This is a review about what are the basics of research, its meaning, values, and uses in many fields of science

1. WHAT IS RESEARCH

2. Research
 A careful, systematic study in a field of
knowledge, undertaken to discover or
establish facts or principles.
 A systematic process of collecting and
analyzing data to find an answer to a
question or a solution to a problem, or to
validate or test an existing theory.

3. The value of research
 It helps us answer questions, solve problems
and make decisions.
 It enables us to see and understand how and
why a situation or a problem exists.
 It helps us discover new things and ideas.
 It allows us to validate existing theories.
 It helps us identify and understand the causes
and effects of a situation or phenomenon

4. Uses of Research (It can be
used to)
 Determine/describe an existing situation
(situational analysis).
 Describe a population (people, objects,
institutions, etc.)
 Compare two conditions or group of
population.
 Determine existing degree, or nature of
relationship between two or more factors.

5. Uses of Research (It can be
used to)
 Evaluate/compare effectiveness of
intervention, treatment or exposure
 Predict the value of a certain characteristics.

6. General Types of Research
 Descriptive research
 Correlation research or association research
 Experimental research or intervention
research

7. Descriptive Research
 Finds answers to the questions “what, when,
where and how.”
 It describes a situation or a given state of
affairs.
 What may be described are characteristics of:
 Individuals or groups
 Physical environment
 conditions

8. Examples of Descriptive
Researches
 The Management Styles of School
Administrators in Iloilo City
 Tardiness and Absenteeism among High
School Students
 Smoking Habits of Health Service Providers
in Government and Private Hospitals

9. Correlation Research
 Goes beyond description, explains possible
factors related to a problem.
 It answers the questions “why” and “how.”
 The factors studied are not viewed as real
causes of the problem but are just associated
with the problem.

10. Examples of variables
1. Gender
2. Educational
Attainment
3. Religiosity
1. Grades
2. Disciplinary Style
3. Altruism

11. Examples of Correlational
Research Problems
 Relationship Between Socio-economic
Factors and Absenteeism Among High School
Students in Jaro District.
 Relationship Between Attachment Styles and
Hope of Children in Conflict with the Law.

12. Experimental Research or
Intervention Research
 It evaluates the effect of a particular
intervention or treatment.
 It studies the cause and effect relationship.
 The subjects are either assigned to the
experimental group and to the control group
and both groups are exposed to similar
conditions.

13. Examples
 The effect ofVerbal Suggestion on Overt
Pain Reaction of Selected Post-Operative
Patients.
 The Effect of In-houseTraining on Human
Relations on the Productivity and Efficiency
of Office Employees in Private Banks in Iloilo
City.
 Advertising: Its Effect on Sales and Profit of
Auto Parts Business Establishment in Metro
Manila

14. Other Dichotomies of
Research
 Pure/Basic vs. Applied Research
 Pure – It describes and existing situation or explain
certain behavior patterns with a goal to offer a
better explanation. It intends to accumulate
knowledge about a certain phenomenon.
 Applied – It aims an immediate solution to a
problem. It focuses on variables that can be
changed by intervention in order to achieve a
desirable goal.

15.  Exploratory vs. Explanatory Research
 Exploratory – is designed to describe an existing
problem situation and examine the underlying
factors that contribute to the emergence of the
problem.
 Explanatory – designed to explain a relationship
between variables that may have already been
identified by exploratory research and why the
relationship exists.

16.  Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
 Quantitative – it seeks to reflect in numbers the
observations on the characteristics of the
population being studied. It emphasizes precise
measurement and requires statistical analysis of
data.
 Qualitative – it emphasizes verbal descriptions
and explanations of human behavior.The
techniques in data gathering include observation,
interview, focused group discussion and in-depth
analysis of a single case.

17. Research Methods
 Experimental Method – It is used to
determine the effectiveness of a treatment or
intervention or the cause and effect
relationship of a phenomena under controlled
condition.
 Survey Method – It obtains data to determine
specific characteristics of a group. Its purpose
is to get a general picture of the
characteristics of the group at particular time.

18.  Historical Method – It is used to determine
the growth and development of a group,
organization or institution. Most of the data
used are from secondary sources such as
records, documents and written materials.
 Content Analysis – it is used to ascertain the
quality of message or information found in a
document or in mass media; used in
authenticity of documents and in literary
criticism.

19. Research as a Scientific
Method
1. Identification of a problem
2. Formulation of hypotheses
3. Data Collection
4. Data Analysis
5. Drawing of Conclusions

20. The Research Process

21. Problem Identification and
Definition
 Every research starts with a problem.Without
a problem there is no need to conduct
research.

22. Problem
 Anything which gives you a feeling of
discomfort.
 A condition you want to improve, difficulties
you want to eliminate, questions you want
answers, gaps you want to fill, theories you
want to validate.
 An issue that should be settled.

23. Identifying a Researchable
problem
 There is a perceived discrepancy between
what is and what should be.
 There are two or more plausible reasons for
the discrepancy.
 If the cause or the result is known ore
expected, the problem is not researchable.

24. Definition of a Problem
 Once the problem is identified, it should be
defined.The problem definition answers the
following:
 Does the problem really exist?What are the
evidence of the problem’s existence.
 Is the problem serious?Who and how many are
affected by it?
 What places are affected? How widespread is it?
 How often does the problem occur?

25. When defining a problem
 Review relevant literature and previous
studies on the problem.
 Examine current available data/statistics.
 Seek educated opinions from persons
concerned with the problem.
 Determine probable reasons for the existence
of the problem including the solutions tried
and the suggestions on what to be studied/
explored.

26. Characteristics of a good
Problem
 A research problem must be relevant
 Will answers to the research questions help
advance knowledge?
 Can answers to the research questions help in
improving practices/ behaviors?
 Will answers to research problem improve human
conditions?

27.  A research problem must be feasible. Are
resources like time, money and personnel
available?
 A research problem must be clear.
 Unclear: “Women’s Perceptions about Sexual
Harassment.”
 Clear: “Attitudes towards Sexual Harassment of
Female Rank and File Bank employees in Makati
City.

28.  A problem must be ethical.
 Unethical:The Effect of Punishment on the Self-
Esteem and Academic Performance of
Adolescents.
 Ethical: Students’ Perceptions on the Effect of
Physical Punishment on the Self-Esteem and
School performance.