This study analyzed the effectiveness of 5 domestic water filters in removing physical, chemical, and biological contaminants from various water sources. Testing was conducted over 10 months at 100%, 50%, and 0% of each filter's lifespan. Results showed the filters were good at removing organic impurities but failed to significantly reduce parameters like TDS, hardness, and chloride. Microbiological reduction was 95-99% effective. However, flow rates were very slow at 5-7 minutes per liter on average, decreasing further over the filters' lifespan. While the filters showed promise in improving water quality, the authors concluded their performance needs to be improved, particularly regarding flow rate and removal of inorganic parameters.
Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological drinking water quality of d...IJERA Editor
Water is essential to sustain the life. Water samples have collected from a different urban area of H. D. Kote
town of Mysore district from different sources such as hand pump, public taps, and stored household drinking
water. Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water samples were analysed following the
standard methods to evaluate the quality of drinking water. All physic-chemical parameters are within the
permissible limit to WHO. The microbiological analysis shows that that t nearly 53 % of the samples were
observed with coliform contamination. The significant difference among water sources regarding total plate
count was observed, where stored household water has relatively higher compared to tap and borewell water
exceeding the standard limit. Both hand pump and the tap water were not detected with any E. coli
contamination whereas 80% of the household stored water samples have shown E. coli contamination. The
presence of significant counts of coliforms in stored household water indicates post poor sanitation and
existence of human activities. Attention should be given to the collection, storage, and management by
additional treatment to maintain and prevent excessive microbial growth
Study on Assessment of Physico chemical properties of Industrial wastesIJEAB
The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to7.66, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum in sample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum at samples of W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/l respectively. The physic chemical parameters studied in this work were varied between the samples and almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.
Designing of PoU Water Disinfection Unit using CopperSONAL GARG
Poster presented on "DESIGNING AND EVALUATION OF WATER DISINFECTION UNIT TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY USING COPPER" describing use of copper for disinfecting microorganisms and keeping water safe from recontamination
Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological drinking water quality of d...IJERA Editor
Water is essential to sustain the life. Water samples have collected from a different urban area of H. D. Kote
town of Mysore district from different sources such as hand pump, public taps, and stored household drinking
water. Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water samples were analysed following the
standard methods to evaluate the quality of drinking water. All physic-chemical parameters are within the
permissible limit to WHO. The microbiological analysis shows that that t nearly 53 % of the samples were
observed with coliform contamination. The significant difference among water sources regarding total plate
count was observed, where stored household water has relatively higher compared to tap and borewell water
exceeding the standard limit. Both hand pump and the tap water were not detected with any E. coli
contamination whereas 80% of the household stored water samples have shown E. coli contamination. The
presence of significant counts of coliforms in stored household water indicates post poor sanitation and
existence of human activities. Attention should be given to the collection, storage, and management by
additional treatment to maintain and prevent excessive microbial growth
Study on Assessment of Physico chemical properties of Industrial wastesIJEAB
The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to7.66, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum in sample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum at samples of W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/l respectively. The physic chemical parameters studied in this work were varied between the samples and almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.
Designing of PoU Water Disinfection Unit using CopperSONAL GARG
Poster presented on "DESIGNING AND EVALUATION OF WATER DISINFECTION UNIT TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY USING COPPER" describing use of copper for disinfecting microorganisms and keeping water safe from recontamination
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.11
ABSTRACT- For every life form, water is an essential natural element. Ever increasing growth of population, especially
in developing country like India, have affected not only surface but also ground water quality and is main cause for
environmental pollution. The most possible sources of soil, water and plant pollutions are sewage sludge, residues of
industrial factories and intensive fertilization. Increased organic matter (from the sewage) breaking down in the river
reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water body as the decomposition process uses up the available dissolved
oxygen. Microbial pathogens introduced by sewage into surface or groundwater can threaten public health, as well as
affect ecosystem health and function. Today as demand for fresh water intensifies, the use of municipal or sewage
wastewater as alternative source of water for irrigation purpose is also a common practice. The present study was
conducted to assess the physicochemical parameters of the Rispana river where sewage is dumped and also effect of this
sewage wastewater on selected plant Vigna radiata. The findings of the study indicated a direct influence of sewage
wastewater on the plantlets and decrease in overall growth of plant with increase in concentration of wastewater.
Key-words- Water pollution, Urbanization, Environmental effect, Vigna radiata
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Environmental Indicators: Measuring Urban Development in Mountains of India. Presented by Kashinath Vajpai at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
Study on Physico- Chemical Parameters of Waste Water Effluents from Kombolcha...AI Publications
The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to8.2, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum insample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum atsamplesof W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/lrespectively. Thephysicochemicalparameters studied in this work were varied between the samplesand almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.
ABSTRACT- This study is a comparative analysis of physicochemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water
intake in urban area of Patna District, Bihar state. A total of 68 drinking water samples randomly collected from 41
hand pumps, 14 municipal supply tap, 11 boring water and 2 well from 15 different locations of urban area of Patna
District. Samples were collected aseptically in 60ml sterile plastic container for bacteriological and in 1 liter sterile
plastic bottle for physicochemical parameter like pH, Total Hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand,
etc and compared with BIS (IS -10500). MPN test was applied to detect the presence of coliform in the drinking water
samples. The total coliform count was detected in 57 out of 68 water samples. Most of the water samples were shown
compromising physicochemical parameters. Total hardness (TH) is above the permissible limits detected in 60 out of 68
samples. Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) was also recorded below the standard for most of the samples .This results indicate
that drinking water is highly in jeopardy to bacterial contamination. Construction of septic tanks near with boring and
drinking water supply line short distance between water supply network and swage supply line poor constructed well
head, cross contamination with waste water, Leakage in pipe line are the main cause of water contamination.
Key-words- Drinking water, MPN count, Coliforms, Physico-chemical analysis, Bacterial, D.O., B.O.D., pH
Effect of mixed industrial effluent on the growth of abelmoschus esculentusroaddistancein
Industrialization play an important role in the development process but the wastewater disposal has become a global dilemma for the industries because of generation of high volume of effluents, limited space for land based treatment & disposal and high cost of treatment technologies (Kumar & Chopra).
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.11
ABSTRACT- For every life form, water is an essential natural element. Ever increasing growth of population, especially
in developing country like India, have affected not only surface but also ground water quality and is main cause for
environmental pollution. The most possible sources of soil, water and plant pollutions are sewage sludge, residues of
industrial factories and intensive fertilization. Increased organic matter (from the sewage) breaking down in the river
reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water body as the decomposition process uses up the available dissolved
oxygen. Microbial pathogens introduced by sewage into surface or groundwater can threaten public health, as well as
affect ecosystem health and function. Today as demand for fresh water intensifies, the use of municipal or sewage
wastewater as alternative source of water for irrigation purpose is also a common practice. The present study was
conducted to assess the physicochemical parameters of the Rispana river where sewage is dumped and also effect of this
sewage wastewater on selected plant Vigna radiata. The findings of the study indicated a direct influence of sewage
wastewater on the plantlets and decrease in overall growth of plant with increase in concentration of wastewater.
Key-words- Water pollution, Urbanization, Environmental effect, Vigna radiata
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Environmental Indicators: Measuring Urban Development in Mountains of India. Presented by Kashinath Vajpai at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
Study on Physico- Chemical Parameters of Waste Water Effluents from Kombolcha...AI Publications
The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to8.2, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum insample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum atsamplesof W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/lrespectively. Thephysicochemicalparameters studied in this work were varied between the samplesand almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.
ABSTRACT- This study is a comparative analysis of physicochemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water
intake in urban area of Patna District, Bihar state. A total of 68 drinking water samples randomly collected from 41
hand pumps, 14 municipal supply tap, 11 boring water and 2 well from 15 different locations of urban area of Patna
District. Samples were collected aseptically in 60ml sterile plastic container for bacteriological and in 1 liter sterile
plastic bottle for physicochemical parameter like pH, Total Hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand,
etc and compared with BIS (IS -10500). MPN test was applied to detect the presence of coliform in the drinking water
samples. The total coliform count was detected in 57 out of 68 water samples. Most of the water samples were shown
compromising physicochemical parameters. Total hardness (TH) is above the permissible limits detected in 60 out of 68
samples. Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) was also recorded below the standard for most of the samples .This results indicate
that drinking water is highly in jeopardy to bacterial contamination. Construction of septic tanks near with boring and
drinking water supply line short distance between water supply network and swage supply line poor constructed well
head, cross contamination with waste water, Leakage in pipe line are the main cause of water contamination.
Key-words- Drinking water, MPN count, Coliforms, Physico-chemical analysis, Bacterial, D.O., B.O.D., pH
Effect of mixed industrial effluent on the growth of abelmoschus esculentusroaddistancein
Industrialization play an important role in the development process but the wastewater disposal has become a global dilemma for the industries because of generation of high volume of effluents, limited space for land based treatment & disposal and high cost of treatment technologies (Kumar & Chopra).
Succession “Losers”: What Happens to Executives Passed Over for the CEO Job?
By David F. Larcker, Stephen A. Miles, and Brian Tayan
Stanford Closer Look Series
Overview:
Shareholders pay considerable attention to the choice of executive selected as the new CEO whenever a change in leadership takes place. However, without an inside look at the leading candidates to assume the CEO role, it is difficult for shareholders to tell whether the board has made the correct choice. In this Closer Look, we examine CEO succession events among the largest 100 companies over a ten-year period to determine what happens to the executives who were not selected (i.e., the “succession losers”) and how they perform relative to those who were selected (the “succession winners”).
We ask:
• Are the executives selected for the CEO role really better than those passed over?
• What are the implications for understanding the labor market for executive talent?
• Are differences in performance due to operating conditions or quality of available talent?
• Are boards better at identifying CEO talent than other research generally suggests?
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Evaluation of Potential Physico-Chemical Ground Water Pollution: a Case Study...EditorIJAERD
Ground water is a large source of water for utilisation in the world. This resource is not easily accessible to
monitor its changes and its deterioration is not easy to reverse. In the current study, physico-chemical parameters of
groundwater for Kiwanja Market (KM) were analysed and compared to the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBs) water
quality. The pH, DO, temperature, turbidity, chlorine, iron, water hardness, potassium and calcium were analysed. All the
parameters studied were within the stipulated levels except iron, and chloride for samples from point C (Ebenezer Hostel).
Turbidity for samples from points A and C were above the permissible levels of KEBs standards. The water sampled from
point A and C may require further treatment to allow for domestic use. This analysis revealed to some extent a healthier
system, though further analysis is needed to support this assertion. Continuous monitoring of the groundwater sources
within KM should be taken on regular basis to detect any changes and to sustainably maintain the quality of water within
the required KEBs water quality standards.
Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analyses of Sachets Water Samples in Kano...IOSR Journals
Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of sachets water samples in Kano metropolis were
carried out using standard procedures to assess the quality of such water consumed in the area. Samples were
collected from four different water depots in different parts of Kano metropolis. The results showed variations in
the concentrations of the analyzed parameters in the water samples. The pH values ranged from 6.97±0.20 to
7.25±0.33; Electrical Conductivity ranged from 176 ±0.02 to 282±0.25μS/cm; Alkalinity ranged from 0.17±0.02
to 0.69±0.28 mg/l; Total solids were in the range of 100.30±0.25 to 157.34±0.30mg/l. Total Dissolved Solids
ranged from 67.80±0.30 to 84.70±0.23mg/l; Total Suspended Solids ranged from 15.60±0.36 to75.84±0.02mg/;
Total Hardness ranged from 85.00±0.03 to 103.00±0.20 mg/ and turbidity ranged from 0.60±0.21 to 2.23±0.32
NTU. Escherichia coli (E.coli) were not detected in all the samples. The levels of some of the anions analyzed
ranged from 0.03±0.00 mg/l NO2
- to 7.06 ±0.02 mg/l SO4
2-. Similarly, the levels of some of the heavy metals
analyzed ranged from 0.12±0.02mg/l Cu to 0.71±0.01mg/l Fe. Accordingly, the water samples were colourless
and odourless. In general, the concentrations of all the parameters analyzed in the samples were below or
within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits, indicating that the sachets water were safe for
human consumption.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Comparative Analysis of Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals of Public...iosrjce
The study examined the physicochemical and heavy metal analysis of municipal water supply along
the distribution channels from source (raw water) to end user points of Kaduna metropolis. Water samples were
collected from the raw water sources of the treatment plants in the metropolis (Malali and Barnawa water
works), treated water from the treatment plant reservoirs, the three booster stations (Kawo, Lugard Hall and
Tudun Wada) and randomly from residential areas which includes; Malali, Barnawa, Tudun Wada, Marafa,
Kabala costain, Badiko, Kurmin Mashi and UnguwanSunusi area of the metropolis. The samples were analyzed
for pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium
hardness, alkalinity, sulphate, nitrate, DO, BOD, COD, iron and free CO2 using standard procedure described
by American public Health Association(APHA),heavy metals such as chromium, lead, nickel, copper and
cadmium were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy, The result obtained was compared with the
WHO and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria(SON). pH and
turbidity of all samples from raw water to treated water delivered to end users with mean values of pH of 5.67
for raw water and a range of 4.48-4.60 for treated water all falls above the permissible limit of 6.5-8.5, turbidity
values of 1883NTU for raw water and a range of 11.60-41.36NTU for treated water all falls above the
permissible limit of 5NTU for portable water other parameters were all within the standard limit, copper and
iron were detected in all samples but within the permissible limit ,lead ,chromium, nickel and cadmium were
above maximum permissible in all samples analyzed
“Study The Different Parameters of Sewage Treatment With UASB & SBR Technolog...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Every community produces both liquid and solid wastes and air emissions. The liquid wastewastewater-is
essentially the water supply of the community after it has been used in a variety of applications.
From the standpoint of sources of generation, wastewater may be defined as a combination of the liquid or
water-carried wastes removed from residences, institutions, commercial and industrial establishments, together
with such groundwater, surfacewater and stromwater as may be present. This waste water through sewer comes
to the sewage treatment plant so that parameters are reduced and treated wastewater be disposed into water or
land. For treating the sewage UASB( UP FLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET) and SBR(SEQUENCING
BATCH REACTOR) technologies are mostly used.
All the parameters of these samples were analyzed using standard methods prescribed in “Standard methods for
examination of water and wastewater”. It was observed that pH & temperature values at outlet by both the
processes are almost same. Reading were taking on two consecutive days and value of Biochemical Oxygen
Demand by UASB process was 32, 32mg/l and by SBR process was 11, 16mg/l. Chemical oxygen Demand by
UASB process was 112, 96mg/l and by SBR process was 32, 34mg/l. Total Suspended Solids by UASB process
was 58, 44mg/l and by SBR process was 10, 12mg/l. Both the processes were used for treating the wastewater
and the SBR process showed better results as comparative to UASB.
“Study The Different Parameters of Sewage Treatment With UASB & SBR Technolog...
Bb24349353
1. A. Kuchewar, Dr. P. B. Nagarnaik / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.349-353
“Comparative study on physico-chemical and microbiological efficiency of
domestic water filters.”
A. Kuchewar 1*, Dr. P. B. Nagarnaik 2**
1* P. G. Student M. Tech. (Env. Engg); 2** Prof. Civil Engg. Deptt. And Dean Academics.
G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering & Technology, Nagpur (India)- 440016
Abstract
This paper presents the study of physico- is largely due to inadequate or non availability of
chemical and microbiological efficiency of locally reliable, safe municipal water in urban areas.
available low cost (branded/local) water filters used for This study aims analysis of efficiency of domestic
household drinking purpose. In present work, 5 water water filter available in market to remove physical,
filters were selected from local market. Water filters chemical and biological contamination from selected source
were charged with tap (municipal) water, well water, of water. And rate them accordingly. Also to check whether
bore water and lake water samples (one after another) at they comply as per BIS std norms and live up to claims
100%, 50% and 0% cartilage life of water filters for the made by manufactures.
period of 10 months from July’11 to April’12. Water
sample testing was carried out as per Indian Standard Material and Methods –
specification for drinking water IS 10500-2004. The The market survey was conducted to know most
parameters pH, temperature, turbidity, alkalinity, total usable brand in India. The most popular brand available in
dissolved solid and coliforms count were recorded at Indian market was surveyed for the study. Lot of generic
100%, 50% and 0% cartilage life of water filters for the brands are also available but it was not possible to evaluate
source water i.e. tap water, well water and lake water. all of them. Due to its high contamination in supply water as
Flow rate and frequency of cleaning were also recorded well as in ground water, public are jumping to domestic
for each water filter. Results shows all water filters are water filters. Out of all available range the non-electrical
good for removal of organic impurities upto some extent. water filters models in market are higher in sale because of
These water filters fail to reduce TDS, hardness, and their low cost and very convenient features. They are
chloride. Most water filters showed 95-98 % costing from Rs. 999/- onwards till Rs.4000/- shown in table
microbiological reduction efficiency. These finding no. 1.
suggest that efficiency of water filters should be more to Manufacturers are using different types of
remove micro-organisms from drinking water. technologies to remove chemical impurities (organic and
inorganic impurities) as well as microbiological. Most of
Keywords – Water filters, physio-chemical efficiency, offline models are using silver nano particles with activated
microbiological efficiency, coliforms, BSI Std., carbon in different percentages and halogens (chlorine,
MPN test, cartilage life. bromine and iodine) for purification (table no.2). Water
filters based on multiple intervention such as filtration /
Introduction ultra-filtration / activated carbon adsorption / UV rays
The topic of water filters is complicated because disinfection are available in the market which can be used to
there are so many models available in market. (over 250 purify the water.
different models manufactured by more than 100 To compare 5 (five) water filters were purchase
companies). The task of a good water filter is to remove all from the market (4 branded and 1 local brand) shown in
the unwanted pollutants and contaminants from the drinking table no. 1. General and technical specifications of all water
water. There are various filter systems available on the filters are given in table no. 3 and 4. All the water filters ere
market, and it is difficult to find out which system is the checked upto 1500 lit., 3000 lit. and 4000 lit. i.e. upto 100%
most suitable for our needs. As our exposure to filtration life of filter cartilage shown in table no.6.Tap
environmental pollutants increases, so does our need for (Muncipal) water (Jawahar Nagar), well water (Narendra
filtered, potable water. This study provides the information Nagar), bore water (Narendra Nagar) and lake water
about quality, performance contaminant removal (Sakardara lake) were identified and selected as source of
capabilities of water filter products. water for analysis of filters. The water sample was collected
The demand, sale and use of drinking water and analysis for the period of 10 months from July’11 to
filters continues to grow rapidly in our country. There April’12. Regular samples were collected in sterilised glass
is increase in the demand of low cost water filters. The bottles for bacteriological and various physic-chemical
increased demand for these drinking water products analysis of sample, the precleaned polyethylene bottle were
349 | P a g e
2. A. Kuchewar, Dr. P. B. Nagarnaik / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.349-353
used. Prior to sampling the entire sampling container were 1. Avnish K.Verma*, and D.N. Saksena , Offline
washed and rinsed thoroughly with source water to be taken house hold water purifiers with special reference
for analysis. The samples were analysis for different to their chemical and microbiological efficacy,
physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters i.e. (pH, ASIAN J. EXP. BIOL. SCI. VOL 1(4) 2010: 959-963
temperature, turbidity, TDS, hardness, alkalinity and total 2 William F. Duke, MD,1* Rick Nordin2 and Asit
coliuforms) according to the standard procedure mentioned Mazumder, Comparative Analysis of the Filtron
in IS 10500-2004. and Biosand Water Filters
Results and Discussion : 3 PIERRE PAYMENT* AND MICHEL TRUDEL
Results of laboratory testing of water filters for Efficiency of Several Micro-Fiber Glass Filters for
microbiological reduction from source water are Recovery of Poliovirus from Tap Water,
summarized in table no.5. Initially Tap (Municipal) water APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL
sample were tested @ 100%, 50% and 0% cartilage life of MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 1979, p. 365-368 Vol. 38,
water filter. It was observed that source water is (-)ve for No. 3
coliforms and other physico-chemical parameters were 4 Walter Jakubowski,* William F. Hill, Jr., Ad Norman
within prescribe limit/range of BSI Std. Hence, to check the A. Clarke, Comparative Study of Four
efficiency of domestic water filters, source water sample Microporous Filters for Concentrating Viruses
containing chemical and biological contamination were from Drinking Water, American Society for
required. And these samples were collected from different Microbiology, Appum Microbiology, July 1975, p.
sources such as well water, lake water and bore water from 58-65, Vol. 30, No. 1
different localities in Nagpur city. 5 J. T. Macy et al. 2010, Comparison of two methods
Water filter No.1, 2, 3 and 4 showed 98% to 99% for evaluating the quality of stored drinking water
efficiency in removal of microbiological load. Water filter in Abidjan, Coˆ te d’Ivoire, and review of other
No. 5 showed 95% efficiency in removal. Water filter No.1, comparisons in the literature, Journal of Water and
2 and 3 showed 90% turbidity removal efficiency, water Health | 08.1 | 2010 | 03.3 | Page No.221-228
filter no. 4 showed 80% and water filter no.5 showed 40% 6 Joe Brown and Mark D. Sobsey, 2010,
efficiency in turbidity removal. Among the different Microbiological effectiveness of locally produced
parameters considered temp, pH, TDS, total hardness ceramic filters for drinking water treatment in
remain unchanged before and post filtration. All water Cambodia, Journal of Water and Health , 08.1,| Page
filters showed less Chloride, Hardness, TDS, Alkalinity No. 1- 10
removal efficiency. 7 Michael Kubare and Johannes Haarhoff, Rational
These water filters were found effective in removal design of domestic biosand filters, Journal of Water
of physic-chemical impurities to some extent and biological Supply: Research and Technology—AQUA | 59.1 |
impurities also. But flow rate of all water filters is very slow Page No.1-15
shown in table no.7 (Average flow rate 5 to 7 mins required 8 JOSEPH W. SNYDER, JR. et al. Dec. 1995, Effect
per liter), which need to be improved. Water filters flow rate of Point-of-Use Activated Carbon Filters on the
is given in table no.6. Flow rate is not uniform throughout Bacteriological Quality of Rural Groundwater
the cartilage life of filter. It decreases considerably after Supplies, APPLIED AND EVIRONMENTAL
50% of cartilage life. Water filter no. 1 and 2 having auto MICROBIOLOGY, Vol. 61, No. 12, p. 4291–4295
switch off unit functioned properly. But get switch off 9 Eze J I et al. July 2010 Performance Assessment
before 1500 lit cartilage life of filter. Efficiency of all water of a Solar Water Heater for Process Water
filter decreases with time and amount of water filtered. Purification in Food Processing Industries, Global
Journal of Researches in Engineering, Vol. 10 Issue 3
Conclusion – (Ver 1.0), P a g e 14-19
These water filters are only suitable for water quality as 10 P.J. Sheffer, et al. Evaluation of the Efficacy of
per BIS Standards. New Point-of-use Water Filters to Prevent
These water filters are good at removal of organic Exposure to Legionella and Waterborne Bacteria.
impurities.
All the water filters cannot reduce TDS, Hardness BOOKS
These water filters shows 99%-98% microbiological 11 B. C. Punmia, Water Supply Engg. Env. Engg. Vol-1,
removal efficiency. Chapter No. 6, Quality of water, Page
Flow rate is very poor which needs improvement. no. 166-211
References 12 S. K. Garg, Water Supply Engg. Env. Engg. Vol-1,
Chapter No. 8, Quality Control of municipal &
Industrial water supplies, Page no. 377 - 434
350 | P a g e
3. A. Kuchewar, Dr. P. B. Nagarnaik / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.349-353
Table No. 1 - Types of Water Filter Selected for study
Unit No. 1; Unit No. 2; Unit No. 3 Unit No. 4 and Unit No. 5 (local Brand)
Table No. 2 - Water Filter Cartilage
Unit No. 1 Unit No. 2 Unit No. 3 Unit No. 4 Unit No. 5
(local Brand)
Purification Technologies
Chlorine 0.8 % Silver with Bromine (Penta Io dine Resin) Ultrafilter Iodine
(Trichloro cyanuric Carbon Po ly-1-bromo-5-methyl-5 (Penta Iodine Resin)
acid) (4’- vinylp henyl) Hydantoin
351 | P a g e
4. A. Kuchewar, Dr. P. B. Nagarnaik / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.349-353
Table No. 3 - Water Filter Comparisons ( General)
Unit No.1 Unit No.2 Unit No.3 Unit No.4 Unit No.5
Table No. 4 - Water Filter Comparisons ( Technical)
352 | P a g e
5. A. Kuchewar, Dr. P. B. Nagarnaik / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.349-353
Table No.5 – Biological efficiency of water filters (Percentage Reduction)
Total Coliforms Count
Water sample Well water
Cartilage life 100% 50% 0% Avg.
Raw water 460 240 460
Unit No.1 3 3 7 98.88%
Unit No.2 3 4 7 98.79%
Unit No.3 3 4 7 98.79%
Unit No.4 3 9 11 98.02%
Unit No.5 64 75 120 77.67%
Note – No coliforms was found in Tap (Municipal) water sample throughout test period.
Total Coliforms Count
Water sample Lake water
Cartilage life 100% 50% 0% Avg.
Raw water 1100 1100 1100
Unit No.1 3 3 7 99.61%
Unit No.2 3 4 7 99.58%
Unit No.3 3 3 7 99.61%
Unit No.4 4 7 11 99.33%
Unit No.5 43 75 93 93.61%
Table No. 6- No. & Frequency of Water Table No.7 - Avg. Flow Rate (per liter in mins)
Sample Testing
(As per product manual depending on Time (days) F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
Cartilage life)
1st Sample Start 100% cartilage 100% (1day) 8 9 7 11 6
Testing
2nd Sample Middle 50% cartilage 50%(11day) 12 12 11 14 10
Testing
3rd Sample End 5-10 % 0% (13day 15 16 15 19 13
Testing cartilage
Average 11.66 12.34 11 14.66 9.67
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