The document discusses differences in culture across nations and how culture can affect business practices. It defines culture as a system of shared values and norms that shape a group's behaviors. Societies vary in their social structures based on factors like individualism versus collectivism, stratification into social classes or castes, and the influence of religion, language, education and other determinants of culture. Managers need cross-cultural literacy to understand these differences and how they impact work-related values and business ethics in other nations. Awareness of cultural variations is important for competitive advantage and international business success.
national differences in political economy
,
what is individualism?
,
what is a political economy?
,
what is a political system?
,
what is collectivism?
,
how does modern-day socialism look?
,
how can intellectual property be protected?
,
how are contracts enforced in different legal syst
,
what is product safety and liability
,
how are property rights and corruption related?
,
what is an economic system
,
what is totalitarianism?
,
what is a legal system?
Presentation on international business( differences in culture)Md. Sourav Hossain
This assignment will help every student for making their assignment and presentation better and effective. From it every student will understand the cultural differences in the world.
egional economic integration
,
levels of economic integration
,
free trade area b) customs union c) common marke
,
the political case for regional integration
,
the economic case for regional integration
,
mercosur
,
regional economic integration in europe
,
evolution of the european union
,
impediments to integration
,
the case against regional integration
,
the andean community
,
classroom performance system
,
the north american free trade agreement
,
asia-pacific economic cooperation
,
regional economic integration elsewhere
,
regional trade blocs in africa
,
political structure of the european union
,
enlargement of the european union
,
the single european act
,
the establishment of the euro
,
central american common market and caricom
The world may continue to shrink in light of advanced technology, higher demands from markets and faster turnaround times, globalization has become a staple for world commerce and international business.
national differences in political economy
,
what is individualism?
,
what is a political economy?
,
what is a political system?
,
what is collectivism?
,
how does modern-day socialism look?
,
how can intellectual property be protected?
,
how are contracts enforced in different legal syst
,
what is product safety and liability
,
how are property rights and corruption related?
,
what is an economic system
,
what is totalitarianism?
,
what is a legal system?
Presentation on international business( differences in culture)Md. Sourav Hossain
This assignment will help every student for making their assignment and presentation better and effective. From it every student will understand the cultural differences in the world.
egional economic integration
,
levels of economic integration
,
free trade area b) customs union c) common marke
,
the political case for regional integration
,
the economic case for regional integration
,
mercosur
,
regional economic integration in europe
,
evolution of the european union
,
impediments to integration
,
the case against regional integration
,
the andean community
,
classroom performance system
,
the north american free trade agreement
,
asia-pacific economic cooperation
,
regional economic integration elsewhere
,
regional trade blocs in africa
,
political structure of the european union
,
enlargement of the european union
,
the single european act
,
the establishment of the euro
,
central american common market and caricom
The world may continue to shrink in light of advanced technology, higher demands from markets and faster turnaround times, globalization has become a staple for world commerce and international business.
11 The Strategy of International BusinessBrent Weeks
To evaluate industry structure, firm strategy, and value creation
To profile the features and functions of the value chain
To assess how managers configure and coordinate a value chain
To explain global integration and local responsiveness
To profile the types of strategies firms use in international business
To explain the rationales for governmental policies that enhance and restrict trade
To show the effects of pressure groups on trade policies
To describe the potential and actual effects of governmental intervention on the free flow of trade
To illustrate the major means by which trade is restricted and regulated
To demonstrate the business uncertainties and business opportunities created by governmental trade policies
11 The Strategy of International BusinessBrent Weeks
To evaluate industry structure, firm strategy, and value creation
To profile the features and functions of the value chain
To assess how managers configure and coordinate a value chain
To explain global integration and local responsiveness
To profile the types of strategies firms use in international business
To explain the rationales for governmental policies that enhance and restrict trade
To show the effects of pressure groups on trade policies
To describe the potential and actual effects of governmental intervention on the free flow of trade
To illustrate the major means by which trade is restricted and regulated
To demonstrate the business uncertainties and business opportunities created by governmental trade policies
international business
,
what is culture
,
values andnorms
,
culture
,
society
,
and the nation-state
,
hofstede’s cultural dimensions in dubai
,
spoken language
,
individuals and groups
,
cultural dimensions in germany
,
cultural dimensions in china
,
cultural dimensions in india
,
cultural dimensions in england
,
social structure
,
religious and ethical systems
,
islam
,
implications for managers
SOCIAL INTERACTION
It is a central concept to understanding the nature of social life.
It is two or more people taking one another into account in building up their actions
A main goal of sociology is to explain social action (Anything people are conscious of doing because of other people).
TYPES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION
1. Exchange - when people do something for each other with the express purpose of receiving a reward or return, they are involved in an exchange interaction.
2. Cooperation
A cooperative interaction occurs when people act together to promote common interests or achieve shared goals.
3. Conflict - it arises when people or groups have incompatible values or when the rewards or resources available to a society or its members are limited.
4. Competition – it is a form of conflict in which individuals or groups confine their conflict within agreed-upon rules.
Conflict always involves an attempt to gain or use power . Conflict is not always negative. One Problem with conflict is that it often leads to unhappiness and violence which causes many people to view it negatively
This presentation will give a basic idea about our society. This will be useful for students of BVSc & AH, MVSc, MSW, Btech dairy science, BSc Agri etc
9.1 UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIFFERENCESCulture encompasses the va.docxsleeperharwell
9.1 UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
Culture encompasses the values and norms shared by members of a group and the economic, social, political, and religious institutions that shape and mold their activities. At a fundamental level, these cultural values frame and guide the interpretation of experience, the processing of information, and the ways people communicate. It is possible to describe culture as a shared set of basic assumptions and values, with resultant behavioral norms, attitudes, and beliefs that manifest themselves in systems and institutions as well as behavioral and nonbehavioral patterns. There are various levels to culture, ranging from the easily observable outer layers, such as behavioral convention, to the increasingly more difficult to grasp inner layers, such as assumptions and values. Culture is shared among members of a group or society and has an interpretative function for the members of that group. Culture is situated between human nature on the one hand and individual personality on the other. Culture is not inheritable or genetic, but rather is learned. Although all members of a group or society share their culture, expressions of culture-resultant behavior are modified by an individual’s personality.
People create their culture as a way to adapt to their physical environment. Customs, practices, beliefs, and traditions for development and survival are passed along from generation to generation. Your culture facilitates day-to-day living by making sense out of your surroundings. The following characteristics of cultures can influence the way an individual might negotiate:
· Self-identity: Cultures provide an individual with a sense of self, which can be manifested anywhere from extreme independence to extreme interdependence. In a negotiation, this cultural sense of self may dictate whether the parties see negotiations as a competition or an opportunity to collaborate.
· Relationships: Cultures also organize the relationships between individuals according to age, sex, status, or degree of kinship. Such relationships may influence a negotiation by dictating who the culture recognizes as its leaders, who makes the decisions, and who will be governed by those decisions.
· Communication: Verbal and nonverbal communication distinguishes one culture from another. A multitude of languages, dialects, and colloquialisms combine with body language and gestures to make communication unique within cultures and subcultures. Another aspect of communication relevant to negotiations is whether the culture exchanges information in a direct or indirect manner.
· Time and time consciousness: In some cultures time may be viewed as a cycle, constantly reoccurring so that it involves many simultaneous experiences and people. Or time can be viewed as a lineal, sequential event. In that case, time once lost is never regained. A culture that views time as lineal and finite will expect negotiations to begin on time and to finish as soon .
Among the Main Functions of Society- social scientists agree that the.docxchristina345678
Among the Main Functions of Society, social scientists agree that the following 10 best describe the whys of how we function within our global worldview:
1. Satisfaction of basic needs
It is the primary function of society to organize people and their actions in such a way that they are guaranteed food, shelter, and vital protection. Included here are public health concerns that, although usually falls on the State, is a primary necessity of the organized people – ensure sanitation to prevent the spread of disease and medical care should it be required.
2. Preservation of order
Is the function that involves the different security bodies, formal and informal, created to protect the lives and assets of individuals. These groups become social institutions because their role is to meet the fundamental needs of people. The preservation of order also refers to the rules, norms, or laws that guide the behavior of people in the different stages and situations of their life from birth to death. Some scholars have proposed that this is the main function of an individual in society, "to control their wild and irrational impulses."
3. Management of education
Within society, individuals develop the knowledge necessary to interact with their peers. They are also taught to make the most of their abilities, talents, and interests. Living in society allows the human being to be social by nature, to discover and develop his own personality by putting it into action in front of another human being. From within these social parameters, and to extend our means of cultural diversity, society should provide the conditions necessary for each individual to have the opportunity to learn from the language, history, and traditions of diverse cultures. Education, in this manner, serves to enhance both internal and external socially progressive channels of knowledge.
4. Management of the economy
The distribution of goods and services is another concern within a social group. Society, as a system, generates and distributes the material goods and services that will be dedicated to satisfying the basic and secondary needs of the human beings that comprise it. This distribution is determined according to the social and political philosophy that a specific society assumes as its own.
5. Power management
Just as the distribution of goods and services is a crucial concern within society, the shaping of figures and/or power groups also occupies much of society's life. The administration of power from the institutions is what has led the human being to face wars and disputes throughout its history. Depending on the socio-political doctrine that prevails in a particular social group, that power will be centralized in the State or distributed among the different institutions that make up that group.
6. Division of labor
The organization of society allows for a definition of the roles in the work that each individual will fulfill given the needs to be met. Raising constr.
Difference between community and society AliSuleman18
The difference between community and society is a thought-provoking topic that delves into the dynamics and structures of human groups. This discussion explores the contrasting aspects of community, which emphasizes shared values, close relationships, and common interests, and society, which encompasses a larger, more diverse population governed by formal institutions and social norms. By understanding the nuances between community and society, we gain valuable insights into the complexities of human interaction and the varying scales of human organization. Join this exploration to broaden your understanding of these fundamental concepts and their impact on our lives
2137ad - Characters that live in Merindol and are at the center of main storiesluforfor
Kurgan is a russian expatriate that is secretly in love with Sonia Contado. Henry is a british soldier that took refuge in Merindol Colony in 2137ad. He is the lover of Sonia Contado.
Explore the multifaceted world of Muntadher Saleh, an Iraqi polymath renowned for his expertise in visual art, writing, design, and pharmacy. This SlideShare delves into his innovative contributions across various disciplines, showcasing his unique ability to blend traditional themes with modern aesthetics. Learn about his impactful artworks, thought-provoking literary pieces, and his vision as a Neo-Pop artist dedicated to raising awareness about Iraq's cultural heritage. Discover why Muntadher Saleh is celebrated as "The Last Polymath" and how his multidisciplinary talents continue to inspire and influence.
Hadj Ounis's most notable work is his sculpture titled "Metamorphosis." This piece showcases Ounis's mastery of form and texture, as he seamlessly combines metal and wood to create a dynamic and visually striking composition. The juxtaposition of the two materials creates a sense of tension and harmony, inviting viewers to contemplate the relationship between nature and industry.
2137ad Merindol Colony Interiors where refugee try to build a seemengly norm...luforfor
This are the interiors of the Merindol Colony in 2137ad after the Climate Change Collapse and the Apocalipse Wars. Merindol is a small Colony in the Italian Alps where there are around 4000 humans. The Colony values mainly around meritocracy and selection by effort.
3. Introduction
3-3
Successful international managers need cross-cultural
literacy - an understanding of how cultural differences across
and within nations can affect the way in which business is
practiced
A relationship may exist between culture and the costs of
doing business in a country or region
4. What Is Culture?
3-4
Culture is a system of values and norms that are shared
among a group of people and that when taken together
constitute a design for living
where
-values are abstract ideas about what a group believes to be
good, right, and desirable
-norms are the social rules and guidelines that prescribe
appropriate behavior in particular situations
Society refers to a group of people who share a common
set of values and norms
5. Values And Norms
3-5
Values provide the context within which a society’s norms
are established and justified and form the bedrock of a
culture
Norms include folkways (the routine conventions of
everyday life) and mores (norms that are seen as central to
the functioning of a society and to its social life)
7. Culture, Society, And The Nation-state
3-7
There is not a strict one-to-one relationship betweena
society and a nation state
Nation-states are political creations that can contain one or
more cultures
Similarly, a culture can embrace several nations
8. The Determinants Of Culture
3-8
The values and norms of a culture are the evolutionary
product of a number of factors at work in a society including
religion, political and economic philosophies, education,
language, and social structure
9. Social Structure
3-9
Social structure refers to a society’s basic social
organization
Two dimensions to consider:
the degree to which the basic unit of social organization is
the individual, as opposed to the group
the degree to which a society is stratified into classes or
castes
11. Individuals And Groups
3-11
A group is an association of two or more people who have
a shared sense of identity and who interact with each other
in structured ways on the basis of a common set of
expectations about each other’s behavior
Societies differ in terms of the degree to which the group is
viewed as the primary means of social organization
12. Individuals And Groups
3-12
In many Western societies, there is a focus on the
individual, and individual achievement is common
This contributes to the dynamism of the US economy, and
high level of entrepreneurship
But, leads to a lack of company loyalty and failure to gain
company specific knowledge, competition between
individuals in a company instead of than team building, and
less ability to develop a strong network of contacts within a
firm
13. Individuals And Groups
3-13
In many Asian societies, the group is the primary unit of
social organization
This may discourage job switching between firms,
encourage lifetime employment systems, and lead to
cooperation in solving business problems
But, might also suppress individual creativity and initiative
15. Classroom Performance System
3-15
Which of the following is not characteristic of individualism?
a) individual achievement
b) low managerial mobility
c) low company loyalty
d) entrepreneurial behavior
16. Social Stratification
3-16
All societies are stratified on a hierarchicalbasis into social
categories, or social strata
While all societies are stratified to some extent, they differ
by:
the degree of mobility between social strata
the significance attached to social strata in business
contacts
17. Social Stratification
3-17
Social mobility is the extent to which individuals can move
out of the strata into which they are born
A caste system is a closed system of stratification in which
social position is determined by the family into which a
person is born, and change in that position is usually not
possible during an individual's lifetime
A class system is a form of open social stratification in
which the position a person has by birth can be changed
through his or her achievement or luck
18. Social Stratification
3-18
The social stratification of a society is significant if it affects
the operation of business organizations
Class consciousness is a condition where people tend to
perceive themselves in terms of their class background, and
this shapes their relationships with others
In cultures where class consciousness is high, the way
individuals from different classes work together may be very
prescribed and strained
19. Religious And Ethical Systems
3-19
Religion is a system of shared beliefs and rituals that are
concerned with the realm of the sacred
Ethical systems are a set of moral principles, or values,
that are used to guide and shape behavior
Religion and ethics are often closely intertwined
Four religions dominate society -Christianity, Islam,
Hinduism, and Buddhism
Confucianism is also important in influencing behavior and
culture in many parts of Asia
21. Christianity
3-21
Christianity is the world’s largest religion and is found
throughout Europe, the Americas, and other countries
settled by Europeans
Perhaps the most important economic implication of
Christianity is the Protestant work ethic
In 1804, Max Weber suggested that it was this ethic and
its focus on hard work, wealth creation, and frugality, that
was the driving force of capitalism
22. Islam
3-22
Islam, the world’s second largest religion, extends the underlying
roots of Christianity to an all-embracing way of life that governs one's
being
In the West, Islamic fundamentalism is associated in the media with
militants, terrorists, and violent upheavals, but in fact Islam teaches
peace, justice, and tolerance
Fundamentalists, who demand rigid commitment to religious beliefs
and rituals, have gained political power in many Muslim countries, and
blame the West for many social problems
The key economic implication of Islam is that under Islam, people do
not own property, but only act as stewards for God and thus must take
care of that which they have been entrusted with, so while Islam is
supportive of business, the way business is practiced is prescribed
23. Hinduism
3-23
Hinduism, practiced primarily on the Indian sub-continent,
focuses on the importance of achieving spiritual growth and
development, which may require material and physical self-
denial
Since Hindus are valued by their spiritual rather than
material achievements, there is not the same work ethic or
focus on entrepreneurship found in some other religions
Promotion and adding new responsibilities may not be the
goal of an employee, or may be infeasible due to the
employee's caste
24. Buddhism
3-24
Buddhism, which has about 350 millions followers,
stresses spiritual growth and the afterlife, rather than
achievement while in this world
Buddhism does emphasize wealth creation, and so
entrepreneurial behavior is not stressed
However, because Buddhism does not support the caste
system, individuals do have some mobility and can work with
individuals from different classes
25. Confucianism
3-25
Confucianism, an ideology practiced mainly in China,
teaches the importance of attaining personal salvation
through right action
High morals, ethical conduct, and loyalty to others is
central in Confucianism
Three key teachings of Confucianism - loyalty, reciprocal
obligations, and honesty - may all lead to a lowering of the
cost of doing business in Confucian societies
26. Classroom Performance System
3-26
Which religion promotes the notion that a moral force in
society requires the acceptance of certain responsibilities
called dharma?
a) Islam
b) Buddhism
c) Hinduism
d) Confucianism
27. Language
3-27
Language refers to the spoken and unspoken means of
communication
Language is one of the defining characteristics of culture
28. Spoken Language
3-28
Countries with more than one language often have more
than one culture
The most widely spoken language in the world, but
Chinese is the mother tongue of the largest number of
people
English is also becoming the language of international
business, but knowledge of the local language is beneficial,
and in some cases, critical for business success
29. Unspoken Language
3-29
Unspoken language refers to nonverbal communication
such as facial expressions, personal space, and hand
gestures
Failing to understand the nonverbal cues of another
culture can lead to communication failure
31. Education
3-31
Formal education is the medium through which individuals
learn many of the language, conceptual, and mathematical
skills that are indispensable in a modern society
Education is important in determining a nation’s
competitive advantage
General education levels can also be a good index for the
kinds of products that might sell in a country
32. Culture And The Workplace
3-32
It is important for companies to understand how a society’s
culture affects workplace values
Management processes and practices must be adapted to
culturally-determined work-related values
Geert Hofstede identified four dimensions of culture: power
distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism versus
collectivism, and masculinity versus femininity
33. Culture And The Workplace
3-33
Power distance focuses on how a society deals with the
fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual
capabilities
Individualism versus collectivism focuses on the
relationship between the individual and his or her fellows
Uncertainty avoidance measures the extent to which
different cultures socialize their members into accepting
ambiguous situations and tolerating ambiguity
Masculinity versus femininity looks at the relationship
between gender and work roles
34. Culture And The Workplace
Table 3.1: Work-Related Values for 20 Selected Countries
3-34
35. Culture And The Workplace
3-35
Hofstede later expanded his study to include a fifth
dimension called Confucian dynamism which captures
attitudes toward time, persistence, ordering by status,
protection of face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation of
gifts and favors
36. Classroom Performance System
3-36
focuses on how society deals with the fact that
people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities.
a) power distance
b) individualism versus collectivism
c) uncertainty avoidance
d) masculinity versus femininity
37. Cultural Change
3-37
Culture evolves over time, although changes in value
systems can be slow and painful for a society
Social turmoil is an inevitable outcome of cultural change
As countries become economically stronger, cultural
change is particularly common
38. Implications For Managers
3-38
Societies differ because their cultures vary
Cultures vary because of profound differences in social
structure, religion, language, education, economic
philosophy, and political philosophy
There are three important implications that flow from these
differences:
1.There is a need to develop cross-cultural literacy
2.There is a connection between culture and national
competitive advantage
3.There is a connection between culture and ethics in
decision making
39. Cross-Cultural Literacy
3-39
Cross-cultural literacy is critical to the success of
international businesses
Companies that are ill informed about the practices of
another culture are unlikely to succeed in that culture
Managers must also beware of ethnocentric behavior, or a
belief in the superiority of one's own culture
40. Culture And Competitive Advantage
3-40
The connection between culture and competitive advantage
is important because:
it suggests which countries are likely to produce the most
viable competitors
it has implications for the choice of countries in which to
locate production facilities and do business