bahan ajar telkom university

1. 2. ERGONOMIC
Yusuf Nugroho DY (YFN)
doyoyekti@yahoo.com

2. • Greek words:
“Ergos” : work
“Nomos” : natural laws or principle
Ergonomics = The Science of Work
• Oxford scientist (K.F.H. Murrel, cs) (1949) :
“Ergonomics is a discipline that studies human
abilities, limitations, and functions; and applies this
information in designing consumer products, tools, and
equipment”

3. • Inspired by Frederick W. Taylor (1911)
“Scientific Management”
• Efficiency -> Time and Motion Study
• Productivity -> Well Designed Tools

4. • Bethlehem steel 1907
“Taylor established the scientific fact
that a first-class shoveler will do his
largest day's work when he had a
shovel load of 21 1/2 pounds”

5. • Paul Fitts (2000) LIMET :
f(x)
Human
Performance
Learning
Individual
Differences
Motivation
Environment
Task

6. HUMAN ROLE
• People are one of industry’s most important resources.
People perform physical tasks of assembling and
handling materials, as well as sensory and cognitive
tasks such as inspecting components, issuing
tools, entering data, and managing people and
operations.

7. HUMAN ROLE
• People are also prospective customers.
If manufactured products meet the needs and desires of
customers at a reasonable price, customers will buy them. In
fact, the more attractive these products are and the more
competitive the price, the greater the sales, and when sales
improve, wages increase

8. SIPOC

9. Form Follows Failures
• It is clear that difficulties resulting from a particular product
design inspire new inventions by prompting people to
identify and solve those problems.

11. HUMAN CENTERED DESIGN
• Designing workplaces, tools, workstations, equipment
people use in the manufacturing and service industries,
as well as the products from these industries for use by
people. The focus is on design for people (Lehto, 2008)
• Fitting the workplace to the worker. The better the fit, the
higher the level of safety and worker efficiency.
Fitting the Task to the Human (Grandjean 1990)

13. HCD PRINCIPLE
• Principle 1-1. Select people to fit their machines and jobs.
• Age, Physic, Skill, Behaviour, Gender
• Principle 1-2. Take advantage of human attributes by
expanding requirements for human abilities so that people
can better perform their roles.
• Learning, Training, Growth Opportunity
• Principle 1-3. Overcome human limitations so that those
limitations do not become system limitations.
• Material
Handling
glass, computer
Tools
(ie.
forklift,
hoise),
magnifying

14. • Principle 1-4. Be sure that the problem identified is the
right problem and that it is formulated correctly.
• Need? Problem? Feasible Solution? Criteria of Performance?
• Principle 1-5. Consider the activities of interest as to
whether or not people are required to exercise significant
levels of skill, judgment, and/or creativity.
• Man vs Machine Pros and Cons
• Principle 1-6. Find out the degree to which people enjoy
being involved with these activities.
• Enjoyable work

15. • Principle
1-7. Query human operators about their
dissatisfaction to see if it is caused by: (a) a need to “feel
in control,” (b) a desire for achieving self-satisfaction in
task performance, or (c) perceptions of inadequacies of
technology for quality of performance, or ease of use.
• Focus on ©
• Principle 1-8. To the extent possible, only change the
system functions that personnel in the existing system
feel should be changed
• Don’t be adversaries engineer, because the operator will be less
cooperative

16. • Principle 1-9. Consider increasing the level and number of
activities for which personnel are responsible so that they
will be willing to change the functions of concern.
• Principle 1-10. Be sure that the level and number of
activities (tasks) allocated to each person or team forms a
coherent set of activities and responsibilities, with an
overall level that is consistent with the abilities and
inclinations of the personnel.

17. • Principle 1-11. Avoid changing activities when the anticipated
level of performance is likely to result in regular intervention on
the part of the personnel involved.
• designers must be careful of task allocations that might be analogous
to glue solvents
• Principle 1-12. Assure that all personnel involved are aware of
the goals of the design and know what their roles will be after
the change.
• Principle 1-13. Provide training that assists personnel in
gaining
any
newly
required
abilities
to
exercise
skill, judgment, and/or creativity and helps them to internalize
the personal value of these abilities.

18. • Principle
1-14. Involve personnel in planning and
implementing the changes from both a system-wide and
individual perspective, with particular emphasis on making
the implementation process minimally disruptive.
• Principle 1-15. Assure that personnel understand both the
abilities and limitations of the new technology, know how
to monitor and intervene appropriately, and retain clear
feelings of responsibility for system operations.

19. CRITERIA OF PERFORMANCE
1. Speed / Time / Delivery Time
• Faster better, more efficien
2. Accuracy
• Zero error
“If I had more time, I would have done it better.”
Trade Off
Speed = Accuracy
Slower performance speeds improve accuracy and faster speeds cause errors

20. 3. Health and Safety
4. Ease
• When jobs are easily performed, endurance improves and fewer rest
breaks are needed
5. Amount of Learning Required, Rate of Learning
6. Quality
Customer satisfaction
7. Better Morale
low turnover
8. Inline with Economic Criteria

21. ORGANISASI PROFESI
1.
HFES
(Human Factors and Ergonomics Society)
2.
NIOSH
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
3.
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Agency
4.
Ergonomics Society
Ergonomic Society in UK
5.
PEI
Perhimpunan Ergonomi Indonesia

22. Tugas II
• Baca Buku Lehto, Bab II
• Jelaskan :
• 1. Musculoskeletal
• 2. Sensory subsystem
Minggu Depan :
Presentasi dari Mahasiswa : Topic Human System