A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and input/output peripherals. The first microcontroller, the Intel 4004, was created in 1971. Microcontrollers can be categorized by architecture (Harvard or Von Neumann) or by vendor. Programming a microcontroller involves writing code, burning the program onto the microcontroller chip using a programmer tool, and then connecting it to external devices. Microcontrollers are widely used in applications such as engine control systems, medical devices, power systems, remote controls, and more.