This document provides an introduction and overview for a course on Natural Resources Engineering. The course will cover topics related to identifying and analyzing different natural resource and energy sources, including oil, gas, mining, and renewable energy. It will evaluate geophysical properties, stability concepts, and environmental mitigation techniques. The course is divided into four chapters that will cover initiation and challenges in the field, geosciences concepts, fundamentals of rock mechanics from a natural resources perspective, and renewable energy and environmental mitigation. Students will be evaluated based on a case study, final exam, and course expectations questions.
This document provides an overview of mineral resources and the mining process in 3 paragraphs:
1) It defines key terms related to mineral resources like ore, reserves, and commodities. It discusses factors that determine if a deposit is economically profitable to mine such as grade, deposit type, and environmental costs.
2) It outlines the major steps to obtain mineral commodities from prospecting and exploration, to mining, beneficiation, refining, transportation, and marketing.
3) It explains that the decision to mine depends on an analysis of tangible costs and benefits as well as intangible considerations about economic and environmental impacts. Safety hazards for miners are also discussed.
The document is a presentation on mineral processing technology. It discusses how metals are found naturally, the main components of mineral processing which include crushing, grinding, sizing, classification, concentration and dewatering. It also discusses the advantages, such as making mineral resources profitable and increasing mining production. However, it notes disadvantages such as destruction of land from subsidence and impact on the biological environment. In conclusion, it emphasizes the importance of ore microscopy in mineral technology to allow for the economic extraction of metals from lower grade ores through efficient beneficiation.
This document summarizes an investment conference presentation about Woulfe Mining Corporation given by Brian Wesson, CEO. The presentation provides an overview of Woulfe's projects, including the Sangdong tungsten mine and Muguk gold project, both located in South Korea. It discusses the positive scoping study results for Sangdong and plans to increase resources through drilling, with the goal of having the mine operational by 2013. The presentation aims to demonstrate Woulfe's potential for growth in the strengthening tungsten market and seeks to raise up to C$10 million for further development of its projects.
Remote sensing,
GIS
2. Exploration Detailed study of
deposit a. Mapping, sampling
b. Drilling, trenching
c. Determine ore grade,
tonnage, quality
d. Feasibility study
3. Development Access to deposit
a. Shaft, adit, decline
b. Levels, drifts
c. Infrastructure
d. Ventilation, power, water
4. Exploitation Extraction of ore
a. Mining method
b. Equipments
c. Haulage, hoisting
d. Beneficiation
5. Reclamation Post mining activities
a. Backfilling, regrading
b. Revegetation
This document provides information about various aspects of mineral resources and mining. It discusses three current boom employers for geologists: mineral resources and mining, the petroleum industry, and the environmental industry. It then covers definitions and terms related to mineral resources. It outlines the steps involved in obtaining mineral commodities, from prospecting through refining and transportation. Finally, it notes that mining is an economic activity and the decision to mine depends on an analysis of costs, benefits, and risks.
Lecture 10 Mineral Resources and Mining s.pptMajidKhan858527
This document discusses mineral resources and mining. It covers several topics including the different industries that employ geologists, important ore types and deposits, steps involved in obtaining mineral commodities from prospecting through refining, factors that influence whether to mine a deposit, and various mining and processing techniques. Key employment centers for geologists include the mineral resources and mining industry, petroleum industry, and environmental industry.
This document summarizes information about mineral resources, including their classification, uses, exploitation, and conservation. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring inorganic substance with a defined chemical composition and crystal structure. Minerals are classified as metallic or non-metallic, and energy minerals are those used to generate energy like coal. Extraction methods are surface mining and subsurface mining. While mineral resources are important for development, their exploitation can cause environmental problems and depletion of high-grade minerals if not managed sustainably. Conservation efforts include protecting deposits, improving recovery efficiency, reuse, and using alternatives.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
This document provides an overview of mineral resources and the mining process in 3 paragraphs:
1) It defines key terms related to mineral resources like ore, reserves, and commodities. It discusses factors that determine if a deposit is economically profitable to mine such as grade, deposit type, and environmental costs.
2) It outlines the major steps to obtain mineral commodities from prospecting and exploration, to mining, beneficiation, refining, transportation, and marketing.
3) It explains that the decision to mine depends on an analysis of tangible costs and benefits as well as intangible considerations about economic and environmental impacts. Safety hazards for miners are also discussed.
The document is a presentation on mineral processing technology. It discusses how metals are found naturally, the main components of mineral processing which include crushing, grinding, sizing, classification, concentration and dewatering. It also discusses the advantages, such as making mineral resources profitable and increasing mining production. However, it notes disadvantages such as destruction of land from subsidence and impact on the biological environment. In conclusion, it emphasizes the importance of ore microscopy in mineral technology to allow for the economic extraction of metals from lower grade ores through efficient beneficiation.
This document summarizes an investment conference presentation about Woulfe Mining Corporation given by Brian Wesson, CEO. The presentation provides an overview of Woulfe's projects, including the Sangdong tungsten mine and Muguk gold project, both located in South Korea. It discusses the positive scoping study results for Sangdong and plans to increase resources through drilling, with the goal of having the mine operational by 2013. The presentation aims to demonstrate Woulfe's potential for growth in the strengthening tungsten market and seeks to raise up to C$10 million for further development of its projects.
Remote sensing,
GIS
2. Exploration Detailed study of
deposit a. Mapping, sampling
b. Drilling, trenching
c. Determine ore grade,
tonnage, quality
d. Feasibility study
3. Development Access to deposit
a. Shaft, adit, decline
b. Levels, drifts
c. Infrastructure
d. Ventilation, power, water
4. Exploitation Extraction of ore
a. Mining method
b. Equipments
c. Haulage, hoisting
d. Beneficiation
5. Reclamation Post mining activities
a. Backfilling, regrading
b. Revegetation
This document provides information about various aspects of mineral resources and mining. It discusses three current boom employers for geologists: mineral resources and mining, the petroleum industry, and the environmental industry. It then covers definitions and terms related to mineral resources. It outlines the steps involved in obtaining mineral commodities, from prospecting through refining and transportation. Finally, it notes that mining is an economic activity and the decision to mine depends on an analysis of costs, benefits, and risks.
Lecture 10 Mineral Resources and Mining s.pptMajidKhan858527
This document discusses mineral resources and mining. It covers several topics including the different industries that employ geologists, important ore types and deposits, steps involved in obtaining mineral commodities from prospecting through refining, factors that influence whether to mine a deposit, and various mining and processing techniques. Key employment centers for geologists include the mineral resources and mining industry, petroleum industry, and environmental industry.
This document summarizes information about mineral resources, including their classification, uses, exploitation, and conservation. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring inorganic substance with a defined chemical composition and crystal structure. Minerals are classified as metallic or non-metallic, and energy minerals are those used to generate energy like coal. Extraction methods are surface mining and subsurface mining. While mineral resources are important for development, their exploitation can cause environmental problems and depletion of high-grade minerals if not managed sustainably. Conservation efforts include protecting deposits, improving recovery efficiency, reuse, and using alternatives.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
This presentation discusses cleaning coal using an air cyclone. It was presented by three students under the guidance of S.R. Yadav. The objectives are to study coal characteristics and preparation methods, and to reduce ash content in coal using an air cyclone. The document describes the history of coal use, types and composition of coal, common impurities, and conventional preparation methods. It outlines the materials and experimental procedure used to test the air cyclone, including variables changed and data collection. Results are displayed in graphs and conclusions are made about optimal settings for maximum coal recovery. The work was conducted at PVPIT laboratories with an approximate budget of Rs. 45,000.
This presentation discusses cleaning coal using an air cyclone. It was presented by three students under the guidance of S.R. Yadav. The objectives are to study coal characteristics and preparation methods, and to reduce ash content in coal using an air cyclone. The document describes the history of coal use, types and composition of coal, common impurities, and conventional preparation methods. It outlines the materials and experimental procedure used to test the air cyclone, including variables changed and data collection. Results are displayed in graphs and conclusions are made about optimal settings for maximum coal recovery. The work was conducted in laboratories at P.V.P.I.T. with an approximate expenditure of Rs. 45,000.
This document outlines several potential environmental problems from mining operations including waste disposal, noise, dust, subsidence, acid mine drainage, and disposal of waste rock and tailings. It also discusses issues from smelting/refining like air pollution and impacts on land, water and air from mineral extraction, processing, and waste disposal. Finally, it covers ways to minimize impacts through regulations, reclamation, recycling, and developing more sustainable practices.
Speciation of heavy metals in the soil and the tailings, in the zinc lead sid...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the speciation of heavy metals in soil and tailings samples from the abandoned Sidi Bou Othmane zinc-lead mine in Morocco. Total metal concentrations and sequential extractions were performed to determine the chemical forms and potential mobility of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc. The tailings had much higher metal levels than the surrounding soils. Most soils near the mine exceeded thresholds for zinc, lead and cadmium, indicating high pollution. The study aimed to evaluate the contamination risk posed by the abandoned mine wastes.
The Primary Source of Mercury in the Subsoil and Environmental Impacts AJASTJournal
The paper aims to figure out the primary source of mercury in the subsoil and environmental impacts.
By using descriptive method for primary model, synthesis methods and process analysis and analysis of difficulties and discussion, The study of this problem point that, The primary source of mercury in the subsoil is considered to be deep exhalations coming from with the activation of deep processes - geothermal, eruptive, etc., and its intensive rocks enriched with organic matter become an accumulator in the sedimentary cover -carbonaceous formations and soil layer. It is from the latter that she again enters biocycle with a new stage of intravital accumulation in plant and animal organisms in the greater the amount, the higher its content in the environment. Moreover, it is also observed.
The Primary Source of Mercury in the Subsoil and Environmental Impacts IIJSRJournal
The paper aims to figure out the primary source of mercury in the subsoil and environmental impacts.
By using descriptive method for primary model, synthesis methods and process analysis and analysis of difficulties and discussion, The study of this problem point that, The primary source of mercury in the subsoil is considered to be deep exhalations coming from with the activation of deep processes - geothermal, eruptive, etc., and its intensive rocks enriched with organic matter become an accumulator in the sedimentary cover -carbonaceous formations and soil layer. It is from the latter that she again enters biocycle with a new stage of intravital accumulation in plant and animal organisms in the greater the amount, the higher its content in the environment. Moreover, it is also observed.
This document discusses the mineral resources and mining industry, which is currently experiencing a boom. It provides definitions and descriptions of key terms related to mineral exploration, mining, and processing of ores. The stages involved are prospecting to find ore deposits, mine exploration and development to determine economic viability, mining to extract the ore, beneficiation to separate the ore minerals from waste rock, and refining to extract pure commodities. Common ore types and examples of important ore minerals are also mentioned.
Mining (ore minerals and lessening the impact of mining)Jason Alcano
The document discusses the extraction of minerals from ores. It defines what an ore is and describes the different types of ore deposits based on their formation process. It then explains various mining and processing techniques used to extract the desired mineral from the ore, including surface mining methods like open-pit and strip mining, and subsurface mining. Finally, it outlines some key processes used in mineral extraction like leaching, smelting, and roasting.
Reservoir Minerals is a Canadian project generator company focused on managing exploration risk through multiple mineral prospects in Europe and Africa. Its key project is the Timok Magmatic Complex in Serbia, a large copper-gold porphyry system. Reservoir has made a high-grade discovery at Cukaru Peki within Timok in a joint venture with Freeport-McMoRan. A preliminary economic assessment estimates the project could generate over $1.5 billion in after-tax NPV. The discovery demonstrates the potential for development of a low-cost, high-margin mine with significant exploration upside remaining. Reservoir is well funded with $27 million in treasury to advance its projects.
Reservoir Minerals is a Canadian project generator company focused on managing exploration risk through multiple mineral prospects in Europe and Africa. Their business model involves early introduction of joint venture partners to fund exploration after initial value has been created. Reservoir currently has three joint ventures in Serbia, including the Timok project with Freeport-McMoRan where they discovered the Cukaru Peki deposit of 35Mt at 2.9% copper and 1.7g/t gold. A preliminary economic assessment showed promising economics for an initial starter mine on high grade portions of the deposit followed by a larger mine on the remaining resources. Reservoir is well capitalized with $27 million and their projects show potential for new discoveries and district-
Mining and mineral processing (mining of silverSaid Al-Qurri
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals and materials from the earth. It involves prospecting for ore bodies, extracting the desired materials, and reclaiming the land after. Common ores extracted include metals, coal, gemstones, and more. While mining provides important resources, it often creates environmental and safety issues. As such, regulations aim to reduce impacts. Recycling rates of metals are generally low as well. The exploration process for minerals varies by site and material, with the goal being to discover economically feasible deposits to develop into mines.
Cameroon: The New Destination for MiningMining On Top
Cameroon: The New Destination for Mining
Hosted by Hon Dr Calixtus Fuh, Secretary of State , Ministry of
Mines, Industry and Technological Development, Cameroon
Mining On Top: Africa - London Summit
25-26 Jun 2013 | London
Decreasing Ore Grades in Global Metallic Mining?Chris Helweg
Decreasing Ore Grades in Global Metallic Mining:: A Theoretical Issue or a Global Reality?
Demand for the main metals that modern society needs to produce goods has increased
dramatically over the past few decades, thereby increasing the extraction to meet this demand. Between
1998 and 2014, world material extraction of the main commodities increased by a factor of 1.7 [1,2],
a very significant number if we compare it to the 8-factor increase observed by Krausmann et al. [3]
from 1900 to 2005. For instance, in the past 10 years, approximately one quarter of the total historic mine
production of copper was produced, showing that global copper production has doubled every 25 years
since data started being recorded [4]. Meeting the increasing demands for metals makes the mining
industry one of the most energy-intensive industrial sectors. According to the International Energy
Agency, between 8% and 10% of the world total energy consumption is dedicated to the extraction
of materials that the society demands, and that number does not take into account metallurgical
processes, transport and other mining-related activities
The document provides information about a lesson plan on mineral resources of Pakistan and geological investigation techniques. It begins with introducing the objectives and topics to be covered, which include an overview of Pakistan's mineral resources such as coal, natural gas, copper and gold. Next, it discusses common methods for identifying rocks and minerals in mining, such as geological mapping, field observations, core logging and various analytical techniques. It concludes with an introduction to geological investigations of soil and rock, outlining the purpose, typical site selection and field investigation procedures such as geotechnical drilling, geophysical surveys and laboratory testing.
7 Million Dollar Joint Venture Partner Request SynopsisMichael Mattison
The Halaco Site consists of approximately 27 acres located on the Pacific Ocean shoreline south of Oxnard, California. It was once used by Halaco to recycle aluminum, magnesium, and zinc from scrap metal. Waste from these processes was deposited in areas to the north. The site now contains a large pile of fine-grained material estimated to contain over $1 billion worth of metals. However, more exploration is needed to understand the pile's composition before determining how to extract the metals.
This document provides an outline for a lecture series on mining geology. It introduces key concepts related to mining, including definitions of mining, minerals, and ore deposits. It discusses various types of ore deposits and characteristics that determine their economic viability, such as grade, shape, depth, and stability. The document also lists topics that will be covered in each lecture, including ore mineralogy, the mining cycle, resource classification, mining methods, processing, waste management, and environmental issues. The series aims to give students a non-technical overview of the mining and mineral extraction process.
This document provides an overview of the Mineral Exploration and Evaluation course. It discusses the following key topics in mineral exploration:
- Introduction to mineral resources and the historical background of mineral exploration.
- Types, phases and sequences of mineral exploration planning and management.
- Sampling and analytical techniques including sample preparation and laboratory methods.
- Exploration methods such as geological mapping, geochemical and geophysical prospecting.
- Presentation and interpretation of exploration data and resource evaluation including feasibility studies.
It also provides details on various stages of mineral exploration including planning, reconnaissance, follow-up exploration, feasibility studies, construction and mine development, extraction, and mine closure.
inroduction of history petroleum and thier classiicationMohamed662807
{No “petroleum geology”; all oil discovered through seepages, shallow pits, and hand-dug shafts. (Appalachian, California, Baku, Ploesti, Peru, Egypt, Borneo...) }
“Anticlinal theory” known but not used in practice
First Drilling in America: using cable tool: to 70m’ in 1859
Drake well in 1859 first to discover oil (Pennsylvania)
First Product: Kerosene for lamps (Gasoline an unwanted by-product
inroduction of history petroleum and thier classiicationMohamed662807
{No “petroleum geology”; all oil discovered through seepages, shallow pits, and hand-dug shafts. (Appalachian, California, Baku, Ploesti, Peru, Egypt, Borneo...) }
“Anticlinal theory” known but not used in practice
First Drilling in America: using cable tool: to 70m’ in 1859
Drake well in 1859 first to discover oil (Pennsylvania)
First Product: Kerosene for lamps (Gasoline an unwanted by-product
This presentation discusses cleaning coal using an air cyclone. It was presented by three students under the guidance of S.R. Yadav. The objectives are to study coal characteristics and preparation methods, and to reduce ash content in coal using an air cyclone. The document describes the history of coal use, types and composition of coal, common impurities, and conventional preparation methods. It outlines the materials and experimental procedure used to test the air cyclone, including variables changed and data collection. Results are displayed in graphs and conclusions are made about optimal settings for maximum coal recovery. The work was conducted at PVPIT laboratories with an approximate budget of Rs. 45,000.
This presentation discusses cleaning coal using an air cyclone. It was presented by three students under the guidance of S.R. Yadav. The objectives are to study coal characteristics and preparation methods, and to reduce ash content in coal using an air cyclone. The document describes the history of coal use, types and composition of coal, common impurities, and conventional preparation methods. It outlines the materials and experimental procedure used to test the air cyclone, including variables changed and data collection. Results are displayed in graphs and conclusions are made about optimal settings for maximum coal recovery. The work was conducted in laboratories at P.V.P.I.T. with an approximate expenditure of Rs. 45,000.
This document outlines several potential environmental problems from mining operations including waste disposal, noise, dust, subsidence, acid mine drainage, and disposal of waste rock and tailings. It also discusses issues from smelting/refining like air pollution and impacts on land, water and air from mineral extraction, processing, and waste disposal. Finally, it covers ways to minimize impacts through regulations, reclamation, recycling, and developing more sustainable practices.
Speciation of heavy metals in the soil and the tailings, in the zinc lead sid...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the speciation of heavy metals in soil and tailings samples from the abandoned Sidi Bou Othmane zinc-lead mine in Morocco. Total metal concentrations and sequential extractions were performed to determine the chemical forms and potential mobility of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc. The tailings had much higher metal levels than the surrounding soils. Most soils near the mine exceeded thresholds for zinc, lead and cadmium, indicating high pollution. The study aimed to evaluate the contamination risk posed by the abandoned mine wastes.
The Primary Source of Mercury in the Subsoil and Environmental Impacts AJASTJournal
The paper aims to figure out the primary source of mercury in the subsoil and environmental impacts.
By using descriptive method for primary model, synthesis methods and process analysis and analysis of difficulties and discussion, The study of this problem point that, The primary source of mercury in the subsoil is considered to be deep exhalations coming from with the activation of deep processes - geothermal, eruptive, etc., and its intensive rocks enriched with organic matter become an accumulator in the sedimentary cover -carbonaceous formations and soil layer. It is from the latter that she again enters biocycle with a new stage of intravital accumulation in plant and animal organisms in the greater the amount, the higher its content in the environment. Moreover, it is also observed.
The Primary Source of Mercury in the Subsoil and Environmental Impacts IIJSRJournal
The paper aims to figure out the primary source of mercury in the subsoil and environmental impacts.
By using descriptive method for primary model, synthesis methods and process analysis and analysis of difficulties and discussion, The study of this problem point that, The primary source of mercury in the subsoil is considered to be deep exhalations coming from with the activation of deep processes - geothermal, eruptive, etc., and its intensive rocks enriched with organic matter become an accumulator in the sedimentary cover -carbonaceous formations and soil layer. It is from the latter that she again enters biocycle with a new stage of intravital accumulation in plant and animal organisms in the greater the amount, the higher its content in the environment. Moreover, it is also observed.
This document discusses the mineral resources and mining industry, which is currently experiencing a boom. It provides definitions and descriptions of key terms related to mineral exploration, mining, and processing of ores. The stages involved are prospecting to find ore deposits, mine exploration and development to determine economic viability, mining to extract the ore, beneficiation to separate the ore minerals from waste rock, and refining to extract pure commodities. Common ore types and examples of important ore minerals are also mentioned.
Mining (ore minerals and lessening the impact of mining)Jason Alcano
The document discusses the extraction of minerals from ores. It defines what an ore is and describes the different types of ore deposits based on their formation process. It then explains various mining and processing techniques used to extract the desired mineral from the ore, including surface mining methods like open-pit and strip mining, and subsurface mining. Finally, it outlines some key processes used in mineral extraction like leaching, smelting, and roasting.
Reservoir Minerals is a Canadian project generator company focused on managing exploration risk through multiple mineral prospects in Europe and Africa. Its key project is the Timok Magmatic Complex in Serbia, a large copper-gold porphyry system. Reservoir has made a high-grade discovery at Cukaru Peki within Timok in a joint venture with Freeport-McMoRan. A preliminary economic assessment estimates the project could generate over $1.5 billion in after-tax NPV. The discovery demonstrates the potential for development of a low-cost, high-margin mine with significant exploration upside remaining. Reservoir is well funded with $27 million in treasury to advance its projects.
Reservoir Minerals is a Canadian project generator company focused on managing exploration risk through multiple mineral prospects in Europe and Africa. Their business model involves early introduction of joint venture partners to fund exploration after initial value has been created. Reservoir currently has three joint ventures in Serbia, including the Timok project with Freeport-McMoRan where they discovered the Cukaru Peki deposit of 35Mt at 2.9% copper and 1.7g/t gold. A preliminary economic assessment showed promising economics for an initial starter mine on high grade portions of the deposit followed by a larger mine on the remaining resources. Reservoir is well capitalized with $27 million and their projects show potential for new discoveries and district-
Mining and mineral processing (mining of silverSaid Al-Qurri
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals and materials from the earth. It involves prospecting for ore bodies, extracting the desired materials, and reclaiming the land after. Common ores extracted include metals, coal, gemstones, and more. While mining provides important resources, it often creates environmental and safety issues. As such, regulations aim to reduce impacts. Recycling rates of metals are generally low as well. The exploration process for minerals varies by site and material, with the goal being to discover economically feasible deposits to develop into mines.
Cameroon: The New Destination for MiningMining On Top
Cameroon: The New Destination for Mining
Hosted by Hon Dr Calixtus Fuh, Secretary of State , Ministry of
Mines, Industry and Technological Development, Cameroon
Mining On Top: Africa - London Summit
25-26 Jun 2013 | London
Decreasing Ore Grades in Global Metallic Mining?Chris Helweg
Decreasing Ore Grades in Global Metallic Mining:: A Theoretical Issue or a Global Reality?
Demand for the main metals that modern society needs to produce goods has increased
dramatically over the past few decades, thereby increasing the extraction to meet this demand. Between
1998 and 2014, world material extraction of the main commodities increased by a factor of 1.7 [1,2],
a very significant number if we compare it to the 8-factor increase observed by Krausmann et al. [3]
from 1900 to 2005. For instance, in the past 10 years, approximately one quarter of the total historic mine
production of copper was produced, showing that global copper production has doubled every 25 years
since data started being recorded [4]. Meeting the increasing demands for metals makes the mining
industry one of the most energy-intensive industrial sectors. According to the International Energy
Agency, between 8% and 10% of the world total energy consumption is dedicated to the extraction
of materials that the society demands, and that number does not take into account metallurgical
processes, transport and other mining-related activities
The document provides information about a lesson plan on mineral resources of Pakistan and geological investigation techniques. It begins with introducing the objectives and topics to be covered, which include an overview of Pakistan's mineral resources such as coal, natural gas, copper and gold. Next, it discusses common methods for identifying rocks and minerals in mining, such as geological mapping, field observations, core logging and various analytical techniques. It concludes with an introduction to geological investigations of soil and rock, outlining the purpose, typical site selection and field investigation procedures such as geotechnical drilling, geophysical surveys and laboratory testing.
7 Million Dollar Joint Venture Partner Request SynopsisMichael Mattison
The Halaco Site consists of approximately 27 acres located on the Pacific Ocean shoreline south of Oxnard, California. It was once used by Halaco to recycle aluminum, magnesium, and zinc from scrap metal. Waste from these processes was deposited in areas to the north. The site now contains a large pile of fine-grained material estimated to contain over $1 billion worth of metals. However, more exploration is needed to understand the pile's composition before determining how to extract the metals.
This document provides an outline for a lecture series on mining geology. It introduces key concepts related to mining, including definitions of mining, minerals, and ore deposits. It discusses various types of ore deposits and characteristics that determine their economic viability, such as grade, shape, depth, and stability. The document also lists topics that will be covered in each lecture, including ore mineralogy, the mining cycle, resource classification, mining methods, processing, waste management, and environmental issues. The series aims to give students a non-technical overview of the mining and mineral extraction process.
This document provides an overview of the Mineral Exploration and Evaluation course. It discusses the following key topics in mineral exploration:
- Introduction to mineral resources and the historical background of mineral exploration.
- Types, phases and sequences of mineral exploration planning and management.
- Sampling and analytical techniques including sample preparation and laboratory methods.
- Exploration methods such as geological mapping, geochemical and geophysical prospecting.
- Presentation and interpretation of exploration data and resource evaluation including feasibility studies.
It also provides details on various stages of mineral exploration including planning, reconnaissance, follow-up exploration, feasibility studies, construction and mine development, extraction, and mine closure.
inroduction of history petroleum and thier classiicationMohamed662807
{No “petroleum geology”; all oil discovered through seepages, shallow pits, and hand-dug shafts. (Appalachian, California, Baku, Ploesti, Peru, Egypt, Borneo...) }
“Anticlinal theory” known but not used in practice
First Drilling in America: using cable tool: to 70m’ in 1859
Drake well in 1859 first to discover oil (Pennsylvania)
First Product: Kerosene for lamps (Gasoline an unwanted by-product
inroduction of history petroleum and thier classiicationMohamed662807
{No “petroleum geology”; all oil discovered through seepages, shallow pits, and hand-dug shafts. (Appalachian, California, Baku, Ploesti, Peru, Egypt, Borneo...) }
“Anticlinal theory” known but not used in practice
First Drilling in America: using cable tool: to 70m’ in 1859
Drake well in 1859 first to discover oil (Pennsylvania)
First Product: Kerosene for lamps (Gasoline an unwanted by-product
Similar to Presentation Fiche Module_Natural Resources_ Lecture.1. Mining Engineering Introduction.pptx (20)
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
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Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
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Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
2. Identify different natural resources /energy sources
Analyze different field logs/seismic survey and core test results
Interpret geophysical properties of hydrocarbon and mining resources
Evaluate the concept of geo-mechanical stability and their application during the exploitation of
natural resources
Identify the different renewable energy sources
Evaluate the energetic needs from micro/macro perspectives
Understand the different environmental mitigation techniques
Natural Resources Engineering
Objectives
3. Chapter 1: Initiation, challenges and opportunities
Introduction to the oil, gas, and mining engineering
Challenges & opportunities: oil, gas, and mining
6 H
Chapter 2: Geosciences
Fundamentals of geophysics
wireline field logs interpretation
Seismic Survey and Interpretation
Application to petroleum and mining industry (reservoir engineering)
12 H
Chapter 3: Fundamental of rock mechanics: a natural resources perspective
rock mechanics: basics concept
assessment of rock stability (In-situ and lab testing):
Mechanical behavior of discontinuities in rocky massifs
Reservoir engineering and geomechanics: advanced concepts
12H
Natural Resources Engineering
The Program
4. Chapter 4: Renewable energy and environmental mitigation
Renewable Energy: Introduction, challenges and opportunities
Geothermal energy: deep wells drilling techniques and well design
CO2 storage: mitigation techniques
Wastes storage: tunnelling and stability.
12H
Natural Resources Engineering
The Program
5. L’étudiant est évalué par :
Une note du contrôle continu CC : étude de cas (case study)
Une note d’examen (final exam)
La moyenne est calculée comme suit :
Moyenne = CC*40%+Examen*60%
Natural Resources Engineering
Assesment
6. 1. Your expectations from the course?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.
Natural Resources and Engineering Projects (applications/advantages)?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Natural Resources and Society (your everyday life./impacts)?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Natural Resources Engineering
Expectations
8. Kais Ben Abdallah PhD. P. Eng.
Email: kais.benabdallah@esprit.tn / benabdal@ualberta.ca
Tel.: 54.863.638
Assistant Professor – Coordinator of the Civil Engineering Program at National Engineering School of
Bizerte(ENIB), Tunisia.
+5 years of experience in North America and Tunisia (in geotechnics, geomechanics, and oil industry);
Research Engineer (remote), RG2-Alberta, Canada.
PhD in Civil Engineering from ENIT - Shell Tunisie-UofA: Problems of the integrity of a fractured reservoir in
the Gulf of Gabes - Offshore platform stability;
Master of Science in Petroleum Engineering from the University of Alberta, Canada; Civil engineering
degree, École Polytechnique de Montréal –McGill University, Canada;
Member of the Association of Professional Engineers and Geophysicists of Alberta (APEGA)
Member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers-North America
Member of the Tunisian Association of Rock Mechanics
Consulting-research project (in progress):
CO2 Storage in marginal fields, Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia (ETAP, ENIT, RG2, and Ecole de Mines)
ML application in geotechnical assessment, Tunis urban area
Natural Resources Engineering
Contact Information . Professor
10. “No substance has been as important as metal in the story of man's control of his
environment. Advances in agriculture, warfare, transport, even cookery are
impossible without metal. So is the entire Industrial Revolution, from steam to
electricity.”
Read more: http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab16#ixzz13XSEyvNz
Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Importance of Mining Processing
11. Bronze Age- Bronze is in use in Sumer, at Ur, in around 2800 BC
Iron Age - from the 11th century BC onwards, steel replaces bronze weapons. It
becomes essential, from now on, to have a good steel blade rather than a soft and
indifferent one.
Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Importance of Mining Processing
12. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Mining in Tunisia
History of the mining activity in Tunisia:
The mining activity in Tunisia gets way back in time to the Roman era, which was
characterized by a small-scale exploitation of the outcropping indications. During the
modern era (from 1890 until nowadays), too many stratums have been discovered, Thus:
The production of phosphate started in 1996,
that of iron in 1906 and,
that of the concentrated Plumb and zinc in 1892.
Ref. https://www.onm.nat.tn/en/index.php?p=indminier
13. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Mining in Tunisia
Today’s mining activity in Tunisia
Actually, the deposit and mineral-index map of Tunisia took out around 600 deposits and
indices, from which over 50 deposits were exploited and some are still in activity.
The 2005 assessment of the iron-ore market is summarized as follows:
55 MT of the iron ore (10 MT of which is extracted from the north basin: Tamerza,
Dhouahria and Boukhchiba, and 45 MT of which are from J.Jerissa in the Dome
zone).
2,3 MT plumb iron ore
2 MT of zinc iron ore
More than 25 MT of salt was extracted from sea and the Sebkhet along the shore and
is composed of NaCl and a marginal quantity of brome.
0,9 MT of fluorine spare and 0,6 MT of Barytine and 322 MT of phosphate.
15. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Aspects of Mining Processing
Main aspects of mining processing:
1. Geology , 2. Mining, and 3. Processing
•All 3 aspects must be favorable to make a deposit economically viable:
Geology: Find it! Is it big enough to be economic?
Mining: Dig it! Is it economically recoverable from the ground?
Processing: Extract it! Is it economically separable from the host rock?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUpnRHxoKc4
https://www.facebook.com/SaskatchewanJobs/videos/saskatchewan-mining-rio-tinto/266467351129436/
16. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Aspects of Mining Processing
Mining Terminology:
Ore : Rock that contains a mineral or minerals in sufficient quantities as to make commercial
extraction (mining – milling) profitable.
Grade : A measure of concentration of a mineral/metal contained in rock (or ore).
• Gold and other precious metals – g/t or oz/t,
• base metals - %,
• uranium – kg/tonne,
• rare earth elements – ppm.
Cut off Grade : The minimum concentration or grade of mineral that is required for rock to be
considered ore.
Waste : Not Ore.
Ore Body: A mineralized deposit (resource) whose characteristics have been examined and
found to be commercially viable. The extents of the ore body are determined by the cut-off
grade.
Host Rock: The rock containing an ore deposit. Typically composed of 2 or more minerals.
Gangue: Minerals in the ore body that are not of economic interest
17. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Aspects of Mining Processing
Mineral Processing
Is the recovery of valuable minerals from ore
Takes place in a mill, aka concentrator - because it concentrates valuable
minerals by removing unwanted material.
The two main products are the concentrate streams (valuable minerals) and the
tailings streams (rejects).
Processing
19. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Aspects of Mining Processing
Field Description Example of topics
Mineral Processing
Beneficiation or
Mineral Dressing
Theory and practice of liberation of
minerals from ores and their separation
by physical methods at ambient
conditions
Crushing and grinding, magnetic and
electrical methods, flotation, etc.
Extractive metallurgy
Chemical methods sometimes at high
temperature and pressure for treating
ores to recover their metal values in a
pure form
Leaching, precipitation, electrolysis,
oxidation, reduction, etc.
Metal Processing
Physical metallurgy
Study of physical properties of metals
and alloys, preparation of alloys
Crystal structure, effect of impurities,
metallography, heat treatment, etc.
Engineering metallurgy Processing of metals in the molten state Casting, welding, etc.
Mechanical metallurgy Processing of metals in the solid state Forging, rolling, extrusion, piercing
Powder metallurgy
Processing of metal powders into
finished products
Preparation of metals in powder form,
hot pressing, etc.
Fields of Metallurgical Engineering
20. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Aspects of Mining Processing
Engineering Terminology in Mineral Processing
Circuit: The path that the ore that is being processed takes as it proceeds from one processing point to
another.
Flow Sheet: Drawing that indicates the path that the mineral takes within a process. Several circuits are
often contained within a flow sheet
Recovery Rate: The percentage of valuable metal/mineral, by mass, in the concentrate from the feed
Concentration: Another word for grade
Heads: A term that is used to denote the mineral found in the FEED to a circuit.
Head Grade: aka feed concentration
Concentrate: a purified mineral. May require further downstream processing to convert for end uses.
Examples: Copper and nickel sulfides
Tailings - Material rejected from a mill after the recoverable valuable minerals have been extracted.
Industrial mineral: is used for end purpose without chemical alteration. Examples: gravel, coal
Mineralogy: Description of mineral contents
21. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Aspects of Mining Processing
The goals of mineral processing are to:
separate economic mineral particles from waste or gangue
subject minerals to processes in order to concentrate them or to extract metals from them
Many forms of mineral processing depends on feed material and desired product
22. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Aspects of Mining Processing
Mineral:
a) A solid naturally-occurring compound having a definite chemical composition.
b) Inorganic substance that are extracted from the earth for use by man.
c) A naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and
characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, and physical properties.
Nonmetallic has some commonalities with metal processing, but lots of differences:
23. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Aspects of Mining Processing
Example of Minerals:
Gangue is the unwanted impurities like rock
material, dust, soil, sand, earthy particles,
limestone, mica, etc.
25. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Aspects of Mining Processing
Impact of mineralogy:
We mine rocks but we concentrate minerals.
Gangue minerals also important
Understanding mineralogy allows design of processes
Important for feasibility studies
26. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Aspects of Mining Processing
What is mineral processing?
Processing: Extract values, reject waste
Conversion of mined ore into usable product
More expensive/challenging with lower grade ores
Numerous processing methods
Mineral Processing Methods = beneficiation + extractive metallurgy
Beneficiation is any process that improves (benefits) the economic value
of the ore by physically removing the gangue. Typical beneficiation
processes include crushing, roasting, magnetic separation, flotation, and
leaching.
Extractive metallurgy:
Chemical reactions of the processes
equipment where reactions take place
Flowsheets – combinations of processes
27. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Aspects of Mining Processing
Typical Beneficiation Steps
Comminution: Reduction of particle size Starts at mine with blasting
Two basic types of equipment used:
Crushing – breakage by compression
Grinding – breakage by abrasion and impact
28. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Aspects of Mining Processing
Comminution Equipment
Crushing – breakage by compression Grinding – breakage by abrasion and impact
29. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Aspects of Mining Processing
Classification : Separation based mainly on particle size
Behavior affected by size, shape, and density of the particles
Two common types of classifiers:
Screens – dry method, coarser particles
Hydrocyclones – wet method, finer particles
31. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Aspects of Mining Processing
Separation Techniques take advantage of the differences in characteristics between
minerals:
Flotation: Attachment of minerals to air bubbles - hydrophibicity
Magnetic Separation: Apply magnetic field
Gravity Separation: differences in specific gravity of materials
Electrostatic Separation: Apply electrostatic polarity
Particle size distribution has large influence on results
36. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Aspects of Mining Processing
Dewatering: To remove water from a substance. Also refers to the circuit where this takes place.
Dewatering Techniques:
Thickener: Allow gravity settling
Filter: Apply air pressure to draw water out
Centrifuge: Apply centrifugal force
Dryer: Apply heat to evaporate
Thickener Filter Dryer
37. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Post-Mining Activities
Waste Disposal - "Mining is waste management ..."
The majority of tonnage mined must be disposed of as tailings, and the water used must be treated and
released
Tailings Dam: Built from ground waste rock discharged after processing from the mill
Acid Mine Drainage: produced by exposing sulfide minerals to air and water, resulting in oxidation that
generates acid.
Waste Rock: Unprocessed non-mineralized / low grade mined material
Water Balance: Accounting of water inputs and outputs from a mine/mill site.
Water Treatment: The removal of harmful contaminants from water
42. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Mineral Economics - Review
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)
NPV (net present value) is a means of comparing a dollar today to the value of the same
dollar in the future. For mining projects, we apply NPV to determine if a project is worth
more than it costs.
Free Cash Flow (FCF) is the operating cash flow minus capital includes Taxes, Dividends,
Royalties, Depreciation and Amortization. I.e. the amount of money left after the bills are
paid
Discount Rate is rate that future cash flows are discounted to determine present value.
This is different than interest.
IRR (internal rate of return) is the discount rate that results in an NPV of 0.
43. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Mineral Economics - Review
Net Present Value is common way to evaluate a project
Value = Free Cash Flow
Rate = Discount Rate
n=Total number of periods
i=Period
Payback period - the time required for the operating revenue to pay back all the costs,
including the initial capital investment used to construct the project.
44. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Mineral Economics - Review
Typical mining project annual cash flow pattern
R = revenue, C = costs, T = taxes, A = annual loan payment (principal + interest), F = cash flow
and K= capital costs.
45. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Mineral Economics - Review
Mining Project Economics
What happens when project parameters are changed?
Must start with a reasonable base case scenario (technically feasible) before economic
optimization (fine tuning)
Strong inter-relationships between:
Tonnage
Grade
Capital costs
Operating costs
Has effects on:
Mine life
Cutoff grade
46. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Mineral Economics - Review
Capital and Operating Cost Estimation vs. Tonnage
Work by OHara (1980), OHara and Suboleski (1992) and USBM (1987) suggest that the curves for
capital and operating costs can be reasonably approximated by exponential equations, with the
general form:
Cost = K tx
Where:
K = a constant specific to the particular cost
t = production rate in tonnes per day
x = an exponent
Capital costs typical range: 0.5 to 0.7
0.6 is a reasonable first estimate
Operating costs in $/t typical range -.3 to -.1
-0.2 is a reasonable first estimate
WARNING: These equations should not be used for detailed estimating, although they can give
guidance for order of magnitude estimating.
47. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Mineral Economics - Review
Capital and Operating Cost Estimation vs. Tonnage
If a cost is known accurately, this relationship can be used to factor the cost up or down for
differing production rates, within reasonable limits:
Cost at t1 = C1 = K t1x
Cost at t2 = C2 = K t2x
Then:
C1/C2 = (K t1x) / (K t2x)
= t1x / t2x (because K is common it can be eliminated)
= (t1 / t2)x
Simplified: C1 / C2 = (t1 / t2)x
Then:C2 = C1 (t2 / t1)x
For a capital cost or annual operating cost, if C1 and t1 are known, and x can be estimated
from experience then C2 can be estimated for a given t2.
Example:
For capital cost at 20,000 t/d is $30 million, then at 25,000 t/d can be estimated at:
C2 = $30’000’000 (25000 / 20000)0.6
= $30’000’000 (1.1433)
= $34’298’000
For operating cost of $10.00/tonne, and an exponent of -.2 the unit cost at the higher tonnage
will be:
C2 = $10.00 (25’000 / 20’000)-0.2
= $10.00 (0.9564) = $9.56
49. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Mineral Economics - Review
An NPV curve is theoretical, always check that the inputs are realistic!
NPV Curve
50. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Mineral Economics - Review
Mineral Economics – Operating Costs
Overall operating costs are broken down into 3 basic areas for economic analysis:
Mining – determine mine plan input costs, production rate and fully diluted (Run-of-Mine =
ROM) grade
Milling – determine process flowsheet input costs, recovery rate, product quality
General and Administrative (G & A) – determine overhead costs :
Administration (HR, payroll)
Management (site + head office)
Safety & Health
Environment
Quality Management
G&A tends to be fixed REGARDLESS of production rate!
51. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Mineral Economics - Review
Mineral Economics – Operating Costs
Typical relative cost of beneficiating an ore
Operation %
Crushing 5 - 20
Grinding 25 - 75
Flotation 25 -45
Dewatering and
drying
10 -20
Other operations 5 - 10
52. Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Mineral Economics - Project Stages
Project Stages
Idea stage
Conceptual stage
Pre-feasibility stage
Market Studies
Feasibility studies
Financial analysis
Preliminary design
Final design and construction
Commissioning and start up
Closing reports
53. Idea Stage : identify the need for a project to be started or conceptualized
philosophic - decide whether this is the type of project that they would like to pursue
Discussions of cost and schedule at the idea stage are normally limited to a broad
definition
Informal - sometimes mentioned to get a reaction
Ideas can begin with anyone in the organization
Conceptual Study: establish the shape of the project, and get a better feel for its scope
and size
Costs can be put to a concept. However, the accuracy of investment costs may be
wildly out, probably +/-50%.
Rough estimate based on experience and judgment
Estimate's usefulness is in establishing an idea of the costs commensurate with the
aims of the project
Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Mineral Economics - Project Stages
54. Pre-feasibility Study : comprehensive study of viability of a mineral project
mining method has been established
effective method of mineral processing has been determined
financial analysis based on reasonable assumptions of technical, engineering, legal,
operating, economic, social, and environmental factors
determine if all or part of the mineral resource may be classified as a mineral reserve
Feasibility Study: comprehensive study of a mineral deposit
all geological, engineering, legal, operating, economic, social, environmental and other
relevant factors are considered in sufficient detail
could reasonably serve as the basis for a final decision by a financial institution to
finance the development of the deposit for mineral production.
Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Mineral Economics - Project Stages
55. Detailed design and construction: Engineering design and construction are inseparable, even
though two distinct groups normally perform the work.
Preliminary design - establish a definite time frame for freezing the process and plant designs
so that cost and schedule upsets are minimized effective method of mineral processing has
been determined
definitive estimate to an accuracy of 10 to 15% to control the job – requires about 20 percent
of the total engineering must be done, as measured by completion of drawings.
be leery of both steam-rolling a design freeze prematurely, vs. allowing people to continuously
change their minds
Commissioning: checkout period prior to starting the plant
Sometimes the entire plant is run for a period of time without material
Startup usually begins on a reduced output basis, gradually increasing until planned output
capacity is reached
Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Mineral Economics - Project Stages
56. Project "emotional" stages:
Euphoria
Wandering off track
Catch up and control
The Boggs
Project Manager panic
Frantic catch up and control
Loose ends
Sign off
Natural Resources Engineering
Mining Engineering
Mineral Economics - Project Stages