A microgravity survey was conducted over 265 stations along a light rail transit line to map subsurface karst features in the limestone bedrock. The survey identified a steep gradient indicating a steep drop in the bedrock. It also found an undulating bedrock profile with a depression under the railway tracks reaching depths of up to 8 meters. 2D modeling of gravity anomalies helped characterize the depressed bedrock. No anomalies corresponding to known sinkholes were detected. The results will help assess geological conditions for rail operations.
Case studies of surveys involved in Railway Tunnel constructed under sea.Prudhvi Thota
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Case Studies of detailed explanation of Hydro graphic survey, R.T.K. GPS, Seismic designing, profile survey etc involved in the construction and Designing aspects of Mammary Railway Tunnel under the sea.
A Fully Automated System for Monitoring Pit Wall DisplacementsJOSE ESPEJO VASQUEZ
Â
ABSTRACTO.
El Monitoreo automatizado de taludes empinados, excavaciones y terraplenes altos; permite la detecciĂłn temprana de la inestabilidad y se puede utilizar para evitar o mitigar las posibles fallas de taludes.
Los sistemas que utilizan mĂşltiples y diferentes tipos de sensores se han desarrollado y probado con ĂŠxito en la Mina Highland Valley Copper en la Columbia BritĂĄnica. Estos sistemas utilizan estaciones totales robĂłticas (RTS) como principales sensores de mediciĂłn, con levantamientos repetidas en intervalos predefinidos seleccionados para optimizar la eficiencia operativa.
Esta metodologĂa ha sido desarrollada para mejorar el sistema de exactitud y fiabilidad mediante la reducciĂłn de los efectos de errores sistemĂĄticos creados por la refracciĂłn atmosfĂŠrica e instrumento inestable y posiciones de punto de referencia. La inclusiĂłn de sensores GPS para monitorear las posiciones RTS crea flexibilidad operativa adicional y mantiene la integridad del sistema cuando las estaciones de referencia disponibles son insuficientes.
Gps and its use in vehicle movement study in earthquake disaster management r...Mayur Rahangdale
Â
What is GPS?
GPS Segments
Pseudo â Random Numbers (PRN)
Coarse acquisition (C/A) code
P code (Precision or Protected code)
P code (Precision or Protected code)
GPS Trilateration
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Disaster Management Cycle
ADVANTAGE OF GPS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
GPS LIMITATION IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
HOW DOES GPS PLAY A ROLE IN EARTHQUAKE RESCUE?
Case Study - Great East Japan Earthquake in Ishinomaki City, Japan -11 March 2011.
Crustal Structure from Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies in the Southern Part of...Editor IJCATR
Â
The gravity and magnetic data along the profile across the southern part of the Cauvery basin have been
collected and the data is interpreted for crustal structure depths.The first profile is taken from Karikudito
Embalecovering a distance of 50 km. The gravity lows and highs have clearly indicated various sub-basins and ridges.
The density logs from ONGC, Chennai, show that the density contrast decreases with depth in the sedimentary basin,
and hence, the gravity profiles are interpreted using variable density contrast with depth. From the Bouguer gravity
anomaly, the residual anomaly is constructed by graphical method correlating with well data and subsurface geology.
The residual anomaly profiles are interpreted using polygon and prismatic models. The maximum depths to the granitic
gneiss basement are obtained as 3.00 km. The regional anomaly is interpreted as Moho rise towards coast. The
aeromagnetic anomaly profiles are also interpreted for charnockite basement below the granitic gneiss group of rocks
using prismatic model.
Case studies of surveys involved in Railway Tunnel constructed under sea.Prudhvi Thota
Â
Case Studies of detailed explanation of Hydro graphic survey, R.T.K. GPS, Seismic designing, profile survey etc involved in the construction and Designing aspects of Mammary Railway Tunnel under the sea.
A Fully Automated System for Monitoring Pit Wall DisplacementsJOSE ESPEJO VASQUEZ
Â
ABSTRACTO.
El Monitoreo automatizado de taludes empinados, excavaciones y terraplenes altos; permite la detecciĂłn temprana de la inestabilidad y se puede utilizar para evitar o mitigar las posibles fallas de taludes.
Los sistemas que utilizan mĂşltiples y diferentes tipos de sensores se han desarrollado y probado con ĂŠxito en la Mina Highland Valley Copper en la Columbia BritĂĄnica. Estos sistemas utilizan estaciones totales robĂłticas (RTS) como principales sensores de mediciĂłn, con levantamientos repetidas en intervalos predefinidos seleccionados para optimizar la eficiencia operativa.
Esta metodologĂa ha sido desarrollada para mejorar el sistema de exactitud y fiabilidad mediante la reducciĂłn de los efectos de errores sistemĂĄticos creados por la refracciĂłn atmosfĂŠrica e instrumento inestable y posiciones de punto de referencia. La inclusiĂłn de sensores GPS para monitorear las posiciones RTS crea flexibilidad operativa adicional y mantiene la integridad del sistema cuando las estaciones de referencia disponibles son insuficientes.
Gps and its use in vehicle movement study in earthquake disaster management r...Mayur Rahangdale
Â
What is GPS?
GPS Segments
Pseudo â Random Numbers (PRN)
Coarse acquisition (C/A) code
P code (Precision or Protected code)
P code (Precision or Protected code)
GPS Trilateration
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Disaster Management Cycle
ADVANTAGE OF GPS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
GPS LIMITATION IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
HOW DOES GPS PLAY A ROLE IN EARTHQUAKE RESCUE?
Case Study - Great East Japan Earthquake in Ishinomaki City, Japan -11 March 2011.
Crustal Structure from Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies in the Southern Part of...Editor IJCATR
Â
The gravity and magnetic data along the profile across the southern part of the Cauvery basin have been
collected and the data is interpreted for crustal structure depths.The first profile is taken from Karikudito
Embalecovering a distance of 50 km. The gravity lows and highs have clearly indicated various sub-basins and ridges.
The density logs from ONGC, Chennai, show that the density contrast decreases with depth in the sedimentary basin,
and hence, the gravity profiles are interpreted using variable density contrast with depth. From the Bouguer gravity
anomaly, the residual anomaly is constructed by graphical method correlating with well data and subsurface geology.
The residual anomaly profiles are interpreted using polygon and prismatic models. The maximum depths to the granitic
gneiss basement are obtained as 3.00 km. The regional anomaly is interpreted as Moho rise towards coast. The
aeromagnetic anomaly profiles are also interpreted for charnockite basement below the granitic gneiss group of rocks
using prismatic model.
Crustal Structure from Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies in the Southern Part of...Editor IJCATR
Â
The gravity and magnetic data along the profile across the southern part of the Cauvery basin have been collected and the data is interpreted for crustal structure depths.The first profile is taken from Karikudito Embalecovering a distance of 50 km. The gravity lows and highs have clearly indicated various sub-basins and ridges. The density logs from ONGC, Chennai, show that the density contrast decreases with depth in the sedimentary basin, and hence, the gravity profiles are interpreted using variable density contrast with depth. From the Bouguer gravity anomaly, the residual anomaly is constructed by graphical method correlating with well data and subsurface geology. The residual anomaly profiles are interpreted using polygon and prismatic models. The maximum depths to the granitic gneiss basement are obtained as 3.00 km. The regional anomaly is interpreted as Moho rise towards coast. The aeromagnetic anomaly profiles are also interpreted for charnockite basement below the granitic gneiss group of rocks using prismatic model.
Development of Methodology for Determining Earth Work Volume Using Combined S...IJMER
Â
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and AssessmentâŚ. And many more.
Chronological Calibration Methods for Landsat Satellite Images iosrjce
Â
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
mpact of Urbanization on Land Surface Temperature - A Case Study of Kolkata N...theijes
Â
Land Surface Temperature depends on the nature of land surface. Water bodies, green fields remain cooler than bare ground and built-up area. Kolkata New Town is emerging in agricultural area through filling of big water bodies and converting cultivated lands into built up area. This study aims to analyse the changes in land surface temperature with advent of the town. It is found that the land surface temperature is increasing sharply. The mean temperature of the area was 22.8°C in 1996 which became 24.9°C in 2004 and 26.4°C in 2014. Spatial variation was sharp during early stage of project i.e. 1996-2004. Besides The relation of built-up (NDBI) and LST is found positively co-related with a r value of 0.76 in 2004 and 0.73 in 2014 and the relation with vegetation (NDVI) is negatively related and the r value is -.0.35 in both the years of 2004 and 2014. Several patches of heat zones are now being popped up these zones have been identified on the map of Kolkata New Town. The study suggests toconsider the possible micro-climatic changes in town planning for the sustainable development.
Definition
ď Geophysics is the application of method of physics to the
study of the earth.
ď On the other sense, it is a subject of natural science
concerned with the physical processes and the physical
properties of the earth and its surrounding space
environment and the use of co-ordinate methods for the
analysis.
ď It involves the application of physical theories and
measurements to discover the properties and processes of the
earth.
A Gravity survey is an indirect (surface) means of calculating the density pr...Shahid Hussain
Â
A Gravity survey is an indirect (surface) means of calculating the density property of subsurface materials. The higher the gravity values, the denser the rock beneath.
GPS Datum Conversion and Improvement in GPS Accuracyijsrd.com
Â
GPS Positioning has numerous applications in the field of navigation and Geodesy.GPS positioning is mainly based on the different Geodetic Datum. This paper mainly discusses the improved datum conversion equations for the conversion of World Geodetic System (WGS-84) to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), vice versa and the reduction of errors introduced while datum conversion. By applying the different filters like Least Squares Algorithm (LSA), Kalman Filter (KF) and Modified Kalman Filter (MKF) a considerable improvement in consistency has been observed. Comparatively Modified Kalman Filter gives better accuracy in positioning.GPS coordinates data samples are collected in different environments like heavy traffic area, tall buildings area are taken to validate the results.
2D-Euler Deconvolution technique and Electrical Self-Potential analysis for s...iosrjce
Â
In order to evaluate groundwater potential of Matuu-Kilango area faults and fractures which are
groundwater conduits had to be delineated. Earlier use of geological reconnaissance report only in siting
boreholes has led to recorded cases of borehole failure in Matuu. Integrated geophysical survey involving
magnetics and electrical self-potential techniques was applied over a 25 square kilometre area. Qualitative
interpretation involving generation of contour maps for magnetic anomaly as well as self-potentials was
attempted. Euler Deconvolution solutions were obtained using a structural index of 0.5 that gave well clustered
solutions and discontinuities over the anomalous zone. Fractured/faulted zone was identified to the west of
Matuu-Kilango area with faults and fractures existing at 100m depth having general orientation of South-East
to North-West. Along the faulted zone was prevalent negative self-potential values ranging from -10mV to about
-100mV, an indication of availability of groundwater resource
Crustal Structure from Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies in the Southern Part of...Editor IJCATR
Â
The gravity and magnetic data along the profile across the southern part of the Cauvery basin have been collected and the data is interpreted for crustal structure depths.The first profile is taken from Karikudito Embalecovering a distance of 50 km. The gravity lows and highs have clearly indicated various sub-basins and ridges. The density logs from ONGC, Chennai, show that the density contrast decreases with depth in the sedimentary basin, and hence, the gravity profiles are interpreted using variable density contrast with depth. From the Bouguer gravity anomaly, the residual anomaly is constructed by graphical method correlating with well data and subsurface geology. The residual anomaly profiles are interpreted using polygon and prismatic models. The maximum depths to the granitic gneiss basement are obtained as 3.00 km. The regional anomaly is interpreted as Moho rise towards coast. The aeromagnetic anomaly profiles are also interpreted for charnockite basement below the granitic gneiss group of rocks using prismatic model.
Development of Methodology for Determining Earth Work Volume Using Combined S...IJMER
Â
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and AssessmentâŚ. And many more.
Chronological Calibration Methods for Landsat Satellite Images iosrjce
Â
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
mpact of Urbanization on Land Surface Temperature - A Case Study of Kolkata N...theijes
Â
Land Surface Temperature depends on the nature of land surface. Water bodies, green fields remain cooler than bare ground and built-up area. Kolkata New Town is emerging in agricultural area through filling of big water bodies and converting cultivated lands into built up area. This study aims to analyse the changes in land surface temperature with advent of the town. It is found that the land surface temperature is increasing sharply. The mean temperature of the area was 22.8°C in 1996 which became 24.9°C in 2004 and 26.4°C in 2014. Spatial variation was sharp during early stage of project i.e. 1996-2004. Besides The relation of built-up (NDBI) and LST is found positively co-related with a r value of 0.76 in 2004 and 0.73 in 2014 and the relation with vegetation (NDVI) is negatively related and the r value is -.0.35 in both the years of 2004 and 2014. Several patches of heat zones are now being popped up these zones have been identified on the map of Kolkata New Town. The study suggests toconsider the possible micro-climatic changes in town planning for the sustainable development.
Definition
ď Geophysics is the application of method of physics to the
study of the earth.
ď On the other sense, it is a subject of natural science
concerned with the physical processes and the physical
properties of the earth and its surrounding space
environment and the use of co-ordinate methods for the
analysis.
ď It involves the application of physical theories and
measurements to discover the properties and processes of the
earth.
A Gravity survey is an indirect (surface) means of calculating the density pr...Shahid Hussain
Â
A Gravity survey is an indirect (surface) means of calculating the density property of subsurface materials. The higher the gravity values, the denser the rock beneath.
GPS Datum Conversion and Improvement in GPS Accuracyijsrd.com
Â
GPS Positioning has numerous applications in the field of navigation and Geodesy.GPS positioning is mainly based on the different Geodetic Datum. This paper mainly discusses the improved datum conversion equations for the conversion of World Geodetic System (WGS-84) to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), vice versa and the reduction of errors introduced while datum conversion. By applying the different filters like Least Squares Algorithm (LSA), Kalman Filter (KF) and Modified Kalman Filter (MKF) a considerable improvement in consistency has been observed. Comparatively Modified Kalman Filter gives better accuracy in positioning.GPS coordinates data samples are collected in different environments like heavy traffic area, tall buildings area are taken to validate the results.
2D-Euler Deconvolution technique and Electrical Self-Potential analysis for s...iosrjce
Â
In order to evaluate groundwater potential of Matuu-Kilango area faults and fractures which are
groundwater conduits had to be delineated. Earlier use of geological reconnaissance report only in siting
boreholes has led to recorded cases of borehole failure in Matuu. Integrated geophysical survey involving
magnetics and electrical self-potential techniques was applied over a 25 square kilometre area. Qualitative
interpretation involving generation of contour maps for magnetic anomaly as well as self-potentials was
attempted. Euler Deconvolution solutions were obtained using a structural index of 0.5 that gave well clustered
solutions and discontinuities over the anomalous zone. Fractured/faulted zone was identified to the west of
Matuu-Kilango area with faults and fractures existing at 100m depth having general orientation of South-East
to North-West. Along the faulted zone was prevalent negative self-potential values ranging from -10mV to about
-100mV, an indication of availability of groundwater resource
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
Â
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
Â
In todayâs fast-changing business environment, itâs extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Â
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
⢠Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
⢠Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
⢠Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
⢠Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
⢠Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
⢠Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
⢠Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
⢠Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
⢠Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
⢠Compatible with MAFI CCR system
⢠Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
⢠Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
⢠Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
⢠Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
⢠Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
⢠Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
⢠Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
⢠Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
⢠Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
⢠Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
⢠Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
⢠Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
⢠Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Â
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
Â
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
Â
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Â
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
Â
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with ďŹy-by-wire ďŹight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Â
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. âAutomobile Management Systemâ is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
1. PROJEK MASS RAPID TRANSIT LALUAN 2 (KVMRT2) :
SG BULOH â SERDANG- PUTRAJAYA
Microgravity Survey @ Chan Sow Lin LRT Station
Report No : subMAP/GPH/010-2018
Client : MMC-GAMUDA KVMR(T) Sdn Bhd
subMAP Geophysical Services Sdn. Bhd.
# Suite 116, LG-K10 Setia City Mall,
7, Persiaran Setia Dagang,
Bandar Setia Alam,
40170 Shah Alam, Selangor
Tel : 03-5590 3410 Mobile : 013-398 3925
Email : jamal@submapgeophysics.com
2. PROJEK MASS RAPID TRANSIT LALUAN 2 (KVMRT2) :
SUNGAI BULOH â SERDANG â PUTRAJAYA
- Microgravity Survey @ Chan Sow Lin LRT Station-
Authorized Signature
Name Jamaludin Othman, P.Geol. MIGM
Designation Principal Geophysicist,
BOG Registration No PG 1259
IGM Membership No 666
Date of Issue â Final Draft Report 24/11/2018
Date of Issue â Final Report 29/11/2018
Report No subMAP/GPH/010-2018
subMAP Geophysical Services Sdn. Bhd.
# Suite 116, LG-K10 Setia City Mall,
7, Persiaran Setia Dagang,
Bandar Setia Alam,
40170 Shah Alam, Selangor
Tel : 03-5590 3410 Mobile : 013-398 3925
Email : jamal@submapgeophysics.com
3. CONTENTS
Page
Abstract 1
INTRODUCTION 1
FIELD PROCEDURES 2
Survey grid preparation 2
Microgravity survey 2
DATA REDUCTION AND PROCESSING 3
2D GRAVITY MODELLING 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4
Steep gravity gradient 4
Undulating bedrock 4
Sinkhole occurrences 5
CONCLUSIONS 5
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Microgravity stations distribution 6
Figure 2 Bouguer anomaly map 7
Figure 3 Residual anomaly map 8
Figure 4 2D-gravity model of Profile DDâ 9
Figure 5 2D-gravity model of Profile EEâ 10
IMAGES
Image 1 Night view of the LRT railway tracks 11
Image 2 Measurement at the base station 11
Image 3 The SCINTREX CG-5 Autograv gravity meter 12
Image 4 The survey team 12
4. Abstract
A microgravity survey was carried out at Chan Sow Lin light rail transit (LRT)
station, Kuala Lumpur on behalf of MMC Gamuda KVMRT (T) Sdn Bhd. The primary
objective of the survey was to map karst features within the limestone bedrock on the
railway track area of the LRT station.
The survey was conducted in the wee hours of the morning from @01:00 to @03:30
deploying two gravity meters. The survey commenced on 25 October, 2018 and was
completed on 30 October, 2018. A total 265 stations was established.
The microgravity survey generally shows lower gravity values (~-7.6 to -8.0 mgals)
in the track area and flanked in the north and south by higher gravity values. The
gravity anomalies are consistent with undulating deeper bedrock in the track area.
INTRODUCTION
Microgravity survey was carried out at the Chan Sow Lin LRT station as partial requirement for
the uplift of SPADâs stop work order. The purpose of the microgravity survey was to map the
subsurface karst geology underlying the LRT station. This LRT station is located opposite the
Chan Sow Lin Mass Rapid Transit Station Line 2 (MRT2) which is currently under construction.
MMC-GAMUDA KVMRT appointed subMAP Geophysical Services Sdn Bhd (subMAP) to carry
out the microgravity survey.
Due to railway operations, the gravity survey was carried out within limited working hours from
1am to 3.30 am. To ensure timely completion of data acquisition due to limited working hours, two
gravimeters were deployed. The field data acquisition took five days to complete, commencing
on 25 October, 2018 and completed on the 30 October, 2018. The microgravity survey was tied
to the earlier microgravity survey carried out within the proposed Chan Sow Lin MRT station.
FIELD PROCEDURES
The survey was carried out at an approximate 5m x 5m grid interval. A further 265 stations were
acquired and added to the two (2) microgravity surveys conducted earlier, reaching a total of just
over 1,000 stations for the whole site (Figure 1). The distribution and layout of all the microgravity
stations was pre-determined by the Client.
1
5. The gravity stations were located on sleepers along the track and on ballast on the track area.
The gravity stations were located in a manner where minimum or no terrain correction was
necessary.
Survey grid preparation
The Client provided a survey team to precisely locate the positions (in local Cassini projection)
and determined the reduced level of all the gravity stations. Locating and marking of the gravity
stations on the ground was supervised by a Field Geophysicist.
To facilitate the microgravity measurements, the site investigated was divided into four blocks,
each with about 60 to 70 stations. As two gravity meters were used for the survey, splitting into
different blocks would allow cross-measurements between the two gravity meters to be made
in a more systematic manner to ensure data integrity.
Microgravity Survey
The field data acquisition was carried out using two (2) SCINTREX CG-5 Autograv gravity
meters. Both the gravity meters were calibrated and tested in the University of Science of
Malaysia (USM) campus in Penang prior to the commencement of the survey. This procedure
was crucial to ensure that the data acquired using both gravity meters met the stringent standard
operating procedures required for a microgravity survey.
As the data from current microgravity survey would be merged with the previously acquired
data, it was mandatory to select one microgravity station from the earlier surveys as the base
station. For this purpose, station number MG163 from the earlier survey was selected and
established as the base station. The survey team precisely re-located this station on the ground
which was then used as the base station to monitor the drift of both the gravity meters and was
occupied at an interval of between 2 to 2.5 hours.
Measurements were repeated twice with a 30 seconds cycle and a 15 seconds delay was set
as the measurement parameters for the gravity meters. Measurements were repeated at least
twice each time the base station was occupied. Additional measurements were made if the two
earlier consecutive measurements were not within the allowable error of Âą 0.005 mgals and
acceptable standard deviations (SD) of ⤠0.06. The tilt of the gravity meters should also be ⤠¹
10 arc radians before measurements were accepted.
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6. Measurements at all other stations were made following similar procedure at the base station.
Each gravity meter was assigned to a specific block to be covered. To ensure data integrity,
quality and consistency, repeat measurements were randomly made at previously occupied
stations within the same block. Measurements across blocks (where the gravity meter was not
assigned to cover) were also made at a few selected stations as a performance check for both
gravity meters to ensure only reliable high quality data were acquired. As with measurements
at the base station, the instrument tilts and the standard deviations (SD) of all the gravity
measurements were recorded to ensure that only good quality data were accepted.
The gravity data were both recorded manually and stored in the equipmentâs system memory.
The data were then dumped to a laptop for validation and verification before further processing.
DATA REDUCTION AND PROCESSING
The raw microgravity data (tide and drift corrected) were validated for errors before inputting into
an MS Excel spreadsheet and reduced to bouguer anomalies using standard reduction gravity
formulae. To facilitate data reduction, the local coordinates of each station were also converted
to WGS84 (longitude and latitude) coordinate system. Bouguer anomaly map was generated after
all the data were reduced. This was the primary map used for interpretation and to identify
anomalies.
The bouguer anomaly map was further subjected to regional trend removal to produce residual
map. A second degree polynomial fit was generated to represent the regional trend which was
then subtracted from the bouguer anomalies. The resultant values were then plotted as residual
anomaly map.
The reduced bouguer and residual anomalies were then contoured and plotted using the
GEOSOFT Oasis Montaj Mapping and Processing system.
2D GRAVITY MODELLING
2D gravity modelling was carried out on anomalies of interest identified by the survey to determine
the dimensions (shape, depth, thickness & dip) of the causative (source) bodies. The modelling
was done using the PotentQ software, which is available as an extension to the GEOSOFT Oasis
Montaj Mapping and Processing system.
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7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The results of the survey are presented as bouguer and residual anomaly maps (Figures 2 and
3). The bouguer anomaly map is the primary basic map produced as output in any gravity survey
and indicates gravity variations due to both shallow and deep geological features.
The residual map is a derivative map (generated from the bouguer anomaly map) which focuses
on shallower geological features of interest which are relevant to this investigation. A residual
map enhances and better defines subtle anomalies which are sometimes hardly recognizable on
the bouguer anomaly map.
The following will discuss significant features detected and observed on all the maps generated.
However, the discussion will only focus on the findings of the current survey.
Steep gravity gradient
On the bouguer anomaly map (Figure 2) a steep gravity gradient to a rapid change in gravity
values is observed at the north-western corner of the site. This prominent feature is commonly
attributed either to a steep drop in bedrock profile or a contact between different rock types. As
the site is underlain by limestone, this feature is interpreted as as the steep edge of the
limestone bedrock
Undulating bedrock
The northern and southern end of the of the current survey site are dominated by gravity highs
(Figures 2 and 3) which indicate shallow limestone bedrock. Sandwiched between these gravity
highs, is an almost east-west trending gravity low indicating a significant drop in the limestone
bedrock level.
2D-gravity modeling were carried out over two profiles (DDâ and EEâ in Figure 3) crossing the
gravity lows to determine the drop in limestone bedrock level. Both the profiles selected are
running along the railway tracks. The results of the 2D-gravity modeling exercise are shown in
Figures 4 and 5. The densities used for the modeling were essentially similar to the ones used
for the previous modeling exercise. A density of 2.35 gm/cc and 1.80 gm/cc was assigned to
the limestone and in-filled sediment respectively.
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8. Profile DDâ is located at the extreme western edge of the current survey site. An almost wedge-
shaped trough was deduced from the model (Figure 5) with a maximum thickness of about 5m
and a width opening of about 48m.
Profile EEâ is at the eastern edge of the current survey site. The 2D-gravity model is shown in
Figure 6. The width opening of the trough is about 60m with a maximum thickness reaching to
about 8m. This shows the trough is thinning towards the western edge of the survey site.
Two boreholes (SP1 and SP2) were drilled at the current survey site (Figure 3). Borehole SP1
hit limestone at 4.2m whereas SP2 encountered limestone at 10m. Both of these boreholes are
sited on the residual anomaly map having almost similar gravity values and should have
encountered limestone at about the same depths. Unfortunately, this was not the case.
On closer examination, borehole SP2 is also located on the steep side of the limestone bedrock.
It could be very likely that SP2 was sited on the down side of the steep sided limestone bedrock,
thus explaining the deeper (10m) limestone bedrock encountered in this borehole as compared
to SP1.
Sinkhole occurrences.
The microgravity survey did not detect the present cavity in any part of the current survey site
which could be attributed to the sinkhole occurrence.
CONCLUSIONS
The microgravity survey carried out identified significant features which are of interest to the
objective of the present investigation. A steep gravity gradient has been identified which is
attributed to steep sided limestone bedrock.
Shallow limestone are bedrock are observed to the north and south of the current survey site
indicated high gravity lows. Sandwiched between these gravity highs and crossing the railway
tracks
No anomaly which can be attributed to the presence of cavity in the limestone has been detected.
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