Mining is one of the key endeavors that provides basic resources for modern civilization. The history of mining parallels the history of civilization, with important eras associated with minerals like the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Steel Age. Mining engineering involves applying engineering principles to develop, plan, operate, close, and reclaim mines. Key terminology includes mine, mining, ore, gangue, waste, and metallic vs non-metallic minerals. The life of a mine involves several stages from exploration and development to extraction and beneficiation, and finally closure and reclamation.

1. Prof. H. P. Karkar
Mining Engineering Department
Government Engineering College, Bhuj

2. Contribution to Civilization
 Mining is the Second Endeavours
 Agriculture and Mining Supply all the Basic
resources need in the modern Civilization

3. History
 The history of Mining is parallels to the History of
civilization
 Many important cultural eras associated with and
identified by various minerals or their derivatives
Stone Age Prior to 4000 BCE
Bronze Age 4000 to 1500 BCE
Iron Age 1500 BCE to 1780 CE
Steel Age 1780 to 1945 CE
Nuclear Age 1945 CE to Present

4. Terminology
 Mine:
An excavation made in the earth to extract minerals.
 Mining:
The activity, occupation and industry concerned with the
extraction of minerals.
 Mining engineering:
The practice of applying engineering principles to the
development,planning, operation,closure, and reclamation of mines.
 Minerals:
A natural occurring inorganic element or compound having an
orderly internal structure and a characteristic chemical composition
crystal form and physical properties.
 Rock:
Any naturally formed aggregate of one or more types of mineral
particles

5. Terminology
 Ore:
A mineral deposit that has sufficient utility and
value to be mined at a profit
 Gangue:
The valueless mineral particles within an ore
deposit that must be discarded
 Waste:
The material associated with an ore deposit that
must be mined to get at the ore and must then be
discarded. Gangue is a particular type of waste.

6. Terminology
 Metallic Ores:
Those ores of the ferrous metals (iron, manganese,
molybdenum and tungsten), the base metals (copper, lead, zinc
and tin), the precious metals (gold, silver, the platinum group
metals) and the radioactive minerals (uranium, thorium and
radium)
 Non-metallic minerals (also known as industrial minerals):
The nonfuel mineral ores that are not associated with the
production of metals. These include phosphate, potash, halite,
trona, sand, gravel, limestone, sulphur, and many others.
 Fossil fuels (also known as mineral fuels):
The organic mineral substances that can be utilize as fuels,
such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, coal bed methane, gilsonite
and tar sands.

7. Stages in the Life of a Mine

8. Stages in the Life of a Mine

9. Stages in the Life of a Mine

10. Stages in the Life of a Mine

11. Stages in the Life of a Mine

12. Stages in the Life of a Mine

13. Unit Operations