
of Natural gas and fixation to chemical
fertilizer in a typical fertilizer industry
Pradip Ghosh ,( M.Tech) ,
Petroleum Engineering branch
2. Green House Emission a possible cause for climate change
Climate change is one of the key issues facing mankind today. Climate change is defined as,
"change of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the
composition of global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability
observed over comparable time periods."
The vast majority of climate change research strongly confirms a direct relation between
human activity, the rising levels of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere and Climate
Change.
A Greenhouse Gas (GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within
the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the Greenhouse effect
which is the prime contributor for Global Warming
"Global warming" refers to the increase of the Earth's average surface temperature, due to
a build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Global Warming Potential (GWP) is a
measure of how much a given mass of greenhouse gas is estimated to contribute to global
warming. It is a relative scale which compares the gas with respect to CO2.
The impacts of growing GHG emissions such as higher average temperature, rising sea
water level, submerging of low-lying areas and unpredictable changes in climatic conditions.
3. Green House Emission a possible cause for climate change
Importance of global climate Change
Climate change is one of the most fundamental challenges ever to confront humanity. Its
impacts are already showing and will intensify over time if left unchecked. There is
overwhelming scientific evidence, as shown in the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), that climate change will threaten
economic growth and long-term prosperity, as well as the very survival of the most
vulnerable populations.
IPCC projections indicate that if emissions continue to rise at their current pace and are
allowed to double from their pre-industrial level, the world will face an average temperature
rise of around 3°C this century. Serious impacts are associated with this scenario, including
sea-level rise, shifts in growing seasons, and an increasing frequency and intensity of extreme
weather events such as storms, floods and droughts.
The United Nations climate change negotiations offer a historical opportunity to step up
international action on climate change. A comprehensive, ambitious and effective deal is
essential to the global transition into green economic growth, and, most urgently, to help the
world, especially the most vulnerable, adapt to impacts that are now inevitable.
4. Mitigation of GHE in a typical Fertilizer industry NFCL, Kakinada
The integrated industrial facility of NFCL consists of 2×1350 Metric Tons per Day (MTPD)
Ammonia plants based on Haldor Topsoe process technology and 2×2350 MTPD Urea plants
based on Snamprogetti process technology along with all the required supporting facilities.
NFCL, Kakinada started production back in 1992 from Unit-I (Ammonia-I & Urea-I) and in
1998 from Unit-II (Ammonia-II & Urea-II). It has two Ammonia manufacturing facilities –
Ammonia I & Ammonia II. Both Ammonia Plants were designed for Natural Gas (NG) Feed
Stock.NG is used in the Ammonia Plant both as feed & fuel. Most of the CO2 generated from
reformation of NG feed will be usually recovered by using the conventional methods such as
hot potash process, amine process etc and will be used in Urea production as raw material.
Where as the CO2 generated by the combustion of NG as fuel in the furnace is normally not
recovered and will be released into the atmosphere.
NFCL installed a Carbon Dioxide Recovery (CDR) Unit to recover Carbon Dioxide from the
reformer furnace flue gases to recover CO2 and thereby to maintain the same levels of Urea
production instead of reforming excess NG in an increased (higher) capacity reformer. NFCL
has therefore not only reduced CO2 emissions taking place due to reforming of NG feed but
also reduced the emissions from NG firing as fuel in the reformer furnace. The 450 MTPD
installed capacity CDR plant use to recover CO2 from flue gases of primary reformer of
Ammonia Plant I and supply the recovered CO2 as raw material for Urea production.
Thus, NFCl reduces fossil fuel consumption in Urea manufacturing process leading to direct
reduction of Green house gas (GHG) emissions. The installation of the CDR plant would lead
to estimated emission reductions of 82574 Ton of CO2 equivalent i.e. a total of 825740 Ton of
CO2 over a ten year crediting period.
5. Carbon capture from Flue gas generated
from post combustion of Natural gas at
Primary Reformer &
Fixation to Urea, A chemical Fertilizer
at NFCL, Andhra Pradesh (India)
6. Carbon di oxide recovery plant at NFCL, Kakinada, Andhrapradesh
8. CO2 Recovery process
M/S NFCL implemented Carbon Dioxide Recovery unit to mitigate the CO2 emissions by
CO2 recovery from flue gas stream (Post combustion of natural gas at furnace) for
urea production, with the optimum use of Feedstock.
CO2 Recovery process consists of following unit operations
The CDR plant shall consist of three main sections;
•Flue gas cooling section,
•CO2 recovery section and
•Solvent regeneration section.
The following block flow diagram shows the plant configuration.
9.
10. Process Description of
Carbon Di Oxide recovery (CDR) Plant
The raw flue gas enters the direct contact cooler where it is cooled from 190°C to
50°C. Prior to entering the absorber, the gas is compressed to 15.84 psia (1.113
Kg/cm2 abs).
The cooled gas enters the absorber and flows up through the packed bed absorber
counter current to the solvent solution. The solvent reacts chemically with the carbon
dioxide in the absorber to remove 90% of the CO2 from the flue gas.
The gas enters the wash section of the absorber at 145°F (63 °C) where water and
solvent are removed and returned to the absorber packed section.
The washed gas is vented to the atmosphere at 126°F (52°C). The rich solution leaves
the absorber at 131°F (55°C) and is pumped to the lean/rich cross exchanger.
In the cross exchanger the rich stream is heated to 237°F (114 °C). The carbon
dioxide is removed from the rich solution in the stripper using a kettle type reboiler
with 50 psig (3.5 kg/cm2, gauge) steam.
Steam and solvent vapors leave the reboiler at 252 °F (122 °C) and enter the stripper
below the packed section. The vapors move up the stripper condensing as the CO2 is
liberated and the solvent solution is heated. Steam and carbon dioxide enter the wash
section of the stripper where entrained solvent is removed.
11. The steam and carbon dioxide leave the stripper at 217°F (103°C) and enter
the reflux condenser where steam is condensed and the carbon dioxide is
cooled to 108°F (42 °C).
The mixture then enters the reflux drum where carbon dioxide is separated
from the condensate. The condensate is returned to the stripper as reflux.
The lean solvent solution leaves the reboiler at 252°F (122 °C) and enters the
cross exchanger where it is cooled. The lean solution is then pumped to the
lean solvent cooler where it is further cooled to 108°F (42°C) by cooling water.
A ten- percent side stream of the cool, lean amine solution goes through a
carbon bed system to remove any of the solution contaminants.
The produced CO2 is used for production of Urea.
12. Mitigation of GHE by Carbon capture
from Pre combustion of Natural gas &
fixation to chemical Fertilizer, Urea,
A pathway to decarburization in a
typical fertilizer industry, at NFCL,
Andhra Pradesh (India)
13. Production of Syn gas for Ammonia manufacture by SMR process
and fixation of by product CO2 as nitrogenous fertilizer
Today most of us are aware how increased anthropogenic sources of CO2
emissions are affecting the global climatic conditions. Increased population,
Energy usage & industrialization are enhancing the emission levels, which is
affecting the Climate. Hence, adoption of advanced & cleaner technologies and
use of best available feedstock is essential by the industries to control the
emission levels.
M/S NAGARJUNA FERTILISERS AND CHEMICALS LIMITED is South
India’s first Natural Gas based fertilizer plant situated in Kakinada, Andhra
Pradesh,a Urea manufacturing Fertilizer Unit,uses Natural Gas as feed stock for
producing Syn gas for production of Ammonia via SMR process
(Precombustion of Natural gas ) and CO2 as byproduct for urea manufacture.
14. A typical Urea manufacturing unit requires Ammonia & CO2 as raw materials. Ammonia is
produced by the reaction of Hydrogen & Nitrogen. Hydrogen is produced from the steam
reforming of Hydrocarbon Feedstock while the Nitrogen is extracted from atmospheric Air.
In the Process of generating Hydrogen from Hydrocarbon Feedstock Carbon Dioxide will be
generated as byproduct, which will be used as Raw material for Urea Production. Thus, both
Ammonia & CO2 the required for Urea manufacture will be generated from Ammonia
Plants. In a Urea manufacturing plant, Hydrocarbon Feedstock will be used as both feed &
fuel. Hydrocarbon fuel will be used for processing hydrocarbon feedstock in to Hydrogen &
CO2.
Depending upon the characteristics of Feedstock, the generation of Ammonia & CO2 will
vary. Urea reactor converts Ammonia and CO2 into urea solution. Unconverted urea
solution is fed and decomposed into ammonia, water and carbon dioxide vapors at high
pressures in the urea stripper, and recycled back to urea reactor.
Overview of Carbon fixation process to UREA,a chemical Fertilizer
at NFCL Kakinada Plant
15. Ammonia & Urea Manufacturing Facility at M/S Nagarjuna fertilizers &
chemicals , Kakinada Andhrapradesh ( India )
16. SMR process for synthesis of Ammonia & byproduct CO2
General Process description of AMMONIA Production
A useful description of the methane steam reforming process comprising the following steps:
• Purification of the feedstock from reforming catalyst poisions;
• Primary methane steam reforming
• Secondary reforming, with the addition of air, conventionally called auto thermal
reforming
• Shift conversion of CO and H2O to produce syngas composing CO2 and H2;
• Removal of CO2 from syngas
• Methanation (a process that removes trace CO and CO2upon reaction with H2 in a
reactor)
• Synthesis of Ammonia
Purification of the feedstock from reforming catalyst poisons
The feed stock natural gas, is desulphurised by conversion of stable organic sulphur
compounds into Hydrogen Sulphide in presence of Nickel Molybdenum catalyst
R-SH + H2 R-H + H2S
R-S-R1 + 2H2 H + R1-H + H2S
R-S-S-R1 + 4H2 R-H + R1-H + 2H2S
followed by absorption of Hydrogen Sulphide on Zinc Oxide bed
ZNO + H2S ZNS + H2O
18. The desulphurised natural gas is mixed with super heated steam to give steam to Carbon ratio
of 3.3:1, preheated and fed to the catalyst tubes in Primary Reformer. The Primary Reformer
is a side-fired furnace with radiant wall mounted burners. The natural gas which is
predominantly methane undergoes following reactions producing Hydrogen and Carbon
Oxides:
CH4 + H2O 3 H2+ CO - Heat
CO + H2O CO2 + H2 + Heat
The process gas from the tubes is gathered by a collector system and sent to the Secondary
Reformer.
The Secondary Reformer is a refractory lined vessel containing Nickel catalyst. Air from
atmosphere comes in contact with the process gas from Primary Reformer. Combustion of
some part of Hydrogen and Methane occurs consuming the total oxygen in the air and the
temperature rises to about 1300 deg. C. This supplies the heat needed for completion of the
endothermic reaction in the catalyst bed.
Nitrogen needed for ammonia synthesis gets introduced in to the system in the Secondary
Reformer through the process air. The gas leaving Secondary Reformer contains residual
Methane of 0.6%. The exit gas from Secondary Reformer is cooled to about 380 deg. C in the
Waste Heat Boiler where high-pressure steam is generated.
Primary & Secondary Methane steam reforming
19. Shift conversion to produce syngas
The carbon monoxide formed in the reforming step is converted to CO2 by water gas shift
reaction in two stages, namely, high temperature shift conversion and low temperature shift
conversion.
The HT shift reaction takes place in presence of iron oxide chromium oxide catalyst and
LT shift reaction takes place in presence of copper oxide zinc oxide catalyst. The shift
conversion reaction being exothermic, steam is produced by heat recovery.
The reaction-taking place in the shift conversion can be represented as:
CO + H2O CO2 + H2 + Heat
The process gas leaving the CO conversion step contains in addition to Hydrogen and Nitrogen,
large quantity of CO2 and small quantities of CO, Argon and Methane.
Syn gas production by capturing CO2 by Giammarco Vetrocoke solution
The CO2 present in the process gas is removed in the CO2 removal section using Giammarco
Vetrocoke solution.
The main constituents of GV solution are K2CO3, V2O5, DEA and GLYCINE ( NH2-
CH2COOH),. V2O5 acts as the corrosion inhibiter and DEA, GLYCINE are the Activator &
promoter of the reaction.
H2O + CO2 H2CO3
K2CO3 + H2CO3 2KHCO3
-------------------------------
K2CO3 + H2O + CO2 -> 2 KHCO3
Here, CO2 absorbed in potassium Carbonate solution is regenerated by reducing the pressure
and addition of heat in two stage regenerators. The regenerated solution is pumped back to the
absorber.
20. Syn gas production by capturing CO2 by Giammarco Vetrocoke solution
First Step reaction
H2O + CO2 HCO3- + H+
H2O + CO3- HCO3- + OH-
-----------------------------------
H2O + CO3- + CO2 2HCO3
Second Step reaction
H2NCH2COO- + CO2 -OOCHNCH2COO- + H+
-OOCHNCH2COO- + H20 H2NCH2COO- + HCO3-
-------------------------------------------------------------
CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+
Thus, the system operates in closed circulation. The CO2 gas stripped from the solution in
the regenerators is cooled and sent to Urea plant.
Methanation to decarbonize syn gas
The process gas exit absorber which contains only traces of CO and CO2, Since carbon
oxides act as poison to the ammonia synthesis catalyst, the residual carbon oxides present in
the process gas are converted into methane in a methanator reactor containing nickel
catalyst.
This step is the reverse of reforming reaction and consumes a small amount of hydrogen.
CO + 3H2 CH4 + H20
CO2 + 4H2 CH4 + 2H20
CO + CO2 + 7H2 2CH4 + 3H20
21. Ammonia synthesis
The Methanator exit gas after cooling and removal of condensate is the synthesis gas
with some inert. This gas is compressed from 24 Kg/Cm2g to 134 Kg/Cm2g in a
centrifugal syn gas compressor.
Also, there is a recirculation stage in the compressor where the recycle of unconverted
gas along with the compressed make up gas are further compressed to about 142
Kg/Cm2g.
This gas after pre-heating is admitted to ammonia synthesis converter containing
promoted iron catalyst, where Hydrogen and Nitrogen combine to form ammonia with
evolution of heat.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 – Δ H
Bird eye view of AMMONIA Plant at M/S Nagarjuna fertilizers & chemicals ,
Kakinada Andhra Pradesh ( India )
22. Carbon fixation as chemical Fertilizer,UREA
Process description of UREA production
The following operations are involved in the Urea process,
• Urea Synthesis and high pressure recovery
• Urea purification and low pressure recovery
• Urea Concentration
• Urea Prilling
• Process Condensate Treatment
Bird eye view of UREA Plant at M/S Nagarjuna fertilizers & chemicals ,
Kakinada ,Andhra Pradesh ( India )
24. Carbon Footprint Study of NFCL Complex, Kakinada
In June 2008, the GoI released the National Action Plan on Climate Change, a
policy document outlining a number of steps and measures that focus on achieving
GHG mitigation and adaptation to climate change in ways that also promote the
country’s development objectives. The National Plan discusses GHG mitigation
options in the industry and ways to promote energy efficiency in residential &
commercial sector. According to the Plan, CO2 emissions from fuel and electricity
use in the industrial sector can be reduced by 16% in 2031 compared to the business
as usual scenario.
Carbon Footprint can be defined as a measure of the impact human activities have on
the environment in terms of the amount of green house gases produced. In the case of
an organization, business or enterprise, carbon footprint is the amount of C02
equivalent emitted as a part of their everyday operations. It is often expressed as tons of
C02 or tons of carbon emitted, usually on an annual basis.
With increasing importance to climate change and GHG issues, NFCL being an eco friendly
industry, pursuing GHG management in a big way. The following are the drivers for
compiling a GHG inventory and monitoring carbon footprint:
• Managing GHG risks and identifying cost-effective reduction opportunities
• Employee satisfaction and Public reporting
• Participating in GHG markets and recognition for early voluntary action
• Environmental co-benefits
25. Carbon Footprint Study of NFCL Complex, Kakinada
Measurement of NFCL's GHG / Carbon Footprint: NFCL has taken the services of
M/s CII, who have rich experience in the field of GHG emission monitoring; for
developing the tool for estimation and Inventory Management of all GHG
emissions within the Complex.
NFCL & CII has explicitly adopted the 5 overarching accounting & reporting
principles (Relevance, Completeness, Consistency, Transparency & Accuracy)
highlighted in the GHG Protocol Corporate Standard for developing the Excel
based tool for assessing present GHG emissions as well as for monitoring future
business activities
The following two measures were the prime contributors for NFCL Carbon
Emission Intensity reduction by 21.3% from 2008-09 to 2009-10:
• Installation of Carbon Dioxide Recovery Unit. This Unit recovers the CO2 from
Fluegas, which is otherwise let to atmosphere. The CO2 thus recovered from this
Unit is used for Urea production.
• Changeover of entire Complex operations to Natural Gas mode.
26. Carbon Footprint Study of NFCL Complex, Kakinada
The CDR project as implemented in NFCL plant, contributes positively to the “sustainable
development of India” in following ways:
Environmental well being: The project activity recovers CO2 from flue gases (which were
earlier released to atmosphere) – resulting in positive environmental effects like reduction of
GHG emissions. It also helps in conserving non-renewable resources like Naphtha and
Natural gas, which can be used for important processes in future.
Socio – economic well being: Project activity would marginally increase employment
opportunity for semi-skilled, skilled labour and professionals in the region during
construction and operation phase. Therefore contributing social well being aspects. The
project will create a business opportunity for local stakeholders such as suppliers,
contractors, bankers, etc. Moreover, the project will facilitate in enhancing the knowledge
base and skills of employees of NFCL.
Technological well being: The project uses “state-of-the–art” technology and will help the
company to maintain its status of being one of the most progressive fertilizer companies in
India by adopting the latest technology and its efforts for sustainability. The project
implementation will aid in knowledge and skill development of the employees. Further, the
project activity has good replication potential in other fertilizer plants of India and the world.
27. Classification of GHE
GHG emission broadly be divided into
three categories:
The Primary GHG emissions / Footprint
(Scope-1): It is a measure of direct
emissions occurring due to activities
owned and controlled by the
organization.
The Secondary GHG emissions /
Footprint (Scope-2): It is a measure of
indirect emissions occurring from
purchase of various forms of energy.
The Tertiary GHG emissions / Footprint
(Scope-3): It is a measure of indirect
emissions occurring from activities like
business travel, travel of employees to
office, outsourced activities, etc
These are essentially activities earned
out in premises or circumstances not
owned, governed or controlled by the
organization.
Year 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Scope 1 0.624 0.487 0.479
Scope 2 0.002 0.002 0.001
Scope 3 0.01 0.012 0.011
Overall 0.636 0.501 0.492
% Reduction over
Previous Year
21.3 1.8
NFCL’s Emission Intensity (MT CO2
Equivalent / MT Urea)
0.636
0.501 0.492
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Year
CO2e
Emissions,
MT
of
CO2
/
MT
of
Urea