This powerpoint goes through the mechanics of a Michelson Interferometer as well as the theory behind how one works. There is a brief mention of an application of the interferometer, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO).
This article discusses the principle of interferometry. The definition of the term along with its applications are stated in this article. Five most common type of interferometers viz. Michelson Interferometer, Mach-Zahnder Interferometer, Fabry Perot Interferometer, Sagnac Interferometer and Fiber Interferometer are discussed in detial in this article.
Laser interferometry or ESPI, also known as computer-aided speckle pattern interferometry (CASPI), television holography, and video holography, is the electronic processing of speckle patterns produced by a laser interferometer consisting of two laser beams (using a beam splitter) generated from the same laser source.
This powerpoint goes through the mechanics of a Michelson Interferometer as well as the theory behind how one works. There is a brief mention of an application of the interferometer, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO).
This article discusses the principle of interferometry. The definition of the term along with its applications are stated in this article. Five most common type of interferometers viz. Michelson Interferometer, Mach-Zahnder Interferometer, Fabry Perot Interferometer, Sagnac Interferometer and Fiber Interferometer are discussed in detial in this article.
Laser interferometry or ESPI, also known as computer-aided speckle pattern interferometry (CASPI), television holography, and video holography, is the electronic processing of speckle patterns produced by a laser interferometer consisting of two laser beams (using a beam splitter) generated from the same laser source.
38
RING GAUGES
Ring gauges are mainly used for checking the diameter of shafts having a central hole. The hole is accurately finished by grinding and lapping after taking hardening process.
The periphery of the ring is knurled to give more grips while handling the gauges. We have to make two ring gauges separately to check the shaft such as GO ring gauge and NOGO ring gauge.
But the hole of GO ring gauge is made to the upper limit size of the shaft and NOGO for the lower limit.
While checking the shaft, the GO ring gauge will pass through the shaft and NOGO will not pass.
To identify the NOGO ring gauges easily, a red mark or a small groove cut on its periphery.
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) Likhith KLIKHITHK1
Microscopy is a means by which an object is transformed in to magnified image. There are different ways for magnifying the images of very small objects by large amounts. In any type of microscopy (optical microscopy or electron microscopy), a wave of wavelength λ (light wave or electron wave) interacts with the matter and as a result of this interaction we get the
microstructural information about the object. As the study of the materials at the nano-metric level is drawing much attention of the researchers in the current era, Electron Microscopy becomes a very important physical characterization tool at the nano-metric level. Electron Microscopy stands far ahead of the optical microscopy as it can provide the much improved
resolution and depth of focus compared to optical microscopy. This is a very introductory report on the basics of the electron microscopy (particularly on Transmission electron microscopy). Transmission electron Microscopy (TEM) operates on the same basic principles as the light microscope but uses electrons as “light source” and their much lower wavelength makes it possible to get a resolution thousand times better than with a light Microscopy.
Similar to interference in lights - Michelson interferometer (20)
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
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Track: Artificial Intelligence
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ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
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Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
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2. interference
• Two waves will interfere constructively when
they are in phase and have the same
frequency and destructively when they are
out of phase
• Electromagnetic waves do the same thing!
– Waves do not have the same precision though
– EMR waves do not have the same phase
difference to completely reinforce or cancel one
another
3. Different kinds of interference
• We need to consider the different kinds of
wavelengths
• Need to also consider the relative phase of the
waves
– Light bulbs have different wavelengths in different
phases and this is why they produce white light
Figure 1.1 electromagnetic
spectrum
http://www.yorku.ca/eye/sp
ectrum.gif
4. lasers
• Lasers produce monochromatic light that produces
one bright beam of exactly one wavelength (hence
being monochromatic)
• The waves are also coherent and therefore are all in
phase with each other
Figure 1.3 lasers
http://www.laserfest.org/l
asers/images/nero1.jpg
5. More complications with light
interference
1. Planes of the electric and magnetic fields are
important when adding EMR waves
2. Addition of two waves is straightforward
though
- Wave intensities are I and the phase difference is ∆ϕ
- When intensities are equal and the phase difference is 0
therefore the total intensity is 4 times the intensity of one
alone
- When intensities are not equal the resultant intensity is 0
because the values cancel
6. Check and reflect
• What would be the resulting intensity if the initial
waves are equal and the phase difference is 2pi?
• What would be the resulting intensity if the initial
waves are opposite and the phase difference is
3pi?
Answers: a. cos(2pi) = 1, therefore it would be 4x
b. cos(3pi) = 0 therefore it would be 0x
7. Phase difference
• Sometimes it is hard to think of phase
differences, therefore we try and think of
them in terms of wavelengths
– If the wave is in a medium we must use the
wavelength of the EMR wave in that medium
Figure 1.4 light in a medium
http://fc03.deviantart.net/fs70/i/2010/347/f/4
/colourfull_light_waves_by_originaliamme-
d34see0.jpg
8. Michelson interferometer
• A beam of light is split with part going one
direction and another another direction both
of different lengths (this causes a phase
difference)
• Then combine the light once more
• This produces an interference pattern
• A glass compensator plate makes the total distance
each beam travels in glass equal
Figure 1.5 michelson interometer
http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/phopic/miche
l.jpg
9. Michelson interferometer calculations
• If we gradually adjust the movable mirror
from bright to dim (zero path difference to
path difference of half wavelength)
– Note that change in path difference d is twice the
distance the mirror moves
• Formula is derived: mλ=2d
• Where m = any integer
» Lambda = wavelength
» D = distance
10. Interferometer patterns
• When the path difference is 0 = bright disk
formed at the detector
• 0.5 wavelength = dark spot
– Interference patterns continues in that manner
Figure 1.6 Michelson
interferometer
http://fp.optics.arizona.edu/jcwy
ant/JoseDiaz/AnimatedGifs/Mich
elson.gif
11. Check and reflect
• A Michelson interferometer uses a laser beam of red
light. The mirror must be adjusted to give maximum
bright output, what are the intervals of movement
that the mirror needs to be adjusted by to produce
light. What would occur if this point is missed?
• Hint: red light is between 620 and 750 nm, you may
use either, but the explanation must be appropriate
Figure 1.7 red light
http://teklaplus.pl/wp-
content/uploads/2013/03/30578
3_89211.jpg
12. Check and reflect answers
Following the formula mλ=2d, the path difference
must be increased by one wavelength in order to
achieve the next maximum. If the wavelength in
question is 750nm (far end of red), then the
distance it must be moved is in intervals of 0.5(750)
or 375nm.
If you miss this value you will come across path
difference that is not 0 and will have a dim spot
achieved.