Normal fault
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This document summarizes different types of faults including normal faults. It defines normal faults as faults where the hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall, emplacing younger rocks on top of older rocks. It describes several features of normal faults including their typical steep dip of 60 degrees. Deeper normal faults can develop ductile features like mylonitic textures in shear zones. The document classifies normal faults into several categories based on their geometry including detachment faults, imbricate faults, faults that dip inward with depth, and faults that form horst and graben structures. It also describes how displacement on normal faults can be rotational or non-rotational depending on changes in the fault block orientation.
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Elements of fault
This document defines and describes the key elements of faults in geology. It discusses fault plane, fault line, strike, dip, hanging wall, footwall, throw, heave, net slip, rake, and hade. Elements such as strike and dip are used to characterize the orientation of the fault plane. Hanging wall and footwall refer to the rock blocks separated by the fault. Throw, heave and net slip describe the displacement components. Understanding these fault elements aids in field study and identification of fault types.
Faults
Faults are fractures in rock where there has been relative movement between the two sides. The fault plane is the surface where displacement occurs. The hanging wall is the rock above the fault plane, and the foot wall is below. Slip can be strike slip along the fault strike, dip slip along the dip, or oblique. Faults are classified based on movement, direction of slip, and geometry. Common types are normal faults where the hanging wall moves down, reverse faults where it moves up, and strike-slip faults where movement is horizontal. Faults can impact engineering by weakening foundations and providing pathways for water.
Fault their geometry and classification
This document discusses different types of faults, their classification, and characteristics. It begins by defining a fault and explaining their importance in geology. The main types of faults discussed are normal faults, thrust faults, strike-slip faults, and oblique faults. Criteria for identifying faults and the role of fluids in faulting are also summarized. Brittle faults occur in the upper crust and are characterized by fractures, while ductile faults at depth can form mylonite rocks. The document provides an overview of fault geometry and mechanics.
Fault and its classification
This document provides an overview of fault classification. It begins with definitions of fault geometry, including fault plane, dip, strike, hanging wall, footwall, throw, and rake. Faults can be classified geometrically based on attributes like rake, attitude relative to adjacent rocks, pattern, dip angle, and apparent movement. Major geometric types include strike-slip, dip-slip, and diagonal-slip faults. Genetic classification considers the relative movement, and identifies normal, reverse, thrust, strike-slip, and other fault types. Major faults in India are described along with the distribution of faults globally. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the geological and economic importance of studying faults, as well as their relevance to engineering and
Faults
This document discusses faults, beginning with definitions and terminology. Faults occur due to brittle deformation from differential stresses and cause displacement of rock blocks. There are two types of movement: translational and rotational. Faults are classified based on their geometry, such as dip, pattern, and apparent movement. They are also classified based on the forces causing them, such as tensional, compressional, or shear stresses. Faults form important structures as ore deposits can be associated with them.
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The document discusses faults in terms of geology. It begins by defining a fault as a fracture between rock blocks that have moved relative to each other parallel to the fracture plane. It then discusses different types of faults including normal faults, strike-slip faults, and oblique slip faults. It provides examples of key features associated with different fault types, such as horsts and grabens associated with normal faults, and flower structures associated with strike-slip faults. The document also discusses methods for recognizing faults based on geological, fault plane, and physiographic evidence observed in the field.
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Faults
Faults are fractures in rock where there has been relative movement between the two sides. The fault plane is the surface where displacement occurs. The hanging wall is the rock above the fault plane, and the foot wall is below. Slip can be strike slip along the fault strike, dip slip along the dip, or oblique. Faults are classified based on movement, direction of slip, and geometry. Common types are normal faults where the hanging wall moves down, reverse faults where it moves up, and strike-slip faults where movement is horizontal. Faults can impact engineering by weakening foundations and providing pathways for water.
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Fault and its classification
This document provides an overview of fault classification. It begins with definitions of fault geometry, including fault plane, dip, strike, hanging wall, footwall, throw, and rake. Faults can be classified geometrically based on attributes like rake, attitude relative to adjacent rocks, pattern, dip angle, and apparent movement. Major geometric types include strike-slip, dip-slip, and diagonal-slip faults. Genetic classification considers the relative movement, and identifies normal, reverse, thrust, strike-slip, and other fault types. Major faults in India are described along with the distribution of faults globally. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the geological and economic importance of studying faults, as well as their relevance to engineering and
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This document discusses faults, beginning with definitions and terminology. Faults occur due to brittle deformation from differential stresses and cause displacement of rock blocks. There are two types of movement: translational and rotational. Faults are classified based on their geometry, such as dip, pattern, and apparent movement. They are also classified based on the forces causing them, such as tensional, compressional, or shear stresses. Faults form important structures as ore deposits can be associated with them.
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The document discusses faults in terms of geology. It begins by defining a fault as a fracture between rock blocks that have moved relative to each other parallel to the fracture plane. It then discusses different types of faults including normal faults, strike-slip faults, and oblique slip faults. It provides examples of key features associated with different fault types, such as horsts and grabens associated with normal faults, and flower structures associated with strike-slip faults. The document also discusses methods for recognizing faults based on geological, fault plane, and physiographic evidence observed in the field.
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This document discusses various mechanisms of rock folding. It defines folding as the bending of rock strata due to compressional forces. There are several types of fold mechanisms including buckling, bending, flexure folding, flexural slip, flexural flow, passive flow, and kink folding. Each mechanism is influenced by factors like temperature, pressure, fluid properties, and the composition and texture of the rock. Buckling involves shortening of rock layers under lateral pressure. Bending involves applying force across layers to produce gentle folds. Flexural slip forms parallel concentric folds through buckling or bending with slip along layering.
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Fault'classification of fault and mechanism of faulting
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Faults are fractures along which the rock masses on either side have moved relative to each other. A fault occurs when movement happens along a discontinuity due to brittle deformation from stress. Faults can be classified in different ways, including based on the apparent movement, dip angle, pattern of faults, and more. Common fault types include normal faults, reverse faults, strike-slip faults, and oblique slip faults. Normal faults occur when the hanging wall block moves downward relative to the footwall, while reverse faults occur when the hanging wall moves upward.
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This document discusses different types of geological structures including folds, faults, and joints. It defines key terms related to these structures and provides examples. Specifically, it describes:
1) Different types of folds such as anticlines, synclines, symmetrical, asymmetrical, overturned, and recumbent folds.
2) Fault types including normal, reverse, strike-slip, oblique-slip, and blind faults. It explains the movement and features of each.
3) Joints as fractures with no displacement that form due to stresses and rock movements, and classifies them as tension or shear joints.
Geometry of fault
1) A fault is a fracture along which blocks of rock have been displaced relative to each other due to tectonic forces. The displacement can range from less than a meter to kilometers.
2) Faults have key geometric features including a fault plane, a hanging wall above the plane, and a foot wall below. The dip and strike define the orientation of the fault plane. Throw is the vertical displacement and heave is the horizontal displacement.
3) Faults can be classified based on the apparent movement, dip angle, relationship between slip direction and fault pattern. Common types include normal, reverse, strike-slip, dip-slip and oblique-slip faults.
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This document discusses structural geology, which studies the configuration and deformation of rocks in the Earth's crust. It defines key concepts like outcrops, bedding planes, strike and dip, conformable and unconformable rock sequences, faults, and fault elements. Specifically, it describes how to measure strike and dip, the different types of unconformities (angular, disconformity, nonconformity), and classifications of faults based on their orientation and mechanism (normal, reverse, strike, dip, oblique). Horsts and grabens are described as structures formed by combinations of normal faults.
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Normal faults occur when rocks pull apart, causing the rock on one side of the fault to move down relative to the other side. Reverse faults occur when rocks are pushed together, causing the rock on one side to move up. Transform faults cause horizontal movement between blocks of rock on either side. Oblique faults involve a combination of these movements. Faults represent zones of weakness where future earthquakes and surface rupturing are most likely to occur. Infrastructure like buildings and transportation corridors in fault zones faces damage during seismic activity.
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Deformation of the crust occurs along tectonic plate margins and produces geologic structures like folds and faults. Folds form as bent layers of rock in response to compressional forces, and the main types are anticlines, synclines, and monoclines. Faults form when stresses exceed a rock's strength, causing fractures. The main types of faults are normal, reverse, strike-slip, and oblique-slip faults. Evidence for seafloor spreading includes drilling samples from the ocean floor that show the oldest rocks farthest from mid-ocean ridges and the youngest rocks closest.
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Fault is a fracture discontinuity along which the rocks on either side have moved past each other . It describes about the parts and types of fault an also the various field evidences for the occurrence of a fault .
Types of slope failures
This document discusses types of rock slope failures. It describes four main types: plane failure, wedge failure, toppling failure, and rotational failure. For each failure type, it explains the structural conditions and geometry required for that specific failure to occur. Diagrams provide visual examples of how each failure mode appears. The document also briefly discusses methods for stabilizing unstable rock slopes, including drainage, excavation, reinforcement, and protective measures.
Fault
Faults occur when rocks fracture and move relative to each other due to compressional or tensional forces. There are several types of faults classified based on the direction of displacement:
- Dip-slip faults include normal faults, where the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall, and reverse/thrust faults where the hanging wall moves up.
- Strike-slip faults involve horizontal movement parallel to the fault plane in either a left-lateral or right-lateral direction.
- Oblique faults involve both dip-slip and strike-slip displacement components.
Fault presentation by muneeb
its a best presentation to understand geological faults on the basis of genetic and geometric classifications.
Fault and classification.pptx
Faults are fractures in rock where displacement has occurred. A fault plane is the surface where the fracture and displacement took place. There are several key terms to describe faults, including footwall, hanging wall, fault trace, downthrown side, and upthrown side. Faults can be classified based on the direction of slip, attitude relative to adjacent rock, fault pattern, dip, and apparent movement. Common types include strike-slip faults, dip-slip faults, normal faults, reverse faults, and rotational faults.
fault & faulting
This document discusses faults and faulting in geology. It defines a fault as a fracture along which blocks of rock have moved relative to each other. Faults are classified based on the apparent movement of blocks, direction of slip, fault orientation, and mode of occurrence. The three main types of faults are normal faults, where the hanging wall moves down; reverse faults, where the hanging wall moves up; and strike-slip faults, where blocks move horizontally parallel to the fault plane. Thrust faults are a type of reverse fault that dips at less than 45 degrees. Engineering considerations for structures built near faults include understanding the seismic history and zoning of the area.
GEOHAZARDS03 - Earthquakes Causes and Measurements.pdf
This document discusses earthquakes, their causes, and how they are measured. It begins by explaining that most earthquakes occur along faults in the earth's crust where tectonic forces cause deformation. It then describes how rocks deform under stress, the different types of stresses that can occur, and how materials respond as either brittle or ductile. Evidence of past deformation is discussed, including how the orientation of inclined rock layers is defined and measured. The document concludes by describing the different types of faults like normal, reverse, strike-slip and transform faults, and explains that earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of elastic strain energy built up along fault zones.
Folds and faults ppt
The document provides information about folds and faults. It defines folds as bent or curved rock layers, and describes common fold types like anticlines and synclines. It also defines various fault types including normal faults, thrust faults, strike-slip faults, and oblique faults. Specific structures are described like the San Andreas Fault, which is a major strike-slip fault in California. Dip, strike, heave and throw are also defined in relation to describing the orientation and movement of geological structures.
Structure
This document provides an overview of structural geology and geologic map interpretation. It discusses key topics such as rock deformation, folding, faulting, joints, continental tectonic landform units, and the geomorphology of folded terrain. Specifically, it describes how rocks can deform through plastic, elastic, or brittle mechanisms in response to stress. It also explains different types of folds and faults that form due to compression and tension. The relationships between rock structures, erosion rates, and resulting landforms are explored.
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一比一原版(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
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一比一原版(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
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一比一原版(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Normal fault
- 1. Presented By : Kh Waqas Yousaf Roll. No # 08 Presented To : Dr. Jahanzab Khan Subject : NeoTectonics Session : 2019-2021
- 2. • Fracture Surface in rock across which there is relative motion parallel to the surface between the adjacent blocks of the rock. • The force may be tensional or compressional.
- 3. Strike Slip Fault Dip Slip Fault/Normal Fault Diagonal Slip Fault/ Oblige Fault Faults are classified in two types: a- Geometric b- Genetic A- Geometric classification of faults:
- 4. Faults in which the hanging wall move downward with respect to foot wall. They emplace younger rocks on the top of older rocks. Most Normal Faults have steep dips of about 60°. Hanging wall Foot wall
- 5. Normal fault exits at all level in the crust. The surface features of faults vary with the shape of the fault, the depth at which movement on the fault occurred. At shallow level, normal faults develop cataclastic rocks, slickensides, and slickenside lineations. At deeper structural levels, normal fault develop feature associated with ductile deformation, including mylonitic textures which may be present in shear zones tens to hundreds of meters in thickness.
- 8. 2- Imbricate Fault • The set of parallel faults which are closely spaced parallel faults of the same type that either terminate or merge with detachment fault. • Normal Faults in the hanging wall may form set of imbricate faults. 3- Imbricate Fault • The faults which are concave upward fault • Whose dip decreases with the increasing depth
- 9. 4- Horst & Graben
- 10. 5- Half Graben
- 11. 6- Synthetic And Antithetic Fault
- 12. Displacement on ideal normal faults is parallel to the dip of the fault surface. If the strike of the fault varies, however, rigid movement o the HW block relative to the FW block cannot everywhere be down the dip of the fault.(Fig.1&2). Movement on normal fault can be either nonrotational or rotational, depending on whether the orientation of the fault block remain constant or changes as a result of faulting.
- 13. Fig. Displacement on normal faults with a ramp-flat geometry, showing characteristic deformation of the hanging wall. 1. A fault-ramp syncline. 2. A fault-bend anticline. fFig. 1 Fig. 2