Methods of research

Methods of Research
Guillermo B. Bonghanoy, M.A. Math
Facilitator
08/06/18 Prof. Guillermo B. Bonghanoy

Rationale
• To prepare the students in exploring the world of
research
• To encourage the participants to be involved in
research not only as a course requirement, but a way
of life as well
• To widen and deepen the awareness of the students
in research and development
• To increase the productivity of students in terms of
research
• To allow the students to respond to the call of the
times

Lecture Organization
• Introduction
– The Research Problem
– The Research Title
– The Background of the Study (Rationale)
– The Statement of the Problem
– The Hypothesis
– The Review of Related Literature and Studies
– The Theoretical and the Conceptual Framework
– The Importance of the Study

Lecture Organization
• The Method
– Research Design
– Research Instrument
– Research Procedure
– Data Analysis and Tools

The Research Problem
What is a Research Problem?
A research problem is exactly – a problem that someone
would like to research. A problem can be
– anything that a person finds unsatisfactory or
unsettling,
– a difficulty of some sort,
– a state of affairs that needs to be changed,
– anything that is not working as well as it might.
Problem involves areas of concern to researchers, conditions
they want to improve, difficulties they want to eliminate,
questions for which they seek answers.

Research Problems
A research problem is initially posed as question, which
serves as the focus of the researcher’s investigation.
Sample Questions
1. Does the client-centered therapy produce more satisfaction
in clients than traditional? (traditional experimental
research)
2. Does behavior modification reduce aggression in autistic
children? (single-subject experimental research)
3. Are the descriptions of people in social studied discussions
biased? (grounded theory research)

4. What goes on in tertiary school classroom during an average
week? (ethnographic research)
5.) Do teachers behave differently toward students of different
genders? (causal-comparative research)
6.) How can we predict which students might have trouble
learning certain kinds of subject matter? (correlational
research)
7.) How do parents feel about the school counseling program?
(survey research)
8.) How can a school administrator improve faculty morale?
(interview research)

Characteristics of Good Question
1. The question is feasible – that is, capable of being
investigated with available resources.
2. The question is clear
3. The question is significant – that is, worthy of investigation
4. The question is ethical – that is, their investigation should
not involve physical or psychological harm or damage to
human beings or to the natural or social environment of
which they are part.
5. Research questions often (although not always) suggest a
relationship to be investigated.
The term relationship, as used in research, refers to a
connection between two or more characteristics or
qualities.

The Research Title
• The title is the window of research. It speaks what
the research is all about.
Questions to be considered in making the title:
1. Are the main factors/variables found in the title?
2. Does the title tell readers about the type of
study; case or survey?

The Research Title
The following components of the title must be
present for several quantitative research:
• Independent Variable
• Dependent Variable
• The Subject of the Study
• The Research Locale
Consider the examples below:

Examples of Research Titles
ComponentsComponents The CopingThe Coping
Mechanisms andMechanisms and
Performance ofPerformance of
SME’s in Davao CitySME’s in Davao City
Adult Parenting StylesAdult Parenting Styles
and Stress Level ofand Stress Level of
Students in UMStudents in UM
IndependentIndependent
VariableVariable
The CopingThe Coping
MechanismsMechanisms
Adult Parenting StylesAdult Parenting Styles
DependentDependent
VariableVariable
PerformancePerformance Stress LevelStress Level
TheThe
RespondentsRespondents
SME’sSME’s StudentsStudents
ResearchResearch
LocaleLocale
Davao CityDavao City UMUM

How to construct the Research
title based on the problem?
• Consider a problem:
1.Does the client-centered therapy produce
more satisfaction in clients than traditional?
(traditional experimental research)
*The effectiveness of the client centered
therapy among…..
2. Does behavior modification reduce
aggression in autistic children? (single-subject
experimental research)
* Behavior modification in autistic children08/06/18 Prof. Guillermo B. Bonghanoy

• Consider a problem:
3.Are the descriptions of people in social
studied discussions biased? (grounded theory
research)
* The descriptions of people in social studied
discussions

4. What goes on in tertiary school classroom
during an average week? (ethnographic
research) * Tertiary school classroom during
an average week: an ethnography
5.) Do teachers behave differently toward
students of different genders? (causal-
comparative research) * Teachers behavior
toward students of different genders

6.) How can we predict which students might
have trouble learning certain kinds of subject
matter? (correlational research)* A predictive
analysis on learning troubles in acertain
subject matter

7.) How do parents feel about the school
counseling program? (survey research) *The
school counseling program as perceived by
parents
8.) How can a school administrator improve
faculty morale? (interview research) *The
improvement of the morale of the faculty:
Administrators’ perspectives

The Introduction
• The introduction serves as the preliminaries of the study. It
starts with the rationale.
• In the Rationale of the Study, the following might be
considered important:
– What is the worrisome/ problematic situation which needs
to be studied?
– What specific factors/ conditions has given rise to the
problem?
– The reason why this study is conducted; urgency
– The practical importance of the study
– The problem/s that the study intends to answer (Global,
National and Local)
– The theoretical importance of the study

Statement of the Problem
• The following components are suggested in the
statement of the problem :
– Question for the independent variable
– Question for the dependent variable
– Question for the significance of the difference of the
variables when analyzed by the moderator variable
– Question for the significance of the relationship of the
independent and the dependent variables.

Example
“The Coping Mechanisms and Performance of the SME’s in
Davao City” RESEARCH TITLE
1. What is the level of Coping Mechanisms of the SME’s in
Davao City – The objective for the IV
2. What is the Level of Performance of the SME’s in Davao
City – The objective for the DV
3. Is there a significant difference in the level of coping
mechanisms and performance of the SME’s when
analyzed by Type – The objective for the significance of
the difference
4. Is there a significant relationship in the Coping
Mechanisms and Performance of the SME’s in Davao
City – The objective for the significance of the
relationship08/06/18 Prof. Guillermo B. Bonghanoy

The Hypothesis of the Study
• What are your predictions/ educated guesses about
the relationships of the variables?
• The term “hypothesis” is utilized so as to create an
introductory statement about comparisons and
relationships
• The test is tested at .05 level of significance
(Depending on the types of research comparisons)
• Two Types : Null (Ho) and the Alternative (Ha)
– In our standard format, the hypotheses in the study must
appear in null form

Examples:
Problem:
Is there a significant difference in the level of coping
analyzed by Type?
Hypothesis:
There is no significant difference in the level of coping
analyzed by Type
Problem:
If there a significant relationship in the Coping
City?
Hypothesis:
There is no significant relationship in the Coping
City08/06/18 Prof. Guillermo B. Bonghanoy

Hypothesis
• In all cases in research, if the null hypothesis is
rejected, then we accept the alternative and if
the null hypothesis is accepted, we reject the
alternative.
• In every rejection or acceptance of the
hypotheses (plural form), there must be an
implication that a student researcher needs to
write in the analyses.

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
• The purpose of the theoretical framework section is
to develop and present an understanding of how the
problem relates to a unified explanation of related
ideas and to provide the foundation on which the
study will build and develop
• On what theories can the study be anchored?
• What are related theories/ beliefs/ propositions
which can provide support to your
conceptualization?
• How do you see the variables being related
together?

Theoretical Framework
• This section further expounds on the topic by
providing a summary of the major theories or
research supporting, clarifying, refuting, or
driving the research proposed. It may also
include references to similar studies in related
areas and provide a rationale for the study. The
place of the theory in the study depends on what
is known about the particular topic.

The Conceptual Framework
Independent Variable
Coping Mechanisms of
SME’s To Economic
Stressors
Dependent Variable
Performance of SME’s
•Profit
•Sales
Moderator Variable
SME Type

Importance of the Study
• Why is the research title important
to be studied?
• Who stands to benefit from the
results?
• Categorize beneficiaries and explain
why this study is important to them.

Definition of Terms
–What terms should be defined/ explained
for clearer understanding of the study?
–Define them operationally or how they are
being utilized in the study.
Delimitation/ Scope of the Study
–What are the limits/ boundaries of the
study?
–What can be expected included, or not
included, in the study?

Methods
1. The Research Design.
• What research design is appropriate for
the study? What? Why? How?
• Descriptive, correlational or the
combination, experimental, etc.
1. The Research Subjects.
• Who you will be studying?
• How will they be chosen? How many?
• Why are they chosen? What sampling
method is appropriate?

3. Research Instruments.
• What instruments will you use to get the
data?
• Who validates it?
• Are the indicators found in your related
literature and studies?
• What scale is appropriate for the study?
• What is the meaning of the choices?
What are the bases of interpretation?

4. Data Gathering Procedure. Asking permission
to conduct the study; Validation and
Distribution; Collation and Analyses.
5. Data Analysis.
• How will you treat or analyze the data
collected?
• What statistical tools are needed for the
study?
• Will I always rely on my Statistician?

Thank You.

Methods of research

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