The microFTS is a new type of compact Fourier-transform spectrometer that combines features of Michelson FT-IRs and dispersive spectrometers. It could enable real-time atmospheric monitoring, industrial process control, medical diagnostics, and defense/security applications due to its small size, ruggedness, and fast data acquisition. Potential modifications include different wavelength ranges, detector arrays, and portable battery-powered designs.
Low Cost Device to Measure the Thickness of Thin Transparent FilmsIDES Editor
There is often a requirement to fabricate thin glass
plates for prototyping purposes in a research lab. For example
to make a prototype of an optic filter there is a need to fabricate
a number of thin glass plates and in most moderately equipped
optic research laboratory there is facility to etch these glass
plates, but lacks instruments to measure its thickness. Our main
purpose is to design a system which is cost friendly and is
capable of measuring the thickness with a resolution lesser than
1μm.A combination of Michelson interferometer and an
electronic fringe counter makes up this instrument. The
interferometer produces the fringes which can be made to shift
in relation to the thickness of the film to be measured. The
number of fringes shifted is recorded be the counter using which
the thickness can be determined (note: the refractive index of
the plate should be known)
The document discusses laser interferometry, which uses lasers to make highly accurate length measurements. It describes how a laser produces coherent, monochromatic light and can be used as the light source in interferometry. Interferometry works by superimposing laser light waves to extract information about the waves. Specifically, it uses the frequency difference between two laser beams to precisely measure displacements down to 0.1mm over distances of 100m. Key components of a laser interferometer system include a dual frequency laser source, optical elements like beam splitters, and a measurement receiver and display.
Laser interferometry or ESPI, also known as computer-aided speckle pattern interferometry (CASPI), television holography, and video holography, is the electronic processing of speckle patterns produced by a laser interferometer consisting of two laser beams (using a beam splitter) generated from the same laser source.
This document discusses advances in metrology, including laser interferometers, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), and machine vision systems.
Laser interferometers use laser light to perform highly precise linear and angular measurements. They can measure straightness, alignment, and small displacements. CMMs use probes to determine the coordinates of points on an object's surface, allowing precise dimensional inspection. Machine vision systems use cameras and image processing to automate visual inspection and quality control tasks.
This document discusses advances in metrology, specifically interferometry. It begins by introducing concepts of light as a wave and key wave properties. It then discusses the principles and types of interference that occur when light waves interact or overlap, including constructive and destructive interference. Interferometry techniques are used to determine the size of standards directly in terms of the wavelength of light. Types of interferometers are also summarized, including the Michelson interferometer and single frequency DC interferometer system. Lasers are discussed as a coherent light source used for improved interferometry measurements.
The Michelson interferometer uses a laser light source that is split by a beam splitter into two beams. One beam reflects off a fixed mirror and the other reflects off a movable mirror before recombining at the detector. By moving the movable mirror, the path length of one beam can be varied, causing the beams to interfere constructively or destructively at the detector and creating bright or dark fringes. This allows very small changes in distance or wavelength to be measured precisely.
1. The document discusses the principles and techniques of interferometry and its applications in metrology. Interferometry makes use of the wave properties of light to produce interference patterns which can be used for highly accurate measurements.
2. Key techniques discussed include using a monochromatic light source to pass light through narrow slits to produce interference bands. Optical flats placed on reflecting surfaces also produce interference fringes that can measure flatness at the micron level.
3. Lasers are described as an important monochromatic light source for interferometry due to their coherence and ability to produce stimulated emission. The working principles of lasers including absorption, spontaneous emission, population inversion, and stimulated emission are summarized.
This document discusses different types of interferometers used for measurement. It describes the principles of interference that occur when two light waves meet, including conditions for constructive and destructive interference. It then explains several specific interferometers - Michelson, Fabry-Perot, fringe counting, NPL flatness, Pitter-NPL, and laser - detailing how each works and what types of measurements each can perform. The NPL flatness interferometer and Pitter-NPL gauge interferometer are explained in more depth with diagrams of their components and working principles.
Low Cost Device to Measure the Thickness of Thin Transparent FilmsIDES Editor
There is often a requirement to fabricate thin glass
plates for prototyping purposes in a research lab. For example
to make a prototype of an optic filter there is a need to fabricate
a number of thin glass plates and in most moderately equipped
optic research laboratory there is facility to etch these glass
plates, but lacks instruments to measure its thickness. Our main
purpose is to design a system which is cost friendly and is
capable of measuring the thickness with a resolution lesser than
1μm.A combination of Michelson interferometer and an
electronic fringe counter makes up this instrument. The
interferometer produces the fringes which can be made to shift
in relation to the thickness of the film to be measured. The
number of fringes shifted is recorded be the counter using which
the thickness can be determined (note: the refractive index of
the plate should be known)
The document discusses laser interferometry, which uses lasers to make highly accurate length measurements. It describes how a laser produces coherent, monochromatic light and can be used as the light source in interferometry. Interferometry works by superimposing laser light waves to extract information about the waves. Specifically, it uses the frequency difference between two laser beams to precisely measure displacements down to 0.1mm over distances of 100m. Key components of a laser interferometer system include a dual frequency laser source, optical elements like beam splitters, and a measurement receiver and display.
Laser interferometry or ESPI, also known as computer-aided speckle pattern interferometry (CASPI), television holography, and video holography, is the electronic processing of speckle patterns produced by a laser interferometer consisting of two laser beams (using a beam splitter) generated from the same laser source.
This document discusses advances in metrology, including laser interferometers, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), and machine vision systems.
Laser interferometers use laser light to perform highly precise linear and angular measurements. They can measure straightness, alignment, and small displacements. CMMs use probes to determine the coordinates of points on an object's surface, allowing precise dimensional inspection. Machine vision systems use cameras and image processing to automate visual inspection and quality control tasks.
This document discusses advances in metrology, specifically interferometry. It begins by introducing concepts of light as a wave and key wave properties. It then discusses the principles and types of interference that occur when light waves interact or overlap, including constructive and destructive interference. Interferometry techniques are used to determine the size of standards directly in terms of the wavelength of light. Types of interferometers are also summarized, including the Michelson interferometer and single frequency DC interferometer system. Lasers are discussed as a coherent light source used for improved interferometry measurements.
The Michelson interferometer uses a laser light source that is split by a beam splitter into two beams. One beam reflects off a fixed mirror and the other reflects off a movable mirror before recombining at the detector. By moving the movable mirror, the path length of one beam can be varied, causing the beams to interfere constructively or destructively at the detector and creating bright or dark fringes. This allows very small changes in distance or wavelength to be measured precisely.
1. The document discusses the principles and techniques of interferometry and its applications in metrology. Interferometry makes use of the wave properties of light to produce interference patterns which can be used for highly accurate measurements.
2. Key techniques discussed include using a monochromatic light source to pass light through narrow slits to produce interference bands. Optical flats placed on reflecting surfaces also produce interference fringes that can measure flatness at the micron level.
3. Lasers are described as an important monochromatic light source for interferometry due to their coherence and ability to produce stimulated emission. The working principles of lasers including absorption, spontaneous emission, population inversion, and stimulated emission are summarized.
This document discusses different types of interferometers used for measurement. It describes the principles of interference that occur when two light waves meet, including conditions for constructive and destructive interference. It then explains several specific interferometers - Michelson, Fabry-Perot, fringe counting, NPL flatness, Pitter-NPL, and laser - detailing how each works and what types of measurements each can perform. The NPL flatness interferometer and Pitter-NPL gauge interferometer are explained in more depth with diagrams of their components and working principles.
Polarized light is light where the vibrations of the electric field are confined to a single plane. Polarization can occur when unpolarized light passes through certain materials. There are several types of polarization including linear, circular, and elliptical polarization. Polarization is demonstrated using materials that exhibit birefringence such as calcite crystals. Polarization can be analyzed using wave plates of varying thicknesses to produce different phase shifts between ordinary and extraordinary rays. Optically active materials can rotate the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them. The angle of rotation is directly proportional to factors like concentration, path length, and wavelength according to specific laws. Polarimeters are used to measure the angle of rotation caused by optically active
This document discusses the principles and techniques of interferometry and optical flatness testing. It begins with an introduction to interferometry, describing how it uses the principle of superposition of waves to produce interference patterns. It then discusses the interference of light waves in detail, including the conditions required and how constructive and destructive interference produce light and dark bands. The document focuses on using optical flats and interferometry to evaluate the flatness of surfaces. It describes how optical flats are used and evaluated, and how an interferometer like the NPL flatness interferometer can be used to precisely measure flatness and detect deviations in both flatness and parallelism of surfaces.
This presentation discusses various methods of dimension measurement in industrial instrumentation. Thickness can be measured using contact gauges like inductive and capacitive types or non-contact gauges using lasers or beta radiations. Length is commonly measured using laser Doppler velocimeters. Width is often captured through stereoscopic camera systems. Diameter is typically gauged with laser transmitters and receivers that detect changes in beam intensity. Dimension measurements help ensure quality control and conformance to specifications for industrial machinery and products.
This document provides information on advances in metrology using laser technology. It discusses the principles and working of lasers, including spontaneous and stimulated emission. It describes applications of lasers such as laser interferometers, laser scanning gauges, and laser telemetric systems. It also covers coordinate measuring machines, the different types of CMMs, and probes used in CMMs like trigger probes and measuring probes. The document presents information concisely on various laser-based measurement techniques.
This article discusses the principle of interferometry. The definition of the term along with its applications are stated in this article. Five most common type of interferometers viz. Michelson Interferometer, Mach-Zahnder Interferometer, Fabry Perot Interferometer, Sagnac Interferometer and Fiber Interferometer are discussed in detial in this article.
This document provides instructions for building and using a Michelson interferometer to precisely measure the wavelength of light. It consists of 3 parts: 1) an overview of how the Michelson interferometer works, 2) technical details of the experimental setup, and 3) a procedure for aligning the mirrors and measuring the wavelength of a He-Ne laser. The goal is to achieve an accuracy of one part in 10,000 by translating one mirror and counting the number of interference fringes that pass a photodiode.
The document describes how to set up and use a Michelson interferometer to study the interference of light waves. Key steps include:
1. Aligning a diode laser, beam splitter, and two mirrors on an optical breadboard to split and recombine the laser light.
2. Using the interference fringes formed to calibrate the sub-micrometer movement of one of the mirrors and determine the laser wavelength.
3. Observing how the contrast of the interference fringes is affected by the path difference between the light beams and their relative plane of polarization.
Optical interferometry uses light interference to provide extremely precise measurements. When two light waves are combined, they can produce interference fringes of light and dark bands that contain information about the optical path differences between the waves. Recent advances in lasers, fiber optics, and digital processing have expanded applications of optical interferometry from measuring molecular sizes to diameters of stars.
1. The iridescent colors of birds, butterflies, and moths arise from structural interference effects in their feathers and scales rather than pigments.
2. Interference occurs when two light waves meet and interact, producing a pattern of bright and dark bands called interference fringes. The document discusses key terms and concepts related to interference including constructive and destructive interference.
3. Young's double-slit experiment demonstrated the wave nature of light by producing an interference pattern of alternating bright and dark fringes on a screen. The experiment led to an understanding of how interference causes the colors seen in thin films like oil films and soap bubbles.
The document discusses various precision measurement instruments based on laser technology including laser interferometers, laser telemetric systems, laser and LED based distance measuring instruments, scanning laser gauges, and interferometry. Laser interferometers can measure lengths with high accuracy in the order of 0.1 μm over distances of 100m. Laser telemetric systems allow non-contact measurement of moving components. Scanning laser gauges can measure object diameters between 0.05mm to 450mm with accuracy of ±0.25 μm. Interferometry utilizes the interference of light waves to enable highly precise dimensional measurements.
The document describes the Michelson Interferometer, which uses a laser, two mirrors (one movable), and a beam splitter to create interference patterns. Light from the laser is split by the beam splitter, reflected by the mirrors, and recombined to produce alternating bright and dim fringes as one mirror is moved. The changing fringe pattern is used to determine the laser's wavelength, with each fringe corresponding to a path difference change of one wavelength.
This document provides an introduction to photographic exposure. It explains that exposure is determined by the combination of shutter speed, aperture, ISO, and light. It discusses how shutter speed, aperture, and ISO are measured in stops and how changing one setting by one stop requires an opposite change in another setting to maintain proper exposure. It provides examples of how equivalent exposures work and the relationship between shutter speed, aperture, and light levels.
The Michelson interferometer splits a beam of monochromatic light into two beams using a beam splitter. One beam reflects off a stationary mirror while the other reflects off a movable mirror before recombining at the beam splitter. As the movable mirror is adjusted, the interference pattern of light and dark projected changes, allowing the number of alterations between constructive and destructive interference to be counted. By tracking this change over a known distance, the wavelength of the light can be calculated.
The document summarizes the theory and operation of the Michelson interferometer. It describes how the interferometer uses a beam splitter and two mirrors to split an incoming light beam into two paths that later recombine, creating an interference pattern. Key points covered include the factors that influence the interference patterns observed, such as the coherence and wavelength of the light source. Applications like measuring refractive indices and displacements are also mentioned. Instructions for setting up and using a basic Michelson interferometer in the laboratory are provided.
1. The document is the final exam for optics lab in the physics department at Baghdad University on May 14, 2012.
2. It contains 13 questions about topics in optics, including diffraction, interference, polarization, and applications of optics principles.
3. Students are instructed to only answer 10 questions from Group A of the exam.
A visual explanation of the Michelson Interferometertarotart
The Michelson interferometer uses a laser beam that is split by a partially-silvered mirror (beam splitter) into two beams that travel different paths and are reflected by mirrors. When the beams recombine at the detector, their interference creates bright or dark bands depending on the difference between their path lengths (path difference). Initially with equal path lengths, the center is bright, but as one mirror moves further, increasing the path difference by half wavelengths, the center alternates between dark and bright as the path difference causes first destructive then constructive interference.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy involves subjecting atomic nuclei to magnetic fields and measuring the electromagnetic radiation absorbed and emitted. Fourier transform NMR provides increased sensitivity by combining multiple free induction decay signals measured in the time domain. A Fourier transform converts these signals to an NMR spectrum in the frequency domain. The Michelson interferometer induces interference of light waves by splitting and recombining beams that traveled different path lengths, allowing observation of interference patterns related to the wavelength of light.
Photometry is the science of measuring light in terms of its brightness as perceived by the human eye. It only considers visible light since the eye can only see in this range. Spectrophotometry measures light intensity across the electromagnetic spectrum using instruments. Absorption spectrophotometry measures the absorption of light as it passes through a sample, relating absorption to characteristics like concentration through Beer's and Lambert's laws. A spectrophotometer directs light from a source through a sample and measures the intensity of transmitted light using a detector to analyze samples and identify substances.
Polarized light is light where the vibrations of the electric field are confined to a single plane. Polarization can occur when unpolarized light passes through certain materials. There are several types of polarization including linear, circular, and elliptical polarization. Polarization is demonstrated using materials that exhibit birefringence such as calcite crystals. Polarization can be analyzed using wave plates of varying thicknesses to produce different phase shifts between ordinary and extraordinary rays. Optically active materials can rotate the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them. The angle of rotation is directly proportional to factors like concentration, path length, and wavelength according to specific laws. Polarimeters are used to measure the angle of rotation caused by optically active
This document discusses the principles and techniques of interferometry and optical flatness testing. It begins with an introduction to interferometry, describing how it uses the principle of superposition of waves to produce interference patterns. It then discusses the interference of light waves in detail, including the conditions required and how constructive and destructive interference produce light and dark bands. The document focuses on using optical flats and interferometry to evaluate the flatness of surfaces. It describes how optical flats are used and evaluated, and how an interferometer like the NPL flatness interferometer can be used to precisely measure flatness and detect deviations in both flatness and parallelism of surfaces.
This presentation discusses various methods of dimension measurement in industrial instrumentation. Thickness can be measured using contact gauges like inductive and capacitive types or non-contact gauges using lasers or beta radiations. Length is commonly measured using laser Doppler velocimeters. Width is often captured through stereoscopic camera systems. Diameter is typically gauged with laser transmitters and receivers that detect changes in beam intensity. Dimension measurements help ensure quality control and conformance to specifications for industrial machinery and products.
This document provides information on advances in metrology using laser technology. It discusses the principles and working of lasers, including spontaneous and stimulated emission. It describes applications of lasers such as laser interferometers, laser scanning gauges, and laser telemetric systems. It also covers coordinate measuring machines, the different types of CMMs, and probes used in CMMs like trigger probes and measuring probes. The document presents information concisely on various laser-based measurement techniques.
This article discusses the principle of interferometry. The definition of the term along with its applications are stated in this article. Five most common type of interferometers viz. Michelson Interferometer, Mach-Zahnder Interferometer, Fabry Perot Interferometer, Sagnac Interferometer and Fiber Interferometer are discussed in detial in this article.
This document provides instructions for building and using a Michelson interferometer to precisely measure the wavelength of light. It consists of 3 parts: 1) an overview of how the Michelson interferometer works, 2) technical details of the experimental setup, and 3) a procedure for aligning the mirrors and measuring the wavelength of a He-Ne laser. The goal is to achieve an accuracy of one part in 10,000 by translating one mirror and counting the number of interference fringes that pass a photodiode.
The document describes how to set up and use a Michelson interferometer to study the interference of light waves. Key steps include:
1. Aligning a diode laser, beam splitter, and two mirrors on an optical breadboard to split and recombine the laser light.
2. Using the interference fringes formed to calibrate the sub-micrometer movement of one of the mirrors and determine the laser wavelength.
3. Observing how the contrast of the interference fringes is affected by the path difference between the light beams and their relative plane of polarization.
Optical interferometry uses light interference to provide extremely precise measurements. When two light waves are combined, they can produce interference fringes of light and dark bands that contain information about the optical path differences between the waves. Recent advances in lasers, fiber optics, and digital processing have expanded applications of optical interferometry from measuring molecular sizes to diameters of stars.
1. The iridescent colors of birds, butterflies, and moths arise from structural interference effects in their feathers and scales rather than pigments.
2. Interference occurs when two light waves meet and interact, producing a pattern of bright and dark bands called interference fringes. The document discusses key terms and concepts related to interference including constructive and destructive interference.
3. Young's double-slit experiment demonstrated the wave nature of light by producing an interference pattern of alternating bright and dark fringes on a screen. The experiment led to an understanding of how interference causes the colors seen in thin films like oil films and soap bubbles.
The document discusses various precision measurement instruments based on laser technology including laser interferometers, laser telemetric systems, laser and LED based distance measuring instruments, scanning laser gauges, and interferometry. Laser interferometers can measure lengths with high accuracy in the order of 0.1 μm over distances of 100m. Laser telemetric systems allow non-contact measurement of moving components. Scanning laser gauges can measure object diameters between 0.05mm to 450mm with accuracy of ±0.25 μm. Interferometry utilizes the interference of light waves to enable highly precise dimensional measurements.
The document describes the Michelson Interferometer, which uses a laser, two mirrors (one movable), and a beam splitter to create interference patterns. Light from the laser is split by the beam splitter, reflected by the mirrors, and recombined to produce alternating bright and dim fringes as one mirror is moved. The changing fringe pattern is used to determine the laser's wavelength, with each fringe corresponding to a path difference change of one wavelength.
This document provides an introduction to photographic exposure. It explains that exposure is determined by the combination of shutter speed, aperture, ISO, and light. It discusses how shutter speed, aperture, and ISO are measured in stops and how changing one setting by one stop requires an opposite change in another setting to maintain proper exposure. It provides examples of how equivalent exposures work and the relationship between shutter speed, aperture, and light levels.
The Michelson interferometer splits a beam of monochromatic light into two beams using a beam splitter. One beam reflects off a stationary mirror while the other reflects off a movable mirror before recombining at the beam splitter. As the movable mirror is adjusted, the interference pattern of light and dark projected changes, allowing the number of alterations between constructive and destructive interference to be counted. By tracking this change over a known distance, the wavelength of the light can be calculated.
The document summarizes the theory and operation of the Michelson interferometer. It describes how the interferometer uses a beam splitter and two mirrors to split an incoming light beam into two paths that later recombine, creating an interference pattern. Key points covered include the factors that influence the interference patterns observed, such as the coherence and wavelength of the light source. Applications like measuring refractive indices and displacements are also mentioned. Instructions for setting up and using a basic Michelson interferometer in the laboratory are provided.
1. The document is the final exam for optics lab in the physics department at Baghdad University on May 14, 2012.
2. It contains 13 questions about topics in optics, including diffraction, interference, polarization, and applications of optics principles.
3. Students are instructed to only answer 10 questions from Group A of the exam.
A visual explanation of the Michelson Interferometertarotart
The Michelson interferometer uses a laser beam that is split by a partially-silvered mirror (beam splitter) into two beams that travel different paths and are reflected by mirrors. When the beams recombine at the detector, their interference creates bright or dark bands depending on the difference between their path lengths (path difference). Initially with equal path lengths, the center is bright, but as one mirror moves further, increasing the path difference by half wavelengths, the center alternates between dark and bright as the path difference causes first destructive then constructive interference.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy involves subjecting atomic nuclei to magnetic fields and measuring the electromagnetic radiation absorbed and emitted. Fourier transform NMR provides increased sensitivity by combining multiple free induction decay signals measured in the time domain. A Fourier transform converts these signals to an NMR spectrum in the frequency domain. The Michelson interferometer induces interference of light waves by splitting and recombining beams that traveled different path lengths, allowing observation of interference patterns related to the wavelength of light.
Photometry is the science of measuring light in terms of its brightness as perceived by the human eye. It only considers visible light since the eye can only see in this range. Spectrophotometry measures light intensity across the electromagnetic spectrum using instruments. Absorption spectrophotometry measures the absorption of light as it passes through a sample, relating absorption to characteristics like concentration through Beer's and Lambert's laws. A spectrophotometer directs light from a source through a sample and measures the intensity of transmitted light using a detector to analyze samples and identify substances.
FTIR spectroscopy provides molecular fingerprinting through analysis of infrared light absorption. It can identify unknown materials and quantify components in mixtures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy uses an interferometer to record an interferogram, which is mathematically converted using Fourier transform into an infrared spectrum. This allows identification of molecular structures based on their vibrational and rotational frequencies. FTIR has advantages over dispersive infrared spectroscopy such as increased speed and sensitivity. It has wide applications including polymer analysis, environmental monitoring, food quality testing, and quality control.
The document discusses Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It begins with an overview of spectroscopy and a history of FTIR development. It then explains that FTIR uses a Fourier transform algorithm to convert interferograms from a Michelson interferometer into infrared spectra. The document describes the basic components of an FTIR instrument including its IR radiation source, Michelson interferometer, and detectors. It provides details on how FTIR is able to collect spectral data using infrared light and a Fourier transform. The document concludes with sections on applications and sample preparation methods for FTIR.
The document discusses characterization techniques used to analyze SrFe12O19 hexaferrite samples synthesized by different methods, including Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It describes the working principles of FTIR spectroscopy, the sample analysis process, and the components of an FTIR spectrometer. FTIR can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis by identifying functional groups and compounds present based on their characteristic infrared absorption frequencies.
FT-IR spectroscopy works by passing infrared light through a sample and measuring the vibrations between the bonds of its molecules. An FT-IR instrument uses an interferometer containing a beamsplitter and mirrors to simultaneously collect data for all wavelengths, which is then processed using Fourier transform into an infrared spectrum. The locations of peaks in the spectrum indicate the types of bonds present and can be used to identify functional groups and molecular structure. Applications of FT-IR spectroscopy in the pharmaceutical industry include drug research, formulation development and validation, quality control, and packaging testing.
A method of obtaining an Infrared spectrum by measuring the interferogram of a sample using an interferometer, then performing a Fourier Transform upon the interferogram to obtain the spectrum.
This document summarizes hyperspectral image classification. It begins by introducing hyperspectral imagery, noting that these images contain narrow spectral bands over a continuous spectral range, capturing characteristics of electromagnetic radiation. The document then discusses supervised and unsupervised classification techniques. Supervised classification involves identifying training samples to develop statistical characterizations of information classes. Unsupervised classification partitions images into homogeneous spectral clusters. The document focuses on supervised classification and discusses support vector machines, a commonly used algorithm that maps data into a higher dimensional space to perform linear classification.
Infrared spectroscopy involves the interaction of infrared radiation with matter. It is based on absorption spectroscopy and deals with the absorption of infrared radiation which causes vibrational transitions in molecules. There are two main types of molecular vibrations observed in infrared spectroscopy - stretching vibrations which involve changes in bond lengths, and bending vibrations which involve changes in bond angles. Infrared spectroscopy can be used to determine the structure of organic compounds and identify functional groups and impurities in pharmaceutical applications.
This document provides an overview of UV-Visible spectroscopy. It discusses the basic principles, components, and types of UV-Visible spectrophotometers. The key components include a light source, monochromator, cuvettes to hold samples, and detectors. It also describes the principles of absorption spectroscopy and how double-beam spectrophotometers work by splitting the light source into reference and sample beams to improve accuracy. UV-Visible spectroscopy is a common technique for quantitative analysis that measures how light is absorbed by molecules at different wavelengths.
IR spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to identify chemical substances based on their absorption of infrared radiation. It provides information about molecular structure without decomposition. The IR region extends from 0.8-2.5 microns. IR spectroscopy works by detecting the vibrational and rotational frequencies of molecules when IR radiation is passed through a sample. The resulting absorption spectrum is unique to a compound's molecular structure and functional groups. Modern IR instruments contain an IR source, monochromator, sample cells, detectors, and recorders to produce IR spectra.
IR spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to identify chemical substances based on their absorption of infrared radiation. It provides information about molecular structure without decomposition. The IR region extends from 0.8-2.5 microns. IR spectroscopy works by detecting the vibrational and rotational frequencies of molecules when IR radiation is passed through a sample. The resulting absorption spectrum is unique to a compound's molecular structure and functional groups. Common instrumentation includes an IR source, monochromator, sample cell, detector, and recorder. Applications include determining compound purity and structure, and detecting impurities in industrial samples.
This document discusses optical fibers and fiber optic sensors. It begins with an introduction to optical fibers, including their principles, types, advantages and disadvantages. It then discusses fiber optic sensors, including their components, classifications, and uses. It focuses on displacement sensors, explaining their principles, experimental setup, results and applications. Displacement sensors can be designed using glass or plastic optical fibers with different numbers of fibers, and their sensitivity depends on the fiber material and number of fibers used.
This document provides an overview of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It discusses the theory behind FTIR, which uses an interferometer to measure all infrared frequencies simultaneously rather than individually. The key components of an FTIR spectrometer are described, including the radiation source, interferometer, and various detector types. Advantages of FTIR over dispersive instruments include its simpler design, elimination of stray light issues, and ability to rapidly collect an entire infrared spectrum. Applications of FTIR spectroscopy are also mentioned.
This document discusses infrared spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It begins by defining the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum and describing how infrared radiation is produced by molecular vibration when the applied frequency matches the natural vibration frequency. It then explains how FTIR works using an interferometer to measure all infrared frequencies simultaneously, producing a faster analysis. Key advantages of FTIR are also summarized such as speed, sensitivity, and requiring only one moving part.
This document provides an overview of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). It defines key terms and outlines the history and development of FTIR. The basic principles of FTIR are explained, including how an interferometer splits light into two beams which undergo constructive and destructive interference. Key components of an FTIR instrument are described, such as the infrared source, beam splitter, fixed and moving mirrors, laser, and detectors. Thermal and photonic detectors are discussed. Finally, some applications of FTIR in forensics are highlighted.
The document discusses Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It begins by explaining the basic principles of FTIR including how a Fourier transform is used to convert infrared absorption data into a spectrum. It then describes key components of an FTIR instrument and how it works. The document outlines advantages such as high resolution and speed of analysis. Applications including structure determination and identification of organic compounds are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of night vision technology. It begins with introducing the basics of how night vision works by detecting infrared light. It then describes the processes of thermal imaging and image enhancement that allow night vision devices to amplify weak light sources and display an image. The document outlines the generations of night vision devices and their improvements in amplification and lifespan. It discusses common night vision applications in military, wildlife observation, security, and more. Finally, it notes the advantages of long-distance vision in darkness and disadvantages like low image quality and high cost.
This document summarizes a droplet microfluidics device that can sort droplets based on the number of encapsulated particles using a solenoid valve. The device works by interrogating droplets with a laser as they pass through a detection channel, counting the fluorescent pulses from particles within each droplet. If the droplet contains the desired number of particles, a compressed air jet is activated to sort it into a collection channel. This approach allows for highly accurate sorting to generate homogeneous droplet populations containing a known number of particles per droplet. Potential applications include gene and drug libraries that require all droplets to contain an identical number of particles.
Svaya tech overview for marblar nanoreactors v2marblar
Svaya Nanotechnologies is developing multilayer thin films using layer-by-layer assembly techniques. They can precisely deposit alternating layers of polymers and nanoparticles at an industrial scale to create coatings with a variety of applications. Specifically, Svaya has created silver-loaded antimicrobial films by depositing polyelectrolyte layers and then loading the films with silver ions which are reduced to nanoparticles within the film. Svaya is now seeking new applications for this "nanoreactor" coating technique.
The document discusses the wide range of applications for PCR across genetics analysis, healthcare, and research/education and analyzes the PCR market in terms of user needs along the dimensions of performance and deployment. It also examines how PCR thermocyclers are positioned to meet the needs of high-end and low-end users and provides examples of PCR instruments targeting different market segments.
This document describes infrared absorption spectroscopy and a new dispersion technique called CLaDS. CLaDS relies on measuring the dispersion of a dual beam laser rather than direct absorption. This provides several advantages over other techniques including high sensitivity down to parts per billion, a linear response over a wide dynamic range, and immunity to fluctuations in light intensity. Potential applications of CLaDS include atmospheric monitoring, combustion analytics, medical diagnostics, and remote open path detection due its unique capabilities.
BioLayout Express3D is a software tool that analyzes and visualizes complex biological and other network data through 3D network graphs, allowing for rapid calculation and interactive exploration of large networks derived from datasets like gene expression microarrays. It can model stochastic flow through biological pathways and networks over time and link network visualizations to primary data. The open source software was developed to help analyze omics data and model biological systems as networks.
Svaya Nanotechnologies creates precision multilayer coatings using a layer-by-layer assembly technique. They developed a new method to synthesize small titanium dioxide nanoparticles needed to produce reflective coatings. Their coatings can be applied at an industrial scale and provide uniform reflectivity and structural color. Svaya is looking for new applications for their particles and coatings in both solution and film forms.
Robert Macdonald developed a transformer vessel that can change from a fast catamaran for transit to a stable semi-submersible platform for working offshore. It is combined with a new flexible gangway for transferring to offshore structures like wind turbines safely. The system aims to provide a safer point of transfer, standardized process, increased safety and ability to work in higher seas than current methods. The technology is still in prototype stage and seeking development partners to expand applications and commercialization opportunities in the changing offshore access regulations.
Optical tweezers can be used to sculpt microscopic oil or monomer droplets by lowering their surface tension with surfactants. Multiple laser traps can deform a single droplet into various 3D shapes and connect multiple droplets with nano-scale threads. This technique could potentially solidify shapes through polymerization and create nanofluidic networks for chemical synthesis.
- Cambridge Reactor Design developed the Polar Bear Plus, a simple and inexpensive tool for precisely controlling temperature from -40°C to +150°C without needing cryogenic liquids, circulators, or computers.
- It provides an alternative to traditional temperature control methods that are bulky, use large amounts of hazardous chemicals, and can only achieve a single temperature.
- The modular device can be customized with different attachments for applications like continuous flow setups, crystallization studies, and more.
The document describes Surfuzion's nano surface technology which creates nanometer-thin, conformal coatings using nanoparticles. It can coat most surfaces like metals, semiconductors, and nonconductors. The coatings can be polymers, precious metals, ceramics, biomaterials, or combinations. Key features include being done at ambient temperature to prevent degradation, with high precision and conformity on variable geometries. It addresses shortfalls of alternative techniques like vacuum deposition and electroplating by being lower cost, hazardous, and energy intensive while achieving ultra precision and multi-functionality. Potential applications highlighted are in biotech, electronics, sensors and advanced materials.
This document summarizes research on using visible light-mediated photoredox catalysis to enable mild nucleophilic substitution reactions. Specifically:
1) Nucleophilic substitution reactions are important but often require harsh conditions; photoredox catalysis can activate C-O bonds under mild conditions for nucleophilic attack.
2) The method allows for the mild and scalable synthesis of unstable compounds like anhydrides and alkyl halides from carboxylic acids and alcohols.
3) The researchers, including an assistant professor and graduate students, are interested in expanding the technique to create other useful compounds and exploring its underlying photoredox mechanisms.
Correlative light-ion microscopy (CLIM) combines scanning ion microscopy with fluorescence microscopy to provide complementary 3D topographical and biochemical information with nanoscale accuracy. Using a gallium ion beam instead of electrons allows toggling between imaging modes without damaging the fluorescence signal. This correlated information can be used to analyze features like cell behavior on 3D substrates down to the 200nm scale.
The document describes a nanoparticle-based method for detecting enzyme activity using quantum dots. Specifically:
- Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions in the body, and abnormal enzyme activity can indicate disease. The method allows simple detection of enzyme activity.
- It uses quantum dots that fluoresce at one wavelength. When an enzyme modifies a substrate linked to the dots, a dye molecule emits at a different wavelength via FRET.
- By measuring the ratio of dye to dot fluorescence, the assay can quantify enzyme activity levels down to subnanomolar concentrations, comparable to current methods. It has potential applications in disease screening, drug development, and detecting other chemical changes.
THz imaging provides a level of detection similar to x-ray vision, allowing objects to be detected through clothing, paper, plastic, fog and clouds but not water or metal. The technology uses antenna-coupled superconducting bolometers kept at low temperatures to detect the small temperature changes caused by incoming THz radiation with higher sensitivity, spectral range and resolution than competing technologies. Potential applications include security screening that can detect dangerous objects through common materials, as well as non-destructive testing by looking inside plastic containers on a production line.
This document discusses a biologically inspired flexible probe for medical applications. It describes a probe design inspired by the motion of a wasp inserting its ovipositor. The probe uses a programmable bevel tip and reciprocal insertion method to reduce buckling as it moves through flexible materials. Prototypes were 3D printed to demonstrate the design concepts. The document seeks applications where such a probe could traverse complicated routes within the body and deliver or remove materials.
This document describes an oxygen sensing technology developed by Dr. Nuno Faria and Prof. Jonathan Powell at the Medical Research Council in Cambridge, UK. The technology uses a cheap modification of mineral structures to create an oxygen sensor that provides an irreversible color change. Key features include a clearly visible color change, tunable color and oxygen sensitivity, low cost and safe materials, and potential incorporation into materials like packaging. The sensors are composed of metal oxide particles modified with organic ligands to control the color change triggered by oxygen exposure.
Viruses can be used to deliver cargo into cells by attaching substances like antibodies, proteins, or drugs to the virus surface. When the virus infects a cell, it carries the attached cargo inside with it. Antibodies attached to viruses activate an intracellular immune response that destroys the virus. This response could be harnessed for new antiviral therapies or to target other intracellular components by attaching specialized antibodies. Viruses provide a delivery method for various cargoes into cells and exploring their therapeutic applications is an area of future research.
The document discusses alternative energy harvesting technologies for microelectronics, focusing on piezoelectric impulse excited generators. It presents the experimental setup used, which involves plucking a piezoelectric beam magnetically to induce vibration over a wide frequency range. Comparisons are made to other energy harvesting devices, noting limitations. The key advantages of the piezoelectric impulse excited generator are its ability to operate under both linear and rotational motion independently of orientation or gravity, with only one moving part and attachment point. Current results show a maximum power output of 2.6μW at 1.45Vrms and conversion effectiveness of 5.8%, with potential for further optimization.
CyMap is a simple and versatile technology for monitoring microscopic particles or cells with a large field of view using a point light source and camera. It is small, robust, cheap, and uses tailored software for automated detection and control. The system provides portable, flexible imaging capabilities with variable field of view and resolution. It has been developed for live cell locating and tracking within incubators and other transparent vessels. The creators are seeking practical applications and ways to improve the technology, such as adding 3D imaging capabilities using two light sources.
The SlipChip is a simple lab-on-a-chip system that can perform many reactions in parallel in a small volume. It is used to demonstrate digital PCR, which can quantify DNA over a large concentration range by loading samples into wells and counting the number of wells that test positive. The SlipChip allows running multiple digital PCR experiments simultaneously on different sections of the chip, improving quantification accuracy and dynamic range. Examples show detecting pathogens in blood and simultaneously measuring viral loads of HCV and HIV. The system is flexible and its applications are limited only by the assays designed for it. Feedback is sought on potential clinical and research uses.
2. Spectroscopy: What is it?
“The branch of science concerned with the investigation and measurement
of spectra produced when matter interacts with or emits electromagnetic
radiation.”
• Electromagnetic radiation is passed through or reflected from a sample.
• Some of the radiation is absorbed and some is transmitted or reflected by
the sample.
• Spectrometers separate (think glass prism) and measure the intensity of
the emerging radiation as a function of its wavelength – to enable
analysis of the optical, chemical, and physical properties of the
sample.
3. Spectrometers
• Nowadays, two of the most commonly used spectrometer designs are
Michelson Fourier-transform spectrometers (FT-IRs) (high signal-to-
noise, but bulky and sensitive to disturbance) and miniature dispersive
spectrometers (small & rugged, but low signal-to-noise), which are suitable
to very different applications.
• Dispersive spectrometers disperse the incoming light into a frequency
spectrum, which is directly recorded by a detector array.
• Fourier-transform spectrometers split and recombine the incoming light to
generate an interference pattern which is recorded - the frequency spectrum
is subsequently generated by taking the Fourier-transform of the
interference pattern.
Over the next few slides I’ll explain the operating principles of each of
these spectrometer designs and compare them to our microFTS, a new
kind of Fourier-transform spectrometer.
4. Dispersive Spectrometers
intensity
Optical Bench SPECTRUM
(Un-Folded Czerny-Turner) wavelength or frequency
ENTRANCE SLIT GRATING DETECTOR ARRAY
How they work
Light enters the spectrometer through a slit and
is reflected from a collimating mirror (MIRROR 1).
The collimated light is reflected from a
MIRROR 1 MIRROR 2
diffraction grating to disperse the light into
its separate wavelength components.
The dispersed light is reflected from a second
mirror (MIRROR 2) and refocused onto a detector
array.
The frequency spectrum of the incident radiation
is recorded directly by the detector array.
5. Michelson FT-IR
Optical Bench
MIRROR 1 How it works
(FIXED)
Light enters the spectrometer and is split into two
perpendicular beams at the beamsplitter.
BEAMSPLITTER One beam of light is reflected from a static mirror
MIRROR 2
(MOVING) (MIRROR 1) and the other beam from a moving mirror
(MIRROR 2). The moving mirror introduces a time
delay to the second beam.
The two beams are brought back together at the
SINGLE POINT DETECTOR beamsplitter and interfere to form an interference
pattern that is temporally modulated.
intensity
INTERFERENCE PATTERN Each data point in the interference pattern
corresponds to a time and thus a position of the
time
scanning mirror – the range and speed of the
FOURIER TRANSFORM scanning mirror determines the number of data
ALGORITHM
points in the interference pattern.
intensity
SPECTRUM
Taking the Fourier-transform (FT) of the interference
pattern yields the frequency spectrum of the incident
wavelength or frequency radiation.
6. microFTS
Optical Bench How it works
Light enters the spectrometer and is split into
MIRROR 1 MIRROR 2 two beams at the beamsplitter.
One beam of light is transmitted by the
beamsplitter and reflected from MIRROR
BEAMSPLITTER 2, then MIRROR 1, before being again
transmitted by the beamsplitter and striking
the detector array. The other beam of light is
reflected by the beamsplitter and reflected
from MIRROR 1, then MIRROR 2, before
DETECTOR ARRAY reflecting from the beamsplitter and striking
the detector array. The two beams are
focussed by the curved mirrors to combine
intensity
INTERFERENCE PATTERN and interfere at the detector array.
distance
An optical path difference between the two
FOURIER TRANSFORM beams is introduced by the different
ALGORITHM
distances the two beams travel around the
set-up. The resulting spatially modulated
intensity
interference pattern is spread across a
SPECTRUM
detector array.
wavelength or frequency
Taking the Fourier-transform (FT) of the
interference pattern yields the frequency
spectrum of the incident radiation.
7. Comparison Table
Instrument Format Michelson Dispersive microFTS
Static-Imaging Fourier
Grating-based, diode array, or
Also Known As FT-IR or FT-NIR spectrometers
CCD spectrometers
Transform Spectroscopy
(SIFTS)
Moving Parts? Yes No No
Relative Cost High Low Low
Fast ~ 100ms Fast ~100ms
Slow ~ 10s
Data Acquisition Speed (limited by detector read-out (limited by detector read-out
(limited by mirror scan speed)
rate) rate)
Signal-to-Noise Ratio /
High Low Medium
Sensitivity
Internal Wavelength
Yes No Yes
Calibration Possible?
Size And Weight Large and heavy Compact and light Compact and light
Spectral Region Of
MIR to NIR NIR , Vis and UV MIR, NIR, Vis and UV
Operation
Bruker, PerkinElmer,
Examples of Market Ocean Optics, Avantes,
ThermoFisher Scientific, ABB, N/A
Leading Brands ThermoFisher Scientific
FOSS
Basically, it’s the best of both worlds: Great signal (almost) like the bulky lab setups
we all know but fast, small & rugged like miniature dispersive spectrometers.
8. Early Prototype microFTS
DETECTOR ARRAY
FIBRE OPTIC INPUT
BEAMSPLITTER
35mm
A an early prototype
instrument, operating in the visible
spectral region.
MIRROR 2 The instrument is fibre-optic fed
MIRROR 1 and uses a off-the-shelf optical
components and a CCD detector
array.
9. Early Performance Specifications
Spectral Region UV-Vis IR
Detector(i) 2d CCD array Linear PZT pyroelectric array
2 to 17 µm
(5 100 to 600 cm-1)
Wavelength
200 to 1 050 nm or
Range(ii) 2 to 20+ µm
(7 000 to 350 cm-1)
@ 200 nm < 1.2 nm @ 10 µm 0.1 µm
(50 000 cm-1) (300 cm-1) (1 000 cm-1) (10 cm-1)
Resolution(iii) @ 500 nm < 2.9 nm @ 20 µm 0.2 µm
(20 000 cm-1) (120 cm-1) (500 cm-1) (5 cm-1)
Better than 1 part in 25 000 per ⁰C
Stability(iv) Equivalent to: 0.04 nm per ⁰C @ 1 000 nm (0.4 cm-1 per ⁰C at 10 000 cm-1)
SNR(v) 500:1 100:1
Size ~ 160 x 115 x 45 mm
Mass ~ 0.5 kg
Note that these are indicative specifications, based on laboratory-measurements
i. The system will incorporate alternative detector technologies, such as linear PbSe (lead salt) arrays, 2d VOx
microbolometer arrays, and others.
ii. Wavelength range is dependent on beamsplitter material and detector type. For the IR model the ranges quoted
are for ZnSe or KBr beamsplitters.
iii. Instrument resolution is determined by the maximum optical frequency (or minimum wavelength) in the recorded
spectrum. The instrument resolution was measured as the FWHM of a laser source.
iv. Measurement of instrument stability was limited by the experimental set-up. It is anticipated that it will be an
order of magnitude better than the value quoted. A calibration laser can be incorporated into the instrument for
enhanced stability (equivalent to the use of a HeNe calibration laser in a Michelson-interferometer).
v. SNR measurements were made as the ratio of the central peak of a laser line to an average background noise
level.
10. How can you help?
We’ve developed what we think is a really cool instrument, a real
step forward in spectrometer design. While it was developed for
atmospheric measurements on Mars, we’d like to find out how it
could be useful for us Earthlings.
• Do you have some thoughts on how to implement the
proposed applications listed in the challenge page below?
• Can you think of any new applications?
• It’s a pretty modular setup – How could we modify the
instrument to be even more useful or useful in a different
setting?
Thanks a lot guys! Remember to use those marbles…