Case Studies of detailed explanation of Hydro graphic survey, R.T.K. GPS, Seismic designing, profile survey etc involved in the construction and Designing aspects of Mammary Railway Tunnel under the sea.

1. In India, Engineer's day is celebrated every year on September 15.
Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya (popularly known as
Sir MV) born on 15 September 1860 was a notable Indian
engineer, thus it is celebrated on this day. "Making Indian
Engineering World-class" is the theme of Engineers Day 2014.
HAPPY
ENGINEERS
DAY

2. Hard work performed in a disciplined manner will in
most cases keep the worker fit and also prolong his life.
To give real service, you must add something which
cannot be bought or measured with money.
The way to build a nation is to build a good citizen. The
majority of the citizens should be efficient, of good character
and possess a reasonable high sense of duty.
INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES BY
MOKSHAGUNDAM VISVESVARAYYA

3. WELCOME
11013-C-056 11013-C-063 11013-C-068 11013-C-412
11212-C-049 12008-C-030 12013-C-412 12215-C-019
12215-C-049 12215-C-054 12215-C-057 12215-C-059

4. CASE STUDIES

5. DEFINITION OF CASE STUDIES
IF ANY STUDY IS DONE TO GET THE
COMPLETE PICTURE OF TOPIC OR IN DEEP
RESEARCH ON A TOPIC, GROUP, PERSON & WORK
ETC., IS KNOWN AS CASE STUDIES.

6. CASE STUDIES
THESE CASE STUDIES CAN BE CARRIED ON A STREAM
OF ENGG.

7. EXAMPLES
• ECE - NETWORK ANALYSIS
• EEE - CURCUITS
• MECHANICAL - MACHINE DESIGN
• AUTO-MOBILE - AUTOMOBILE ENGINES

8. IN CIVIL Engineering
• BUILDING DESIGN

9. • CONSTRUCTION OF HEAVY STRUCTURES

10. • TRANSPORTATION
ROADS RAILWAYS

11. • STEEL STRUCTURES

12. OUR EXAMPLE
NOW WE ARE GOING TO PRESENT YOU THE
CASE STUDIES THAT ARE CARRIED ON ONE OF THE GREAT
CIVIL ENGG WONDER.
NOTE:- THIS IS ONLY EXAMPLE OF 5 SLIDES FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF
CASE STUDIES DEFINITION.

13. CASE STUDIES
OF
MARMARAY TUNNEL

14. 1. MARMARAY TUNNEL PROJECT
Marmaray is a rail transport project in the Turkish city of Istanbul. It is
an under sea rail tunnel under the Bosphorus strait, along the sea of Marmara
from Halkali on the European side to Gebze on the Asian side.
 The Marmaray project was divided in to the two main contracts. The
Bosphorus crossing (BC1) contract covers the 13.6km and remaining is surface
portion .
 The tunnel is the deepest immersed structure (55 m below the sea level) in
the world.
 Construction of Marmaray tunnel started in 2004, with an initial target
opening date of April 2009. After multiple delays it is opened on October 2013.

15.  The total BC1 contract there is 9.8 km of bored tunnel, 2.4 km built
using cut-and-cover methods and the remaining 1.4 km as an immersed tunnel.

16. The detailed picture of the Bosphorus Crossing project.

17. 2. MARMARAY BOSPHORUS CROSSING PROJECT SURVEYING ACTIVITY AND
GEODETIC MONITORING
Various surveying works are carried out in the construction
of Bosphorus crossing project of Marmaray tunnel.
A. Hydrological Surveying and Modeling
B. Seismic Designing of Marmaray Tunnel
C. Real Time Kinematics (R.T.K) GPS technique
D. Geodetic surface network
E. Tunnels and Geodetic Underground Network
F. Deformations and Transversal Profiles Surveys

18. Hydrological survey is carried out to find the alignment of
tunnel at appropriate position. For this a single-beam sonar is used.
(a) Hydrological Survey and modelling

19.  Single beam echo sounders use one emitting and receiving “transducer”, which
releases a series of energy pulses in the form of sound waves
 It is installed under the boat and scans the under terrain of the sea weather it is
undulating or leveled, depth also can be determined by using this
Figure of Single Beam Sonar ( Echosounder)

22.  The primary tectonic feature affecting the project area is the Marmaray
fault system on the South side of the project area. The main Marmara fault , exhibits
features typically associated with a strike-slip fault.
(b) Seismic Designing of the marmaray tunnel

23.  The figure shows us the motion and direction of tectonic plates. This is done to
assess the seismic hazards. It can be done by using G.P.S. (Global Positioning System)

24.  G.P.S aids us in better understanding our planet by allowing us to measure
how the surface of earth moves. Much of this motions cause earthquakes.
This is the image analyzed by the G.P.S. in detecting the tectonic plate movements

25.  The velocity vectors shown determined as a result of Global Positioning
System (GPS) measurements and the long term seismicity indicates that this strand
is more active.

26.  Therefore, for this project minimum seismic design requirements are
based on a single-level earthquake.
 Both probabilistic and deterministic approaches were used to assess the
seismic hazards. The project design basis earthquake corresponds to a MW=7.5
(moment magnitude).

27. Real Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS technique was effectively
used in Bathymetric map production, filling works in the sea bottom, leveling,
digging and immersion of the tube.
 RTK GPS measurement technique is used in BC1 project to immerse the
tunnels in desired position by carrying the tunnel with ships.
 In practice RTK systems use as a single base station receiver and a
number of rover units.
(c) REAL TIME KINEMATICS (RTK) GPS MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUE AND USING ON IMMERSED TUNNEL

28.  The ability to determine positions with accuracy in real time within the project
area is very important therefore a carrier phase-based RTK GPS system was
established.
 The Base station broadcasts the phase of the carrier that is measured from the
satellites, and the rover units compare their own phase measurements with
those received from the base station.

29.  During immersion of the tunnel elements are carried out by
accurately determining the position of the immersion operation vessel
using RTK GPS installed on the operation vessel.

30.  A multi-beam sonar is used in monitoring the element position and shape
of the sea bottom while immersing the tunnel.

31.  To make the final
connection between an
element already in
position, as the next
element is lowered to
bottom the distance
between the two elements,
the axial deviation, and the
orientation deviation are
measured using ultrasonic
distance measurements
sensors installed on the
opposing end surfaces of
the elements.

32. In BC1 project the tunnels must be positioned, in the
horizontal and vertical dimensions, to within ±100 mm (total tolerance) of
their designed locations.
In BC1 project, 44 mm of total tolerance is reserved for
surveying error with the remaining portion of the tolerance 66 mm budgeted
for TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) variations.
(d) GEODETIC SURFACE NETWORK

33. For the BC1 project a high accuracy horizontal control network was
formed in 2004 to be used in constructing structures and the above mentioned
tolerance for deformation measurements.

34.  The horizontal control network has two levels ; primary and secondary.
 The primary control network consists of 10 pillars and the secondary
horizontal control network consists of 17 pillars.
 These control network is laid to define the local movement.
 The GPS receivers were used for the horizontal control network
measurements with the differential techniques to guarantee an accuracy
of ±4 mm for relative position of pillars.
Standard
deviation
Maximum value Minimum value Mean Value
Latitude, ϕ 0.005 0.002 0.004
Longitude, λ 0.005 0.002 0.004
Ellipsoid height, h 0.010 0.004 0.008
Table 1 Accuracy information of horizontal control network (in m)

35. Difference between the first and second campaign.
Position Mean value / m
Latitude, ϕ 0.016
Longitude, λ 0.022
Ellipsoid height, h 0.040
 In 2012, a new GPS observation campaign of the surface network was
executed in order to verify the local movement of the horizontal control network.

36.  In this way the design of the vertical surface network consists of
66 benchmarks distributed throughout the project area by using the Wild
N3 precise leveling instrument and invar rod.
Fig of Wild N3 leveling instrument and Invar rod

37. In urban areas, the TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) is most
commonly used for tunnel construction. TBM tunnel consists of several typical
phases including preparatory tasks, working shaft construction, initial set up, tunnel
construction, and removal shaft construction.
The TBM dig the three bored tunnels in BC1 project.
Tunnel 1 on the European continent : 2345 m
Tube 2 on the Asian continent : 2150 m
Tube 3 on the Asian continent : 4620 m
(e) TUNNELS AND GEODETIC UNDER GROUND NETWORK

38. The detailed picture of the Bosphorus Crossing project.

39. The TBM is guided with the Tacs guidance system based
on the tunnel control network.
 The Tacs guidance system continuously define the TBM position and
compares it with the design tunnel axis.

40.  The Tacs system receives input measurements from a laser theodolite,
which is placed on a bracket attached to the left upper wall of the tunnel. The
guidance station bracket is incrementally moved forward as the TBM advances

41. In this section, the studies undertaken concerning tunnel 1 is examined in
detail.
 In order to perform redirection using the laser theodolite within the
forecast tolerance, the geodetic network within the tunnel should be very accurately
positioned.
 The effect of lateral refraction and lateral temperature gradient can produce
a severe error especially in a tunnel environment.
 Therefore geodetic underground network formed for tunnel 1 consists of a
total of 109 benchmarks, 49 benchmarks in Tube 1 and 60 in Tube 2. The
benchmarks in tunnel were located at intervals of approximately 50 m.

42. Leica DNA03 level
Instruments used in tunnels geodetic
underground network construction
 Leica DNA03
levels and leica TC1201
total stations were used for
the leveling and angle-
distance measurements.
 The accuracy of
the measurements is
typically ±0.3 mm/km for
precise leveling and 1” for
angles and 1 mm +2 ppm
for distances with total
stations.

43. Image of Leica TC 1201 Total
station.
The network adjustment was
also achieved using HANNA
software developed by the
Institute of Geodesy, University
of Hannover.

44. The construction and operation of tunnel projects can result in a
damage to surfaces or sub surface structures. In a metropolitan city like Istanbul
where housing and historical structures are very intensive. Hence it is very
important to determine the deformations on the surface and in the structures due to
bored tunnels.
Deformations in tunnel borings occur in two ways;
1. Deformations on the surface due to volume loss
2. Deformations due to the pressure on the tunnel perimeter applied by the mass
over the tunnel
(f) DEFORMATIONS AND TRANSVERSAL PROFILES SURVEYS

45. 1. Deformations on the surface due to volume loss
The surface settlement trough assumes a bell-shaped curve centered on the
tunnel axis. The surface settlement is determined as follows.

46.  As-built surveys are prepared after the completion of a construction project. This survey
shows the as-built locations of improvements and utilities as opposed to the designed location.
The
Transversal
Profile
survey
 In this project the reference profile area was calculated as 38.046 m². According to this
information the over profile and under profile areas were determined for each transversal profile.
 The profile monitoring system consists of an optical technique using a high specification
robotic total station (Leica TCA 1201). The transversal profile survey was executed every 7.5 m of the
tunnel. The Leica TMS (Tunnel Measurement System) is used for data processing, as shown in fig.

56. So this is the Case Studies of Marmaray
tunnel BC1 project

57. After the Marmaray project Turkey is starting a new project by using
the same survey as mentioned above. It is similar to the BC1 project. It is signed
to implementation on 26 Feb 2011.

58. Special Thanks To R. Venu Gopal Sir