1. The document discusses the early history of atomic theory from Democritus' idea of indivisible atoms to Thomson's discovery of the electron and its mass to charge ratio. 2. It then covers the discoveries of the proton by Goldstein and Millikan, and Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom. 3. The document concludes with brief summaries of Bohr's model of electron shells, Chadwick's discovery of the neutron, and Mendeleev's development of the periodic table.

1. Thanyamon C. 1

2. (Democritus)
“
(atom)
(atom) “
" "(atom)
"(atom) atomas
Thanyamon C. 2

3. (Sir
(Sir John Dalton)
“ ”
(Electrolysis)
sis)
Thanyamon C. 3

4. (Sir
(Sir John Dalton) ( )
1.
“ ”
2.
3. 1
-
Thanyamon C. 4

5. (Sir
(Sir Joseph John Thomson)
( Cation )
Thanyamon C. 5

6. (Sir
(Sir Joseph John Thomson) ( )
(e/m)
(e/m)
e/m
“ ” (electron) 1.76 /
Thanyamon C. 6

7. (Eugen
(Eugen Goldstein)
(Anion)
(Anion)
“ ” (proton)
Thanyamon C. 7

8. (Robert
(Robert A. Milligan)
“ ”
( ) ( )
Proton 1.66 x 10-24 1.6 x 10-19
Electron 9.1 x 10-28 -1.6 x 10-19
Thanyamon C. 8

9. - + -
+ +
- - + -
-
+ +
+ - +
- -
+ - +
Thanyamon C. 9

10. (Lord
(Lord Ernest Rutherford)
(α, )
•
•
•
Thanyamon C. 10

11. (Lord
(Lord Ernest Rutherford) ( )
•
•
•
Thanyamon C. 11

12. -
-
++
++
-
-
Thanyamon C. 12

13. (Niel
(Niels Bohr)
765 4 3 2 1 K L MNOPQ
K (K shell)
LMN…
n
123…
Thanyamon C. 13

14. Thanyamon C. 14

15. (Sir James Chadwick)
Chadwick)
(α)
(Neutron)
(Neutron)
Thanyamon C. 15

16. Hydrogen H 1 - 1
Helium He 2 2 2
Lithium Li 3 4 3
Beryllium Be 4 5 4
Boron B 5 6 5
Carbon C 6 6 6
Nitrogen N 7 7 7
Oxygen O 8 8 8
Thanyamon C. 16

17. (Atomic
(Atomic mass) A
A
Z X
(Atomic
(Atomic number) Z
Thanyamon C. 17

18. ( )
Isotopes
12C 13C
6 6
Isotones
12C 11 B
6 5
Isobars
12C 12 B
6 5
= -
( ) P+ = e-
Thanyamon C. 18

19. n
765 4 3 2 1 K L MNOPQ
n=1 e- 2
n=2 e- 8
n=3 e- 18
Valence electron e-
2n2
Thanyamon C. 19

20. (Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev)
(periodic
(periodic table)
Thanyamon C. 20

21. Thanyamon C. 21

22. A
B
Thanyamon C. 22

23. !!!
. . .
1. F Cl Br .
2. Na Al P .
3. K P O .
Thanyamon C. 23

24. !!!
1. Cs 1.
2. C 2.
3. I 3.
4. Kr 4.
5. Xe 5.
6. Pb 6.
Thanyamon C. 24

25. 2 8 18 32
“ ”
Thanyamon C. 25

26. Ca 20
2882
2 4
In 49
2 8 18 18 3
3 5
Thanyamon C. 26

27. !!!
X 35
2 8 18 7
7 4
Y 87
2 8 18 32 18 8 1
1 7
Z 6 5
2 8 18 18 6
Thanyamon C. 27

28. !!!
60 2 8 18 32
60 2 8 18 18
2 8 18 32 60
Thanyamon C. 28

29. (Transition)
(Transition)
( Hg )
(KMnO
(KMnO4) MnO
, MnO2 ,
MnCl
MnCl2
Thanyamon C. 29

30. !! ( )
e- ( e-
) “ 1,
2 3 e- 8“
e-
8
( 8)
Thanyamon C. 30

31. Thanyamon C. 31

32. Thanyamon C. 32

33. e- p+
“ ”
Thanyamon C. 33

34. (Coval
(Covalent bond)
–
( e- )
( )
3 8
Thanyamon C. 34

35. Thanyamon C. 35

36. Thanyamon C. 36

37. (Ionic
(Ionic bond)
–
e-
e- e-
ion
e- ( ) ion +
e- ( ) ion –
Thanyamon C. 37

38. (Ionic
(Ionic bond) ( )
ion + ion –
e-
Na+ Cl-
Thanyamon C. 38

39. (Ionic
(Ionic bond)
Thanyamon C. 39

40. (Metal
(Metallic bond)
–
+ e-
e-
Thanyamon C. 40

41. (Metal
(Metallic bond)
Thanyamon C. 41

42. ( )
3
Thanyamon C. 42

43. Thanyamon C. 43