Microwave Engineering.pptx
•
0 likes•111 views
This document outlines a course on microwave engineering. The objectives are to provide basic theory on microwaves, microwave devices and systems, and applications in modern communication systems. Pre-requisites include electromagnetic theory and circuit behavior at low frequencies. Key topics covered include the microwave frequency range, differences between low and high frequency systems, applications like satellite communication and medical imaging, and course outcomes in fundamental microwave engineering and design.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Microwave hybrid circuits 2nd 1
This document discusses various microwave hybrid circuits. It describes E-plane and H-plane tees, which are waveguide junctions with three ports. Magic tees combine properties of E-plane and H-plane tees. Hybrid rings consist of an annular waveguide with four ports, and exhibit similar properties to magic tees. Directional couplers and circulators are also microwave junctions discussed. S-parameters are introduced as a way to characterize microwave networks by measuring traveling waves rather than total voltages and currents.
Antenna Parameters Part 1
In radio and electronics, an antenna (plural antennae or antennas), or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa.[1] It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.
Microwave engineering basics
The document summarizes key components and concepts in basic microwave engineering. It discusses waveguides and their operating frequencies based on dimensions. It also describes electric and magnetic fields in rectangular waveguides. Additional components summarized include coaxial to waveguide transitions, choke joints, coupling loops, phase shifters, junctions, tuners, mixers, isolators, circulators, directional couplers, and cavity resonators. Isolators, circulators, and directional couplers are multi-port devices that control the direction of signal propagation with differing levels of attenuation.
ppt-of-waveguide
1. Hollow waveguides present an alternative to transmission lines at microwave frequencies, as electromagnetic waves reflect from the walls of the waveguide as it travels its length.
2. A waveguide operates most efficiently within modal boundaries, where below a cutoff frequency a signal will not propagate, acting as a filter.
3. Multimode propagation results in different modes traveling at different velocities, causing pulse spreading and interference between closely following pulses.
Mimo
The document provides an overview of MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) systems in wireless communications. It discusses how MIMO can provide array gain, diversity gain, and multiplexing gain to improve spectral efficiency, coverage, and quality of service. It also describes how MIMO reduces co-channel interference. The document covers MIMO channel models and capacity results for different scenarios. It concludes by discussing how MIMO can be used to maximize diversity or throughput through different transmission techniques.
Antenna presentation PPT
hello readers i give my PPT presentation for about antenna and ther properties and working explain in this ppt
i hope you like it THANK YOU.......!!!!!!!
Dielectric resonator antenna applications
This document provides an overview of dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) and their design. It discusses:
1) Common DRA characteristics such as resonant frequencies defined by material properties and dimensions. Multiple modes can be excited and radiation patterns depend on the excited mode.
2) Common feeding methods for DRAs including coaxial probes, microstrip lines, coplanar waveguides, and apertures. These determine the excited mode and coupling.
3) A case study of a cylindrical DRA analyzing modes using analytical equations and simulations. For a dielectric constant of 30, the HE11δ mode resonates at 503.6 MHz and is excited using a coaxial probe.
Millimeter wave 5G antennas for smartphones
This document describes research on millimeter-wave antennas for 5G smartphones. It discusses several antenna designs for both 60 GHz and 28 GHz applications. For 60 GHz, a 2012 design integrated a 16-element phased array directly into a printed circuit board. Later designs in 2013 and 2017 explored integrating antenna arrays with reconfigurable polarization into mobile device chassis. A 2014 design proposed a 28 GHz mesh-grid patch antenna array for 5G cellular devices, demonstrating an 11 dBi gain array integrated into a Samsung phone. The document outlines various antenna designs, simulation and measurement results to enable millimeter-wave smartphone connectivity.
Recommended
Microwave hybrid circuits 2nd 1
This document discusses various microwave hybrid circuits. It describes E-plane and H-plane tees, which are waveguide junctions with three ports. Magic tees combine properties of E-plane and H-plane tees. Hybrid rings consist of an annular waveguide with four ports, and exhibit similar properties to magic tees. Directional couplers and circulators are also microwave junctions discussed. S-parameters are introduced as a way to characterize microwave networks by measuring traveling waves rather than total voltages and currents.
Antenna Parameters Part 1
In radio and electronics, an antenna (plural antennae or antennas), or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa.[1] It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.
Microwave engineering basics
The document summarizes key components and concepts in basic microwave engineering. It discusses waveguides and their operating frequencies based on dimensions. It also describes electric and magnetic fields in rectangular waveguides. Additional components summarized include coaxial to waveguide transitions, choke joints, coupling loops, phase shifters, junctions, tuners, mixers, isolators, circulators, directional couplers, and cavity resonators. Isolators, circulators, and directional couplers are multi-port devices that control the direction of signal propagation with differing levels of attenuation.
ppt-of-waveguide
1. Hollow waveguides present an alternative to transmission lines at microwave frequencies, as electromagnetic waves reflect from the walls of the waveguide as it travels its length.
2. A waveguide operates most efficiently within modal boundaries, where below a cutoff frequency a signal will not propagate, acting as a filter.
3. Multimode propagation results in different modes traveling at different velocities, causing pulse spreading and interference between closely following pulses.
Mimo
The document provides an overview of MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) systems in wireless communications. It discusses how MIMO can provide array gain, diversity gain, and multiplexing gain to improve spectral efficiency, coverage, and quality of service. It also describes how MIMO reduces co-channel interference. The document covers MIMO channel models and capacity results for different scenarios. It concludes by discussing how MIMO can be used to maximize diversity or throughput through different transmission techniques.
Antenna presentation PPT
hello readers i give my PPT presentation for about antenna and ther properties and working explain in this ppt
i hope you like it THANK YOU.......!!!!!!!
Dielectric resonator antenna applications
This document provides an overview of dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) and their design. It discusses:
1) Common DRA characteristics such as resonant frequencies defined by material properties and dimensions. Multiple modes can be excited and radiation patterns depend on the excited mode.
2) Common feeding methods for DRAs including coaxial probes, microstrip lines, coplanar waveguides, and apertures. These determine the excited mode and coupling.
3) A case study of a cylindrical DRA analyzing modes using analytical equations and simulations. For a dielectric constant of 30, the HE11δ mode resonates at 503.6 MHz and is excited using a coaxial probe.
Millimeter wave 5G antennas for smartphones
This document describes research on millimeter-wave antennas for 5G smartphones. It discusses several antenna designs for both 60 GHz and 28 GHz applications. For 60 GHz, a 2012 design integrated a 16-element phased array directly into a printed circuit board. Later designs in 2013 and 2017 explored integrating antenna arrays with reconfigurable polarization into mobile device chassis. A 2014 design proposed a 28 GHz mesh-grid patch antenna array for 5G cellular devices, demonstrating an 11 dBi gain array integrated into a Samsung phone. The document outlines various antenna designs, simulation and measurement results to enable millimeter-wave smartphone connectivity.
microwave communication
This document discusses microwave communication and factors involved in microwave link design. It describes microwave communication as utilizing radio frequencies between 2-60 GHz for communication. Key factors in microwave link design include line-of-sight considerations, loss and attenuation calculations, fading predictions, and ensuring sufficient fade margin. Proper microwave link design is an iterative process that considers propagation losses, interference analysis, and ensuring quality and availability requirements are met.
Microwave Antenna
Microwave antennas can take several forms. Horn antennas are popular and can achieve gains up to 25 dB, with directional patterns. Parabolic antennas, like satellite dishes, typically have very high gain between 30-40 dB and low cross polarization. Slot antennas are often used instead of line antennas for greater pattern control and are found in radar and cell antennas. Dipole antennas are half wave resonant conductors that radiate omnidirectionally at right angles to their axis. Their gain is approximately 2 dBi. Dielectric antennas use a traveling surface wave along a dielectric rod to radiate maximally along the rod axis.
transmission-line-and-waveguide-ppt
The document provides an overview of microwave engineering and rectangular waveguides. It defines microwave frequencies as ranging from 1 GHz to 300 GHz. Rectangular waveguides transmit electromagnetic waves through successive reflections from inner walls. Modes in waveguides include transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. The document analyzes the TM and TE modes in rectangular waveguides through solving Maxwell's equations with boundary conditions. Cut-off frequencies above which modes can propagate are determined. Examples demonstrate calculating waveguide parameters and resonant frequencies of cavity resonators.
Amplitude Modulation ppt
This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) as a type of modulation used to transmit information signals. Modulation involves varying a high frequency carrier signal by an information signal in order to transmit the information signal over long distances. In AM, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating or information signal. This creates two new sideband frequencies above and below the carrier frequency equal to the modulation frequency. The carrier and sidebands together make up the modulated signal. Only a portion of the transmitted power is present in the sidebands containing the information, while the rest is wasted in the carrier.
Cavity resonators
This document discusses cavity resonators and ultra-wideband (UWB) systems. It begins with an introduction to cavity resonators and mentions that they are useful microwave devices. It then discusses different types of cavity resonators, including rectangular and circular cavity resonators. The document also covers applications of cavity resonators and UWB systems. For UWB systems, it notes that they use very short sub-nanosecond pulses across a wide bandwidth and have features like unlicensed spectrum use, high data rates, and immunity to multipath fading. It also discusses UWB antennas and their requirements like operating across the entire frequency band simultaneously with minimal pulse distortion.
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATIONS (1).pdf
This document provides lecture notes on antennas and wave propagation. It begins with a brief history of antennas from Heinrich Hertz's experiments in the late 1800s to modern applications. It then covers key topics in the first unit, including different types of antennas like dipoles, monopoles, loops, horns and arrays. The document discusses the basic principles of electromagnetic radiation from antennas and conditions required for radiation. It also introduces important antenna parameters and the different types of dimensions and units used to measure antennas.
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
The document discusses optical communication and fiber optic communication systems. It defines optical communication as using light to carry information over distances. The most common wavelengths used fall between 0.83-1.55 microns. Optical communication can be analog or digital. Fiber optic communication uses total internal reflection to transmit pulses of light through optical fibers to carry digital data. A fiber optic system includes a transmitter that converts electrical signals to light pulses and a receiver that converts the light pulses back to electrical signals.
5G antenna-Technology
This document discusses 5G antenna technology for user devices. It provides an overview of cellular communication evolution, mobile phone evolution, and mobile antenna evolution. It then discusses 5G introductions, applications, frequency coverage, antenna requirements, and MIMO and massive MIMO technologies as they relate to 5G. Key points covered include the need for antennas to cover low to high frequency bands for 5G, isolation and interference challenges for multi-antenna designs, and using massive MIMO arrays and beamforming to improve throughput.
Frequency Modulation
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) and its types: phase modulation and frequency modulation. It describes the key characteristics of FM including its constant amplitude, higher signal-to-noise ratio, and infinite bandwidth. FM is classified as narrowband FM (NBFM) or wideband FM (WBFM) based on the modulation index. The document also covers pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits, methods for generating NBFM and WBFM signals including the direct and indirect (Armstrong's) methods.
180 hybrid-coupler
This document outlines a project to design a 180-degree hybrid coupler. It discusses the limitations of conventional 180-degree hybrid designs in terms of compactness and bandwidth. It then proposes several novel design methodologies to address these limitations, including using a Wilkinson power divider design, phase reversal methods, folded line configurations, and artificial transmission lines with left-handed materials. The goal is to develop a more compact and broadband 180-degree hybrid coupler design.
DESIGN TRENDS IN ULTRA WIDE BAND WEARABLE ANTENNAS FOR WIRELESS ON-BODY NETWORKS
This document discusses design trends in ultra wide band wearable antennas for wireless on-body networks. It provides an overview of wireless body area networks (WBANs) and the challenges in designing wearable antennas that operate in close proximity to the human body. Ultra wide band technology is identified as a promising solution due to features like low cost, high data rates, and low power requirements. The document reviews various design methodologies for ultra wide band wearable antennas, including microstrip, fractal, and band-notched antenna designs. It evaluates different substrate materials and discusses bending effects on antenna performance. The document concludes that liquid crystal polymer and natural rubber substrates show potential as flexible options for wearable antenna design.
wave-guides
Waveguides are hollow conductive tubes that propagate electromagnetic waves within their interior. They serve as boundaries that confine EM energy through reflection off their walls. Common waveguide types include rectangular, circular, and helical waveguides. Key characteristics of waveguides include their cutoff frequency minimum operating frequency and modes of propagation within the guide.
Wave guide tees
Waveguide tees are used in microwave technologies to split or extract power in a waveguide. There are several types of waveguide tees that affect the energy in different ways, including H-type, E-type, magic T, and hybrid ring tees. E-type tees produce outputs that are 180 degrees out of phase, while H-type tees produce in-phase outputs. Magic T tees combine properties of H-type and E-type tees. Hybrid ring tees overcome power limitations of magic T tees using a circular waveguide design.
Fiber optical coupler
An optical fiber coupler is a device that splits light from one fiber into multiple fibers. There are different types of couplers classified by their shape, including Y, T, X, star, and tree couplers. Couplers work by transferring power between fibers through their cores or surfaces. Examples show how to calculate excess loss, insertion loss, crosstalk, and splitting ratios using the measured input and output powers. Optical couplers have applications in splitting and combining optical signals in fiber networks and communication systems.
What is Mode Field Diameter?
Mode Field Diameter (MFD) is a measure of light intensity in the core of a single mode fiber. It is traditionally defined as the width where intensity falls to 1/e of its peak value, but standards now define it via the Petermann II integral of the far-field intensity distribution. MFD represents the effective area of light propagation in both the core and cladding. It provides important information about a cable's performance and impacts from bending or improper source-fiber coupling that could lead to excessive loss. MFD is tested using an optical time domain reflectometer to obtain the far-field profile and calculate the Petermann II integral to determine the MFD value.
Ultra wide band antenna
Ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas must transmit very short pulse signals accurately and efficiently. The document discusses various types of UWB antennas including traveling-wave antennas like horn antennas, frequency-independent antennas whose radiation patterns do not change with frequency, self-complementary antennas with constant input impedance regardless of frequency or shape, multiple resonance antennas made of multiple narrowband elements, and electrically small antennas. Key antenna characterization parameters in time and frequency domains are also presented.
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTEENA USING METAMATERIAL SUBSTRATE
The document discusses the design of rectangular patch antennas using metamaterial substrates. It aims to reduce the size of conventional rectangular patch antennas by implementing defected ground structures (DGS) to create a metamaterial substrate. The document outlines the objectives, work, design methodology used, and expected results. Simulation results are expected to show that the metamaterial antennas can reduce the size of the antennas by 30-60% while improving performance metrics like return loss and bandwidth. Fabrication and testing will verify the simulation results.
Optical Fiber Communication Part 3 Optical Digital Receiver
Current generated by photodetector is very weak and is adversely effected by random noises associated with photo detection process. When amplified, this signal further gets corrupted by amplifiers. Noise considerations are thus important in designing optical receivers.
Most meaningful criteria for measuring performance of a digital communication system is average error probability, and in analog system, it is peak signal to rms noise ratio. ...
219272664 s-parameters
This document discusses microwave junctions and S-parameters. It provides information on:
1) Power dividers and directional couplers which are passive microwave components used for power division or combining. S-parameters are used to define the power relationships between ports.
2) The scattering matrix (S-matrix) is a matrix that defines the power relationships between ports in terms of incident and reflected voltage waves. It is commonly used for microwave analysis since direct voltage and current measurements are difficult at high frequencies.
3) Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating S-matrix coefficients for different microwave junction configurations like E-plane and H-plane tee junctions. Properties of reciprocal and lossless networks in relation to the S
Part 2
The document discusses digital pulse modulation and pulse code modulation (PCM). It describes the four main steps of PCM:
1) Sampling the analog signal to make it discrete in time
2) Quantizing by assigning integer values to the signal amplitudes to make it discrete in amplitude
3) Encoding the quantized values as binary code words
4) Transmitting the digitally encoded signal.
It also discusses topics like uniform and non-uniform quantization, quantization error, companding to improve coding efficiency for non-uniform signals, and how PCM is used to convert analog to digital signals.
Mobile Computing UNIT-I TO III
This document provides an overview of mobile computing and mobile communication systems. It discusses various topics including:
- Guided and unguided signal transmission methods. Guided uses wires/fibers while unguided uses wireless electromagnetic signals.
- Signal propagation frequencies for different transmission standards like FM radio, GSM, UHF. It also discusses antenna types used for transmission and reception of signals.
- Modulation techniques and standards for 1G to 4G mobile systems. 1G supported only voice, while newer standards enable higher data rates and support for data/multimedia. GSM is described as a prominent 2G standard.
- Concepts of mobility including user mobility and device mobility. It also discusses applications and
SpacePhoto.pptx
Photonics is the science of light generation, detection, and manipulation. It has many applications in space including high bandwidth optical communications, reduced weight payloads, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and distributed fiber optic sensing of temperature, strain, and other variables. Key milestones include the 2009 deployment of fused fiber couplers on the SMOS satellite which remain operational over 7 years later. Future applications include flexible RF payloads using microwave photonics, optical interconnects for digital payloads, photonic integrated circuits, intra-satellite optical networks, fiber optic sensing of satellite platforms, and photonics for launch systems including laser ignition. Widespread adoption of photonics could enable new space applications if reliability can be demonstrated through technology spin-ins from tele
More Related Content
What's hot
microwave communication
This document discusses microwave communication and factors involved in microwave link design. It describes microwave communication as utilizing radio frequencies between 2-60 GHz for communication. Key factors in microwave link design include line-of-sight considerations, loss and attenuation calculations, fading predictions, and ensuring sufficient fade margin. Proper microwave link design is an iterative process that considers propagation losses, interference analysis, and ensuring quality and availability requirements are met.
Microwave Antenna
Microwave antennas can take several forms. Horn antennas are popular and can achieve gains up to 25 dB, with directional patterns. Parabolic antennas, like satellite dishes, typically have very high gain between 30-40 dB and low cross polarization. Slot antennas are often used instead of line antennas for greater pattern control and are found in radar and cell antennas. Dipole antennas are half wave resonant conductors that radiate omnidirectionally at right angles to their axis. Their gain is approximately 2 dBi. Dielectric antennas use a traveling surface wave along a dielectric rod to radiate maximally along the rod axis.
transmission-line-and-waveguide-ppt
The document provides an overview of microwave engineering and rectangular waveguides. It defines microwave frequencies as ranging from 1 GHz to 300 GHz. Rectangular waveguides transmit electromagnetic waves through successive reflections from inner walls. Modes in waveguides include transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. The document analyzes the TM and TE modes in rectangular waveguides through solving Maxwell's equations with boundary conditions. Cut-off frequencies above which modes can propagate are determined. Examples demonstrate calculating waveguide parameters and resonant frequencies of cavity resonators.
Amplitude Modulation ppt
This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) as a type of modulation used to transmit information signals. Modulation involves varying a high frequency carrier signal by an information signal in order to transmit the information signal over long distances. In AM, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating or information signal. This creates two new sideband frequencies above and below the carrier frequency equal to the modulation frequency. The carrier and sidebands together make up the modulated signal. Only a portion of the transmitted power is present in the sidebands containing the information, while the rest is wasted in the carrier.
Cavity resonators
This document discusses cavity resonators and ultra-wideband (UWB) systems. It begins with an introduction to cavity resonators and mentions that they are useful microwave devices. It then discusses different types of cavity resonators, including rectangular and circular cavity resonators. The document also covers applications of cavity resonators and UWB systems. For UWB systems, it notes that they use very short sub-nanosecond pulses across a wide bandwidth and have features like unlicensed spectrum use, high data rates, and immunity to multipath fading. It also discusses UWB antennas and their requirements like operating across the entire frequency band simultaneously with minimal pulse distortion.
ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATIONS (1).pdf
This document provides lecture notes on antennas and wave propagation. It begins with a brief history of antennas from Heinrich Hertz's experiments in the late 1800s to modern applications. It then covers key topics in the first unit, including different types of antennas like dipoles, monopoles, loops, horns and arrays. The document discusses the basic principles of electromagnetic radiation from antennas and conditions required for radiation. It also introduces important antenna parameters and the different types of dimensions and units used to measure antennas.
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
The document discusses optical communication and fiber optic communication systems. It defines optical communication as using light to carry information over distances. The most common wavelengths used fall between 0.83-1.55 microns. Optical communication can be analog or digital. Fiber optic communication uses total internal reflection to transmit pulses of light through optical fibers to carry digital data. A fiber optic system includes a transmitter that converts electrical signals to light pulses and a receiver that converts the light pulses back to electrical signals.
5G antenna-Technology
This document discusses 5G antenna technology for user devices. It provides an overview of cellular communication evolution, mobile phone evolution, and mobile antenna evolution. It then discusses 5G introductions, applications, frequency coverage, antenna requirements, and MIMO and massive MIMO technologies as they relate to 5G. Key points covered include the need for antennas to cover low to high frequency bands for 5G, isolation and interference challenges for multi-antenna designs, and using massive MIMO arrays and beamforming to improve throughput.
Frequency Modulation
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) and its types: phase modulation and frequency modulation. It describes the key characteristics of FM including its constant amplitude, higher signal-to-noise ratio, and infinite bandwidth. FM is classified as narrowband FM (NBFM) or wideband FM (WBFM) based on the modulation index. The document also covers pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits, methods for generating NBFM and WBFM signals including the direct and indirect (Armstrong's) methods.
180 hybrid-coupler
This document outlines a project to design a 180-degree hybrid coupler. It discusses the limitations of conventional 180-degree hybrid designs in terms of compactness and bandwidth. It then proposes several novel design methodologies to address these limitations, including using a Wilkinson power divider design, phase reversal methods, folded line configurations, and artificial transmission lines with left-handed materials. The goal is to develop a more compact and broadband 180-degree hybrid coupler design.
DESIGN TRENDS IN ULTRA WIDE BAND WEARABLE ANTENNAS FOR WIRELESS ON-BODY NETWORKS
This document discusses design trends in ultra wide band wearable antennas for wireless on-body networks. It provides an overview of wireless body area networks (WBANs) and the challenges in designing wearable antennas that operate in close proximity to the human body. Ultra wide band technology is identified as a promising solution due to features like low cost, high data rates, and low power requirements. The document reviews various design methodologies for ultra wide band wearable antennas, including microstrip, fractal, and band-notched antenna designs. It evaluates different substrate materials and discusses bending effects on antenna performance. The document concludes that liquid crystal polymer and natural rubber substrates show potential as flexible options for wearable antenna design.
wave-guides
Waveguides are hollow conductive tubes that propagate electromagnetic waves within their interior. They serve as boundaries that confine EM energy through reflection off their walls. Common waveguide types include rectangular, circular, and helical waveguides. Key characteristics of waveguides include their cutoff frequency minimum operating frequency and modes of propagation within the guide.
Wave guide tees
Waveguide tees are used in microwave technologies to split or extract power in a waveguide. There are several types of waveguide tees that affect the energy in different ways, including H-type, E-type, magic T, and hybrid ring tees. E-type tees produce outputs that are 180 degrees out of phase, while H-type tees produce in-phase outputs. Magic T tees combine properties of H-type and E-type tees. Hybrid ring tees overcome power limitations of magic T tees using a circular waveguide design.
Fiber optical coupler
An optical fiber coupler is a device that splits light from one fiber into multiple fibers. There are different types of couplers classified by their shape, including Y, T, X, star, and tree couplers. Couplers work by transferring power between fibers through their cores or surfaces. Examples show how to calculate excess loss, insertion loss, crosstalk, and splitting ratios using the measured input and output powers. Optical couplers have applications in splitting and combining optical signals in fiber networks and communication systems.
What is Mode Field Diameter?
Mode Field Diameter (MFD) is a measure of light intensity in the core of a single mode fiber. It is traditionally defined as the width where intensity falls to 1/e of its peak value, but standards now define it via the Petermann II integral of the far-field intensity distribution. MFD represents the effective area of light propagation in both the core and cladding. It provides important information about a cable's performance and impacts from bending or improper source-fiber coupling that could lead to excessive loss. MFD is tested using an optical time domain reflectometer to obtain the far-field profile and calculate the Petermann II integral to determine the MFD value.
Ultra wide band antenna
Ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas must transmit very short pulse signals accurately and efficiently. The document discusses various types of UWB antennas including traveling-wave antennas like horn antennas, frequency-independent antennas whose radiation patterns do not change with frequency, self-complementary antennas with constant input impedance regardless of frequency or shape, multiple resonance antennas made of multiple narrowband elements, and electrically small antennas. Key antenna characterization parameters in time and frequency domains are also presented.
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTEENA USING METAMATERIAL SUBSTRATE
The document discusses the design of rectangular patch antennas using metamaterial substrates. It aims to reduce the size of conventional rectangular patch antennas by implementing defected ground structures (DGS) to create a metamaterial substrate. The document outlines the objectives, work, design methodology used, and expected results. Simulation results are expected to show that the metamaterial antennas can reduce the size of the antennas by 30-60% while improving performance metrics like return loss and bandwidth. Fabrication and testing will verify the simulation results.
Optical Fiber Communication Part 3 Optical Digital Receiver
Current generated by photodetector is very weak and is adversely effected by random noises associated with photo detection process. When amplified, this signal further gets corrupted by amplifiers. Noise considerations are thus important in designing optical receivers.
Most meaningful criteria for measuring performance of a digital communication system is average error probability, and in analog system, it is peak signal to rms noise ratio. ...
219272664 s-parameters
This document discusses microwave junctions and S-parameters. It provides information on:
1) Power dividers and directional couplers which are passive microwave components used for power division or combining. S-parameters are used to define the power relationships between ports.
2) The scattering matrix (S-matrix) is a matrix that defines the power relationships between ports in terms of incident and reflected voltage waves. It is commonly used for microwave analysis since direct voltage and current measurements are difficult at high frequencies.
3) Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating S-matrix coefficients for different microwave junction configurations like E-plane and H-plane tee junctions. Properties of reciprocal and lossless networks in relation to the S
Part 2
The document discusses digital pulse modulation and pulse code modulation (PCM). It describes the four main steps of PCM:
1) Sampling the analog signal to make it discrete in time
2) Quantizing by assigning integer values to the signal amplitudes to make it discrete in amplitude
3) Encoding the quantized values as binary code words
4) Transmitting the digitally encoded signal.
It also discusses topics like uniform and non-uniform quantization, quantization error, companding to improve coding efficiency for non-uniform signals, and how PCM is used to convert analog to digital signals.
What's hot (20)
DESIGN TRENDS IN ULTRA WIDE BAND WEARABLE ANTENNAS FOR WIRELESS ON-BODY NETWORKS
DESIGN TRENDS IN ULTRA WIDE BAND WEARABLE ANTENNAS FOR WIRELESS ON-BODY NETWORKS
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTEENA USING METAMATERIAL SUBSTRATE
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTEENA USING METAMATERIAL SUBSTRATE
Optical Fiber Communication Part 3 Optical Digital Receiver
Optical Fiber Communication Part 3 Optical Digital Receiver
Similar to Microwave Engineering.pptx
Mobile Computing UNIT-I TO III
This document provides an overview of mobile computing and mobile communication systems. It discusses various topics including:
- Guided and unguided signal transmission methods. Guided uses wires/fibers while unguided uses wireless electromagnetic signals.
- Signal propagation frequencies for different transmission standards like FM radio, GSM, UHF. It also discusses antenna types used for transmission and reception of signals.
- Modulation techniques and standards for 1G to 4G mobile systems. 1G supported only voice, while newer standards enable higher data rates and support for data/multimedia. GSM is described as a prominent 2G standard.
- Concepts of mobility including user mobility and device mobility. It also discusses applications and
SpacePhoto.pptx
Photonics is the science of light generation, detection, and manipulation. It has many applications in space including high bandwidth optical communications, reduced weight payloads, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and distributed fiber optic sensing of temperature, strain, and other variables. Key milestones include the 2009 deployment of fused fiber couplers on the SMOS satellite which remain operational over 7 years later. Future applications include flexible RF payloads using microwave photonics, optical interconnects for digital payloads, photonic integrated circuits, intra-satellite optical networks, fiber optic sensing of satellite platforms, and photonics for launch systems including laser ignition. Widespread adoption of photonics could enable new space applications if reliability can be demonstrated through technology spin-ins from tele
Principles of Electronics Communication system.ppt
Today, communications is the largest sector of the electronics field. In addition, wireless, networking or other communications technologies are now contained in almost every electronic product. This makes a knowledge and understanding of communication a must rather than an option for every student. Without at least one course in communications, the student may graduate with an incomplete view of the products and systems so common today.
Microwave Photonics
Microwave photonics is the study of high-speed photonic devices operating at microwave or millimeter wave frequencies and their use in microwave or photonic systems. This paper provides an overview of this multidisciplinary field, including typical investigations such as signal generation, processing, and transmission via optical links. It discusses key components such as traveling wave electroabsorption modulators and detectors, and how microwave technologies can improve photonic bandwidth. Broad applications are presented, including photonic signal generation, EMC sensing, testing, hybrid fiber-coax systems, fiber-radio, and antenna remoting.
Introduction to rf and microwave circuits
Characteristics of Microwave Frequency band, circuits behavior and comparison with low frequency circuits.
Microwaves and it's applications
This document provides an introduction to microwaves, including their frequency range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz, placing them between radio waves and infrared light on the electromagnetic spectrum. It discusses microwave frequency bands and applications such as point-to-point communication links, wireless networks, radar, and cooking food in microwave ovens. Specific examples of microwave applications described include satellite communication systems using microwave frequencies, direct-to-home television services, radar systems for detection, and mobile telephony networks.
Micro strip antenna (siet) 1
This document discusses the modeling, simulation, and analysis of an ultra-wideband microstrip patch antenna. It provides background on microstrip patch antennas and their use in wireless communications. The objectives are to design a compact UWB microstrip patch antenna with improved gain and radiation pattern across the frequency range. Simulation software HFSS will be used to model and analyze the antenna design. Several techniques for obtaining UWB characteristics from prior research are summarized.
Transmisssion media
let you know about the medium which used some of them to establish the connection through network. transmission media or medium are of two types one is guided another is unguided both have their role to connect with peoples or network.
Mobile Computing
This document provides an overview of mobile computing and mobile communication. It discusses various topics including:
- Types of network mobility including user and device mobility
- Characteristics of communication devices from fixed/wired to mobile/wireless
- Signal propagation methods including guided transmission using wires/fibers and unguided transmission using electromagnetic waves
- Modulation methods and standards for voice and data communication in 1G-4G networks including GSM
- Components of wireless transmission including antennas, frequencies, and modulation
Analysis for identify the problems of microwave installations and
The telecommunication system includes the
transmission of a data bearing electromagnetic signal
through a physical medium that differentiates the
transmitter from the receiver. The relative effect of these
elements on reliable communication relies on upon the rate
of data transmission, on the craved loyalty upon gathering,
and on whether communication must happen in "real
time", for example as in phone conversations and video
teleconferencing. Moreover, microwaves are generally
utilized for point-to-point communications. Doubtlessly,
the telecom area has got a considerable measure of profit
from that communication technology additionally causes
some exception issues. Working with equipment that
works in this district obliges exceptional knowledge and
skills impressively unique in relation to those required for
traditional electronic equipment. Be that as it may, this
paper has examined for the issues of microwave
installation and demonstrates the accurate solutions for
the successful mobile communication world.
fiber optic communication basics and terminologies
This document provides an overview of optical fiber communications. It discusses the history of fiber optics, including how fiber transmission improved on electrical transmission. The key advantages of optical fibers are described. The electromagnetic spectrum is shown, focusing on the optical spectral bands used for fiber communications. The document outlines the windows and spectral bands designated for fiber optic links. It also discusses network information rates and standards for optical fiber communications.
Trends in fiber optic communications
The attached narrated power point presentation explores the evolution and generations of fiber optics as well as recent trends in Optical Fiber Communications. An attempt has also been made to introduce a few emerging and exciting technologies in the area of Optical Communications. The material will be useful to KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
BEng Project Report
Radio Frequency Harvesting Energy.
The aim of the project is to convert RF to DC current with the assistant of simulation CST Microwave Studio.
Fundamentals of microwave communication system and radar systems
This presentation educates about the basics of microwave engineerinng and RADAR engineering which must be valuable for the students of Engineering (EEE, ECE Aeronautical Engg. etc) to get the insight of related subjects.
Microwave 1st class
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 300MHz- 300GHz. Microwave communication uses microwave towers to transmit signals over long distances via line-of-sight. Key applications of microwaves include communication systems, satellite systems, radar for target detection, microwave heating for cooking and industrial processes, and microwave spectroscopy for materials analysis. Microwaves have advantages over lower frequencies including smaller antenna size, ability to penetrate some materials, and providing larger bandwidth for more channels in communication.
Advanced Wireless Communication MMw.pptx
Millimeter wave communication uses electromagnetic waves between 30-300 GHz to transmit data for wireless networks. It offers higher bandwidth and faster data rates than traditional networks. Key modulation techniques include OFDM, QAM, and SC-FDMA. Millimeter wave allows for smaller antennas, beamforming for better coverage, and data rates over multiple gigabits per second. Challenges of propagation are addressed through beamforming, small cell networks, massive MIMO, and advances in antenna and spectrum allocation. Overall, millimeter wave communication is instrumental to enabling ultra-fast wireless technologies like 5G.
maaaasss
Massive MIMO uses large antenna arrays at base stations to serve many users simultaneously. It is a promising technique for 5G networks to boost capacity while reducing transmission power. However, pilot contamination from neighboring cells reusing the same pilot sequences limits performance. Small cell networks can help mitigate this issue by reducing cell sizes and the distance between co-pilot cells. Overall, massive MIMO has the potential to increase capacity over 10 times and improve energy efficiency for 5G communication systems.
Microstrip Patch Antenna Design
Design & Study of Microstrip Patch Antenna.The project here provides a detailed study of how to design a probe-fed Square Micro-strip Patch Antenna using HFSS, v11.0 software and study the effect of antenna dimensions Length (L), and substrate parameters relative Dielectric constant (εr), substrate thickness (t) on the Radiation parameters of Bandwidth and Beam-width.
Unit 1-New.pptx
1. The document discusses microwave communication and components. It defines microwaves as electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 1GHz and 300GHz.
2. It describes various microwave frequency bands and their applications. Key applications discussed include wireless communications, radar, satellite communications and medical applications like cancer treatment and imaging.
3. Microwave components discussed include transmission lines, isolators, circulators, and E-plane tee junctions. Their properties and S-parameter matrices are defined. Microwave network parameters like Z, Y, H and ABCD are also introduced but it is noted they are not suitable for microwave frequencies.
Wireless Networks Introduction
This document provides information about the EC8004 Wireless Networks course taught by Mrs. R. Ramalakshmi at Ramco Institute of Technology Rajapalayam. The course objectives are to understand wireless networks concepts, analyze network layer solutions, study 3G services and protocols, and explore the evolution of 4G networks. The syllabus covers topics like wireless LAN technologies, mobile network layer, 3G overview, internetworking between WLANs and WWANs, and 4G technologies. An introduction to wireless networks discusses their history, electromagnetic spectrum, wireless technologies like Bluetooth and WiFi, and India's national frequency allocation plan.
Similar to Microwave Engineering.pptx (20)
Principles of Electronics Communication system.ppt
Principles of Electronics Communication system.ppt
Analysis for identify the problems of microwave installations and
Analysis for identify the problems of microwave installations and
fiber optic communication basics and terminologies
fiber optic communication basics and terminologies
Fundamentals of microwave communication system and radar systems
Fundamentals of microwave communication system and radar systems
Recently uploaded
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
CalArts毕业证学历书【微信95270640】CalArts毕业证’圣力嘉学院毕业证《Q微信95270640》办理CalArts毕业证√文凭学历制作{CalArts文凭}购买学历学位证书本科硕士,CalArts毕业证学历学位证【实体公司】办毕业证、成绩单、学历认证、学位证、文凭认证、办留信网认证、（网上可查，实体公司，专业可靠）
(诚招代理)办理国外高校毕业证成绩单文凭学位证,真实使馆公证（留学回国人员证明）真实留信网认证国外学历学位认证雅思代考国外学校代申请名校保录开请假条改GPA改成绩ID卡
1.高仿业务:【本科硕士】毕业证,成绩单（GPA修改）,学历认证（教育部认证）,大学Offer,,ID,留信认证,使馆认证,雅思,语言证书等高仿类证书；
2.认证服务: 学历认证（教育部认证）,大使馆认证（回国人员证明）,留信认证（可查有编号证书）,大学保录取,雅思保分成绩单。
3.技术服务：钢印水印烫金激光防伪凹凸版设计印刷激凸温感光标底纹镭射速度快。
办理加利福尼亚艺术学院加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证文凭证书流程：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
-办理真实使馆公证（即留学回国人员证明）
-办理各国各大学文凭（世界名校一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度）
-全套服务：毕业证成绩单真实使馆公证真实教育部认证。让您回国发展信心十足！
（详情请加一下 文凭顾问+微信:95270640）欢迎咨询！子小伍玩小伍比山娃小一岁虎头虎脑的很霸气父亲让山娃跟小伍去夏令营听课山娃很高兴夏令营就设在附近一所小学山娃发现那所小学比自己的学校更大更美操场上还铺有塑胶跑道呢里面很多小朋友一班一班的快快乐乐原来城里娃都藏这儿来了怪不得平时见不到他们山娃恍然大悟起来吹拉弹唱琴棋书画山娃都不懂却什么都想学山娃怨自己太笨什么都不会斟酌再三山娃终于选定了学美术当听说每月要交元时父亲犹豫了山娃也说爸算了吧咱学校一学期才转
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting.pdf
Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
ISPM 15 Heat Treated Wood Stamps and why your shipping must have one
For International shipping and maritime laws all wood must contain the ISPM 15 Stamp. Here is how and why.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine Learning
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
学校原版美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Recently uploaded (20)
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
ISPM 15 Heat Treated Wood Stamps and why your shipping must have one
ISPM 15 Heat Treated Wood Stamps and why your shipping must have one
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
BPV-GUI-01-Guide-for-ASME-Review-Teams-(General)-10-10-2023.pdf
BPV-GUI-01-Guide-for-ASME-Review-Teams-(General)-10-10-2023.pdf
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Microwave Engineering.pptx
- 2. Outline • Objective. • Pre-requisites. • Teaching Scheme and Course Contents. • Introduction. • Applications. • Course Outcome. • Reference Books
- 3. Objectives • To provide the basic theory pertaining to microwaves. • To provide basic theory pertaining to microwave devices and systems • To examine some of its applications to modern communication systems.
- 4. Pre-Requisites • Electromagnetic Spectrum. • Behavior of Circuit/System at Low frequency. • Fundamental Knowledge of Electromagnetic Theory. • EM wave propagation.
- 6. Microwave Engineering • Engineering and Design of communication/ Navigation systems in microwave frequency range. • Microwaves: Waves typically having frequencies ranging between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. This range is also called as microwave region in electromagnetic spectrum. • These frequencies include free-space wavelengths between 1 m and 1 mm. (Millimetre Waves)
- 8. The Difference !! 1 cm f =10 kHz, = c/f = 3 x 108/ 10 x 103 = 3000 m Phase delay = (2 or 360) x Physical length/Wavelength f =10 GHz, = 3 x 108/ 10 x 109 = 3 cm Electrical length =1 cm/3000 m = 3.3 x 10-6 , Phase delay = 0.0012 RF Microwave Electrical length = 0.33 , Phase delay = 118.8 !!! 1 360 Electrically long - The phase of a voltage or current changes significantly over the physical extent of the device Electrical length = Physical length/Wavelength (expressed in )
- 9. The Difference !! Wireline Coaxial Cable Waveguide Fiber 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 10 14 Hz 10 15 Hz l << Conventional Circuit Theory l l >> Microwave Engineering Optics Transmission Line
- 10. Why are microwave frequencies are of interest? • As we go higher in frequency, fractional bandwidth increases. • Another advantage in going to higher frequency is reduced antenna size. To make portable wireless communications possible, we must operate at a frequency at which the required antenna size is reasonable! • Increased antenna Directivity and Gain
- 11. • let’s assume that we wish to transmit a number of 4 kHz wide voice signals through a wireless link and we have two wireless systems to chose from, one operating at 500 MHz and the second at 4 GHz, each with a 10 % bandwidth around its center frequency. • In theory, the 500 MHz system could carry: • In theory, the 4 GHz system could carry: Capacity increases !!!
- 12. Applications Satellite Communication Radar Mobile Communication Medical Imaging (MRI,CT Scan)
- 13. & Yes of Course !! Microwaves Industrial and Household Heating Purposes
- 14. & Many More !!
- 15. Course Outcome • At the end of this course, Student learn Fundamentals of Microwave Engineering with reference to applications. • Identify the difference between Low and High frequency system design. • Learn basic microwave devices. • Can apply his/her understanding in design of microwave circuits and its applications.
- 16. Reference Books • Microwave Engineering, David M.Pozar, Wiley India 3rd Edition. • Microwave Devices And Circuits, Samuel Liao, PHI. • Microwave and Radar Engineering, M. Kulkarni, Umesh Publications.