This document describes a circuit to control the speed of a DC motor using phase angle control of a full wave fully controlled rectifier. It includes: 1) An introduction explaining single phase fully controlled rectifiers and how they can control output voltage/current by controlling thyristor turn on instants. 2) Details of the circuit which uses operational amplifiers and transistors to generate square wave pulses to trigger thyristors at a controlled firing angle, allowing adjustment of the average output voltage and current. 3) Explanations of the working, components, circuit diagram, output waveforms, and a PCB design for the thyristor triggering circuit.

1. Mini Project Submission
Speed Control of DC Motor Using Phase
Angle Control of Full Wave Fully Controlled
Rectifier
Suraj Prakash Verma - BT10EEE056
A Akshay - BT10EEE053

2. Introduction:
Single Phase Fully Controlled Rectifiers: Single phase uncontrolled
rectifiers are extensively used in a number of power electronic based converters.
In most cases they are used to provide an intermediate unregulated dc voltage
sourcewhich is further processed to obtain a regulated dc or ac output. They
have, in general, been proved to be efficient and robustpower stages. However,
they suffer from a few disadvantages. The main among them is their inability to
control the output dc voltage / current magnitude when the input ac voltage and
load parameters remain fixed. They are also unidirectional in the sense that they
allow electrical power to flow from the ac side to the dc side only. Thyristors
are semicontrolled devices which can be turned ON by applying a current pulse
at its gate terminal at a desired instance. However, they cannot be turned off
from the gate terminals. Therefore, the fully controlled converter continues to
exhibit load dependent output voltage / current waveforms as in the case of their
uncontrolled counterpart. However, since the thyristor can block forward
voltage, the output voltage / current magnitude can be controlled by controlling
the turn on instants of the thyristors.
Resistive Load -------->

3. It shows the circuit diagram of a single phase
fully controlled halfwave rectifier supplying a purely resistive load.
At ωt = 0 when the input supply voltage becomes positive the
thyristor T becomes forward biased. However, unlike a diode, it does
not turn ON till a gate pulse is applied at ωt = α. During the period 0 <
ωt ≤ α, the thyristor blocks the supply voltage and the load voltage
remains zero as shown in fig 10.1(b). Consequently, no load current
flows during this interval. As soon as a gate pulse is applied to the
thyristor at ωt = α it turns ON. The voltage across the thyristor
collapses to almost zero and the full supply voltage appears across the
load. From this point onwards the load voltage follows the supply
voltage. The load being purely resistive the load current io
is
proportional to the load voltage. At ωt = π as the supply voltage
passes through the negative going zero crossing the load voltage and
hence the load current becomes zero and tries to reverse direction. In
the process the thyristor undergoes reverse recovery and starts
blocking the negative supply voltage. Therefore, the load voltage and
the load current remains clamped at zero till the thyristor is fired
again at ωt = 2π + α. The same process repeats thereafter.
Resistive-Inductive Load:

4. As in the case of a resistive load, the thyristor T becomes forward
biased when the supply voltage becomes positive at ωt = 0. However,
it does not start conduction until a gate pulse is applied at ωt = α. As
the thyristor turns ON at ωt = α the input voltage appears across the
load and the load current starts building up. However, unlike a
resistive load, the load current does not become zero at ωt = π, instead
it continues to flow through the thyristor and the negative supply
voltage appears across the load forcing the load current to decrease.
Finally, at ωt = β (β > π) the load current becomes zero and the
thyristor undergoes reverse recovery. From this point onwards the
thyristor starts blocking the supply voltage and the load voltage
remains zero until the thyristor is turned ON again in the next cycle. It
is to be noted that the value of β depends on the load parameters.
Therefore, unlike the resistive load the average and RMS output
voltage depends on the load parameters. Since the thyristors does not
conduct over the entire input supply cycle this mode of operation is
called the “discontinuous conduction mode”.
Gate Pulse Triggering Circuit :
Thyristor triggering is an important concept in the field of Power
Electronics. Through triggering, it is possible to obtain control over
the switching of thyristor according to requirement, with thyristor
being a semi-controlled switch. The triggering of thyristor can be
done by any of the following methods:
1) Forward Voltage triggering
2) Gate triggering
3) dv/dt triggering
4) Temperature triggering
5) Light triggering
However the most economical triggering procedure is Gate
triggering,which is the basis of our circuit.

5. It is possible to turn on a thyristor by applying pulses to the gate
terminal. This facility removes the restrictions put forth by forward
blocking voltage of thyristor. The SCR will conduct only when both,
gate pulse and positive voltage is applied across it. The main purpose
of the concerned circuit is to produce square wave pulses required
for thyristor triggering. These pulses are obtained by means of a
sequential network of operational amplifiers and and transistors.
Componentsrequired:
Components Quantity
IC 741 4
10k resistors 2
1k resistors 4
PNP transistors (BC 148) 2
0.47 uf capacitors 2
5k Potentiometer 1

6. Circuit Diagram:

7. Working:
Consider the first half of the circuit diagram. A sinusoidal
input is given to the operational amplifier. The op-amp is used as a
comparator in this case. So the output of the op-amp will be high
for positive half cycle and zero for negative half cycle. The output of
the op-amp is connected to the collector as well as the base of the
pnp transistor. The connection to the base enables in turning on
and turning off of the transistor. The transistor is used basically to
regulate the supply to the capacitor. The capacitor is connected
across the collector and emitter terminals of the transistor. Due to
this connection, charging of capacitor takes place. The use of pnp
transistor in the circuit enables the flow of current through the
capacitor. Thus we obtain a saw tooth waveform across the
capacitor which indicate charging and discharging. Charging of
capacitor takes place till the positive half cycle and discharging
takes place in the next half.

8. The capacitor output voltage is fed to the positive input terminal of
an op-amp. The negative input terminal is connected to a reference
voltage obtained by means of a fixed DC source and controlled
using a potentiometer. This op-amp also acts as a comparator. The
region in which capacitor voltage is greater than the reference
voltage, the output is high, otherwise low. Thus we get rectangular
pulses as the output.
By lowering the reference voltage we can increase the pulse width,
i.e. indirectly the firing angle.
However by using two op-amp, it is not possible to obtain complete
control on the firing angle. The range of this angle is only in the
positive half cycle. By introducing a similar circuit and applying
inverted input to the circuit, we can obtain triggering even in the
negative half cycle. Thus complete control on thyristor firing angle is
obtained.

9. Output Waveform:
1) For R2 = R4=1k
2) For R2 = R4 = 1.5k

10. Overall waveform:

11. PCB design: