There are two main methods for measuring distances along sloping ground: direct and indirect. The direct method divides the sloping ground into horizontal and vertical strips and adds the horizontal lengths. The indirect method uses a clinometer, hypotenusal allowances based on slope, or difference in elevation between points to calculate the horizontal distance from sloping distances. Specifically, a clinometer can measure slope and the horizontal component is calculated using cosine of the angle of slope.

1. METHOD OF CHAINING ON SLOPING GROUNDS There are two methods of chaining on sloping grounds Direct method Indirect method

2. Direct method In this method the sloping ground is divided into a number of horizontal and vertical strips The lengths of horizontal portions are measured and added to get the total horizontal distance

3. Indirect method There are further three types of indirect method By using clinometer By applying hypotenusal allowance By knowing the difference of level between the points

4. By using clinometer A clinometer is a graduated semicircular protractor We measure the slope of the ground by using clinometer We resolve the sloping distance into its horizontal component by using the formula Horizontal component =(magnitude of sloping distance )(cos α ) Horizontal component is the required distance

5. By applying hypotenusal allowance In this method the slope of the ground is found by clinometer Hypotenusal allowance is made for each step Then hypotenusal allowance is applied on each step until the end of line is reached

6. Knowing the difference of level In this method the difference of level of two points on the slope is measured by a levelling instrument Then the sloping distances are measured A triangle will form then by applying pathagorous theorem the horizontal distance is measured