1. The document discusses the metabolic costs involved in the uptake of several key plant nutrients from the soil, including nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, potassium, iron, calcium, and magnesium.
2. Most of these nutrients are actively transported into root cells through ion channels and transporters powered by proton gradients generated by ATPase pumps in cell membranes.
3. This active transport process requires the coupling of nutrient uptake with hydrogen ion flow, and therefore has a metabolic energy cost to the plant in the form of ATP hydrolysis.
This document summarizes research characterizing the intact 14-subunit respiratory membrane bound [NiFe]-hydrogenase complex (MBH) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. The researchers expressed a His-tagged version of MBH in P. furiosus and purified the intact detergent-solubilized complex using affinity chromatography. The purified MBH complex contained all 14 subunits and exhibited catalytic hydrogen production with physiological electron donors, similar to the membrane-bound form. Small angle X-ray scattering was used to generate a structural model of the purified MBH complex, providing insights into its Z-shaped structure and relationship to other respiratory complexes like Complex I.
Molecular mechanism of Ion uptake, Ion transporters for NitrateAgronomist Wasim
(1) Nitrate uptake in plants is mediated by ion transporters from the NRT1 and NRT2 families. These transporters utilize proton gradients to actively transport nitrate against its concentration gradient.
(2) The NRT2 family contributes to the high-affinity nitrate uptake system, while the NRT1 family is involved in both low- and high-affinity transport. Specific NRT1 and NRT2 transporters play key roles in nitrate signaling and assimilation.
(3) Nitrate uptake is regulated through both inducible and constitutive transport systems to accommodate varying external nitrate concentrations and fulfill plant nitrogen requirements under different environmental conditions.
The document summarizes the structure and functions of key organelles in plant cells, including the cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and plasmodesmata. The cell wall provides shape and protection, while the plasma membrane encloses the living contents of the cell. The nucleus houses genetic material and controls cell processes. Chloroplasts and mitochondria perform photosynthesis and respiration. Other organelles are involved in transport and sorting of materials within the cell.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Methanogens are archaea that obtain energy through the anaerobic synthesis of methane from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, or organic compounds like acetate. They are strict anaerobes that thrive in environments rich in organic matter like the rumen, wetlands, and sediments. Chemolithotrophs are prokaryotes that obtain energy from the oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds like hydrogen, ammonia, and sulfide while fixing inorganic carbon. They generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation using electrons from inorganic molecules in their electron transport chain rather than organic nutrients. Methanogens and chemolithotrophs play important ecological roles in biogeochemical cycling through the removal and fixation of compounds.
2011_Important Determinants for Fucoidan Bioactivity A Critical Review of Str...Marcel Tutor Ale, PhD
This document reviews important determinants for the bioactivity of fucoidan, which are fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides found in brown seaweeds. It discusses how the extraction method used to obtain fucoidan from seaweed is crucial for retaining structural features that influence its biological activity. A historic overview of early fucoidan extraction methods shows they often co-extracted contaminants. More focus on extraction procedures is needed to understand structure-function relationships and standardize fucoidan for applications.
ANTIOXIDANTS AND POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE, APROPHYLACTIC AND THERAPEUTIC MIXTU...Dmitri Popov
ANTIOXIDANTS AND POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE, APROPHYLACTIC AND THERAPEUTIC MIXTURE COMPRISING THIS COMPOUND AND THE USE THEREOF FOR DECORPORATION OF RADIOCESIUM IN SUBJECTS AFFECTED BY NUCLEAR RADIATION
This document summarizes research characterizing the intact 14-subunit respiratory membrane bound [NiFe]-hydrogenase complex (MBH) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. The researchers expressed a His-tagged version of MBH in P. furiosus and purified the intact detergent-solubilized complex using affinity chromatography. The purified MBH complex contained all 14 subunits and exhibited catalytic hydrogen production with physiological electron donors, similar to the membrane-bound form. Small angle X-ray scattering was used to generate a structural model of the purified MBH complex, providing insights into its Z-shaped structure and relationship to other respiratory complexes like Complex I.
Molecular mechanism of Ion uptake, Ion transporters for NitrateAgronomist Wasim
(1) Nitrate uptake in plants is mediated by ion transporters from the NRT1 and NRT2 families. These transporters utilize proton gradients to actively transport nitrate against its concentration gradient.
(2) The NRT2 family contributes to the high-affinity nitrate uptake system, while the NRT1 family is involved in both low- and high-affinity transport. Specific NRT1 and NRT2 transporters play key roles in nitrate signaling and assimilation.
(3) Nitrate uptake is regulated through both inducible and constitutive transport systems to accommodate varying external nitrate concentrations and fulfill plant nitrogen requirements under different environmental conditions.
The document summarizes the structure and functions of key organelles in plant cells, including the cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and plasmodesmata. The cell wall provides shape and protection, while the plasma membrane encloses the living contents of the cell. The nucleus houses genetic material and controls cell processes. Chloroplasts and mitochondria perform photosynthesis and respiration. Other organelles are involved in transport and sorting of materials within the cell.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Methanogens are archaea that obtain energy through the anaerobic synthesis of methane from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, or organic compounds like acetate. They are strict anaerobes that thrive in environments rich in organic matter like the rumen, wetlands, and sediments. Chemolithotrophs are prokaryotes that obtain energy from the oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds like hydrogen, ammonia, and sulfide while fixing inorganic carbon. They generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation using electrons from inorganic molecules in their electron transport chain rather than organic nutrients. Methanogens and chemolithotrophs play important ecological roles in biogeochemical cycling through the removal and fixation of compounds.
2011_Important Determinants for Fucoidan Bioactivity A Critical Review of Str...Marcel Tutor Ale, PhD
This document reviews important determinants for the bioactivity of fucoidan, which are fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides found in brown seaweeds. It discusses how the extraction method used to obtain fucoidan from seaweed is crucial for retaining structural features that influence its biological activity. A historic overview of early fucoidan extraction methods shows they often co-extracted contaminants. More focus on extraction procedures is needed to understand structure-function relationships and standardize fucoidan for applications.
ANTIOXIDANTS AND POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE, APROPHYLACTIC AND THERAPEUTIC MIXTU...Dmitri Popov
ANTIOXIDANTS AND POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE, APROPHYLACTIC AND THERAPEUTIC MIXTURE COMPRISING THIS COMPOUND AND THE USE THEREOF FOR DECORPORATION OF RADIOCESIUM IN SUBJECTS AFFECTED BY NUCLEAR RADIATION
This document discusses mineral nutrition in plants through 13 slides. It covers methods of studying mineral requirements through hydroponics, criteria for essentiality of elements, macro and micronutrients, their roles and deficiency symptoms. Macronutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur while micronutrients are iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum and chlorine. Their absorption, functions and deficiency symptoms are detailed. The nitrogen cycle showing relationships between atmospheric, soil and biomass nitrogen pools is also depicted.
According to the PCI Syllabus ,B Pharm V Sem Sub : Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II
It contains the general introduction of metabolic Pathways ,Metabolites and How primary metabolites are linked with secondary metabolites
General introduction.
History of methanogens
Ecology and habitat of methanogens.
Morphology of methanogens.
Diversity found in methanogens.
Characterstics of some model methanogens.
Metabolism of methanogens:
Methanogenesis
Cofactors and coenzymes of methanogenesis
Different pathways used during methanogenesis
Energy conservation.
Pros and cons of methanogens.
Application
References.
This document discusses the biotransformation of xenobiotics, or foreign compounds, in the body. Xenobiotics enter the body through food, medications, and industrial/pharmaceutical products. They are transformed in the liver and other tissues through two phases: Phase I involves reactions like hydroxylation and Phase II involves conjugating the compound to make it more polar and able to be excreted in urine or bile. Key enzymes involved in biotransformation include the cytochrome P450 system and conjugating enzymes that attach groups like glucuronic acid, sulfate, glycine, or glutathione to the xenobiotic. The liver is the primary site of biotransformation, which helps deactivate and eliminate toxins and drugs from the
Methanotrophs are unique bacteria that use methane as their sole carbon and energy source. They play several important roles in the environment. First, they oxidize methane produced by archaea, reducing the amount of this potent greenhouse gas that enters the atmosphere. Second, they can degrade various organic pollutants using monooxygenase enzymes. Finally, they can remediate heavy metals by transforming more toxic forms into less toxic forms or facilitating precipitation. Methanotrophs thus aid in carbon and pollutant cycling while also helping to mitigate climate change.
The document discusses classifying microbes based on their metabolic requirements and laboratory techniques used for culturing bacteria. It covers Robert Koch's pioneering work developing strategies for cultivating bacteria. It describes the four phases of bacterial growth in laboratory conditions. Key techniques discussed include obtaining pure cultures using streak plating on semi-solid agar media, and maintaining and storing stock cultures.
Nutritional requirement by microorganismsSuchittaU
Nutrients are required for microbial growth and act as building blocks and energy sources. The main nutrient requirements for microorganisms include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and trace elements. Microorganisms can be classified based on their carbon, energy and electron sources as photolithotrophs, photoorganoheterotrophs, chemolithoautotrophs, chemolithoheterotrophs or chemoorganoheterotrophs. Culture media are used to grow microorganisms and include defined, complex, liquid, solid, supportive, enriched, selective and differential media depending on their composition and purpose.
Xenobiotics are foreign compounds to our body. They are more lipophilic and less hydrophilic . So it is quite tough to excrete them out from the body. Hence metabolism of xenobiotic is important.
Algal pigments structure and function (2)Moumita Paul
Algal Pigments- Structure and Function discusses the various pigments found in algae. It begins by introducing that algae range in size and can be single-celled or multicellular organisms. They contain chloroplasts or chromoplasts in their cells that harbor pigments. The main pigments discussed are chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, fucoxanthin, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin. Each pigment has a unique molecular structure and absorbs different wavelengths of light, allowing algae to capture more of the sun's energy for photosynthesis. The pigments also serve protective functions. In conclusion, the variety of pigments allow different types of algae to
This document provides an overview of basic metabolic pathways in plants. It discusses primary and secondary metabolism, the role of enzymes and co-enzymes, and several key pathways such as the shikimic acid, acetate, and mevalonate pathways. Primary metabolites such as starch, cellulose, and chlorophyll are synthesized through basic metabolic pathways and are essential for plant growth and function. Secondary metabolites are derived from primary metabolites and have pharmacological activities. Enzymes help catalyze biochemical reactions in metabolic pathways, while co-enzymes assist enzymes and participate in reactions. Biosynthesis converts carbon dioxide into carbohydrates through photosynthesis.
Microorganisms require nutrients for growth and metabolism. There are two categories of essential nutrients: macro-nutrients which are needed in large amounts to maintain cell structure and metabolism, and micro-nutrients which are needed in trace amounts to help enzyme function and maintain protein structure. Microorganisms obtain carbon, nitrogen, and other macro-nutrients from both inorganic and organic sources, while micro-nutrients like metals serve as catalysts in enzymes. Microorganisms are also classified based on their energy and electron sources as phototrophs or chemotrophs, and lithotrophs or organotrophs.
Ionophores are lipid-soluble compounds that form complexes to transport ions across biological membranes. They play an important role in improving livestock and poultry health and feed efficiency. Ionophores are produced by microorganisms and act by increasing the permeability of cell membranes to specific cations. Common ionophores used in animal feed include monensin, lasalocid, and salinomycin.
Introduction to the evolutionary metabolic medicine based on mitochondrial dy...banafsheh61
This document provides information about a company called Evolutionary Metabolic Medicine based in Tehran, Iran that studies mitochondrial dysfunction. It introduces mitochondrial evolution and function, describing how mitochondria originated from bacteria and regulate cell metabolism. Nearly all human diseases are related to mitochondrial dysfunction caused by reactive oxygen species production during respiration. The summary introduces a new branch of medicine focused on treating diseases by addressing mitochondrial metabolic changes.
In this presentation we can see.
What is microbial nutrition and what kind of nutrients take by the microbes, types of nutrients and how microbes uptake nutrients and classification of microorganisms on the basis of nutrition. And Growth factors for microbial growth .What is passive diffusion ,active transport and phagocytosis,
Nutrition and respiration are essential life processes. Nutrition involves taking in nutrients from food to provide energy and materials for growth through processes like ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion. There are two main types of nutrition - autotrophic where organisms produce their own food (like plants) and heterotrophic where food is obtained from other organisms. Respiration is the process by which living beings break down food to release energy. It involves breaking down glucose and pyruvate through aerobic and anaerobic pathways to produce energy molecules like ATP. Exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide is also crucial for aerobic respiration.
Ionophores are molecules that transport ions across biological membranes. They contain both hydrophilic regions that bind ions and hydrophobic regions that interact with membrane lipids. Ionophores are classified based on their mechanism of action as either mobile carrier ionophores which transport ion complexes, or channel-forming ionophores which introduce pores for ion passage. Examples include valinomycin which transports potassium ions, gramicidin A which forms channels for cation transport, and ionomycin which carries calcium ions into cells. Ionophores have important applications as antibiotics, in research to manipulate cellular physiology, and as feed additives to improve livestock growth and productivity.
This document outlines a lecture on carbohydrate and nucleic acid chemistry. It begins by introducing carbohydrates as one of the four major classes of biological molecules, along with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates serve important nutritional, structural, informational, and regulatory functions in living systems. They are classified based on their monomer units into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. The lecture further discusses carbohydrate isomers, epimers, enantiomers, cyclization, and polysaccharides such as starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. It then introduces nucleic acids DNA and RNA as polymers of nucleotides, highlighting their monomers, base pairing, and DNA
Randive Pragati Mangesh is a junior studying Agricultural Biotechnology. Their topic for the course Basic Biochemistry is Flavonoids. Flavonoids are a class of plant secondary metabolites with a common three ring structure. They are widely distributed in plants and have various beneficial effects on human health due to their antioxidant properties. Flavonoids are classified into subgroups based on how their B ring attaches to the C ring and include flavones, flavonols, flavanones, anthocyanidins, and isoflavonoids. They play important roles in plant defense against pathogens and have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-atherosclerotic effects in humans.
The document discusses biotransformation and detoxification reactions. It describes how xenobiotics are metabolized in two phases: Phase 1 involves reactions like hydroxylation and Phase 2 involves conjugating these products to make them more hydrophilic and excretable, through glucuronidation, sulfation, acetylation, methylation or conjugation to amino acids or glutathione. The cytochrome P450 system is important for Phase 1 reactions like oxidation. Phase 2 makes compounds more polar through conjugating them to compounds like glucuronic acid. This allows xenobiotics to be safely eliminated from the body.
Mineral nutrition, absoprtion & assimililationHaya Jihan
This document discusses mineral nutrition and absorption in plants. It covers essential mineral nutrients, how they are absorbed by plant roots from the soil solution and transported throughout the plant. The key points are:
1) Plants require mineral nutrients which are absorbed from the soil by roots and transported via xylem to other plant parts.
2) There are 16 essential mineral nutrients grouped by their functions in plant metabolism and structure.
3) Nutrients are absorbed as ions by root hairs and transported through the root before loading into the xylem for long-distance transport.
4) Once in plant tissues, nutrients are assimilated into organic molecules to support plant growth and metabolism.
Micronutrients and foliar fertilization.pptxMunebKhan
This document summarizes the physiological roles and deficiency symptoms of several micronutrients in plants, including iron, copper, manganese, zinc, boron, and molybdenum. Each micronutrient plays an important role in plant processes like photosynthesis, enzyme activity, nitrogen metabolism, and cell wall structure. Deficiencies cause visual symptoms like chlorosis, necrosis, and stunted growth. Maintaining optimal micronutrient levels is important for plant health and productivity.
This document discusses mineral nutrition in plants through 13 slides. It covers methods of studying mineral requirements through hydroponics, criteria for essentiality of elements, macro and micronutrients, their roles and deficiency symptoms. Macronutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur while micronutrients are iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum and chlorine. Their absorption, functions and deficiency symptoms are detailed. The nitrogen cycle showing relationships between atmospheric, soil and biomass nitrogen pools is also depicted.
According to the PCI Syllabus ,B Pharm V Sem Sub : Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II
It contains the general introduction of metabolic Pathways ,Metabolites and How primary metabolites are linked with secondary metabolites
General introduction.
History of methanogens
Ecology and habitat of methanogens.
Morphology of methanogens.
Diversity found in methanogens.
Characterstics of some model methanogens.
Metabolism of methanogens:
Methanogenesis
Cofactors and coenzymes of methanogenesis
Different pathways used during methanogenesis
Energy conservation.
Pros and cons of methanogens.
Application
References.
This document discusses the biotransformation of xenobiotics, or foreign compounds, in the body. Xenobiotics enter the body through food, medications, and industrial/pharmaceutical products. They are transformed in the liver and other tissues through two phases: Phase I involves reactions like hydroxylation and Phase II involves conjugating the compound to make it more polar and able to be excreted in urine or bile. Key enzymes involved in biotransformation include the cytochrome P450 system and conjugating enzymes that attach groups like glucuronic acid, sulfate, glycine, or glutathione to the xenobiotic. The liver is the primary site of biotransformation, which helps deactivate and eliminate toxins and drugs from the
Methanotrophs are unique bacteria that use methane as their sole carbon and energy source. They play several important roles in the environment. First, they oxidize methane produced by archaea, reducing the amount of this potent greenhouse gas that enters the atmosphere. Second, they can degrade various organic pollutants using monooxygenase enzymes. Finally, they can remediate heavy metals by transforming more toxic forms into less toxic forms or facilitating precipitation. Methanotrophs thus aid in carbon and pollutant cycling while also helping to mitigate climate change.
The document discusses classifying microbes based on their metabolic requirements and laboratory techniques used for culturing bacteria. It covers Robert Koch's pioneering work developing strategies for cultivating bacteria. It describes the four phases of bacterial growth in laboratory conditions. Key techniques discussed include obtaining pure cultures using streak plating on semi-solid agar media, and maintaining and storing stock cultures.
Nutritional requirement by microorganismsSuchittaU
Nutrients are required for microbial growth and act as building blocks and energy sources. The main nutrient requirements for microorganisms include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and trace elements. Microorganisms can be classified based on their carbon, energy and electron sources as photolithotrophs, photoorganoheterotrophs, chemolithoautotrophs, chemolithoheterotrophs or chemoorganoheterotrophs. Culture media are used to grow microorganisms and include defined, complex, liquid, solid, supportive, enriched, selective and differential media depending on their composition and purpose.
Xenobiotics are foreign compounds to our body. They are more lipophilic and less hydrophilic . So it is quite tough to excrete them out from the body. Hence metabolism of xenobiotic is important.
Algal pigments structure and function (2)Moumita Paul
Algal Pigments- Structure and Function discusses the various pigments found in algae. It begins by introducing that algae range in size and can be single-celled or multicellular organisms. They contain chloroplasts or chromoplasts in their cells that harbor pigments. The main pigments discussed are chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, fucoxanthin, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin. Each pigment has a unique molecular structure and absorbs different wavelengths of light, allowing algae to capture more of the sun's energy for photosynthesis. The pigments also serve protective functions. In conclusion, the variety of pigments allow different types of algae to
This document provides an overview of basic metabolic pathways in plants. It discusses primary and secondary metabolism, the role of enzymes and co-enzymes, and several key pathways such as the shikimic acid, acetate, and mevalonate pathways. Primary metabolites such as starch, cellulose, and chlorophyll are synthesized through basic metabolic pathways and are essential for plant growth and function. Secondary metabolites are derived from primary metabolites and have pharmacological activities. Enzymes help catalyze biochemical reactions in metabolic pathways, while co-enzymes assist enzymes and participate in reactions. Biosynthesis converts carbon dioxide into carbohydrates through photosynthesis.
Microorganisms require nutrients for growth and metabolism. There are two categories of essential nutrients: macro-nutrients which are needed in large amounts to maintain cell structure and metabolism, and micro-nutrients which are needed in trace amounts to help enzyme function and maintain protein structure. Microorganisms obtain carbon, nitrogen, and other macro-nutrients from both inorganic and organic sources, while micro-nutrients like metals serve as catalysts in enzymes. Microorganisms are also classified based on their energy and electron sources as phototrophs or chemotrophs, and lithotrophs or organotrophs.
Ionophores are lipid-soluble compounds that form complexes to transport ions across biological membranes. They play an important role in improving livestock and poultry health and feed efficiency. Ionophores are produced by microorganisms and act by increasing the permeability of cell membranes to specific cations. Common ionophores used in animal feed include monensin, lasalocid, and salinomycin.
Introduction to the evolutionary metabolic medicine based on mitochondrial dy...banafsheh61
This document provides information about a company called Evolutionary Metabolic Medicine based in Tehran, Iran that studies mitochondrial dysfunction. It introduces mitochondrial evolution and function, describing how mitochondria originated from bacteria and regulate cell metabolism. Nearly all human diseases are related to mitochondrial dysfunction caused by reactive oxygen species production during respiration. The summary introduces a new branch of medicine focused on treating diseases by addressing mitochondrial metabolic changes.
In this presentation we can see.
What is microbial nutrition and what kind of nutrients take by the microbes, types of nutrients and how microbes uptake nutrients and classification of microorganisms on the basis of nutrition. And Growth factors for microbial growth .What is passive diffusion ,active transport and phagocytosis,
Nutrition and respiration are essential life processes. Nutrition involves taking in nutrients from food to provide energy and materials for growth through processes like ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion. There are two main types of nutrition - autotrophic where organisms produce their own food (like plants) and heterotrophic where food is obtained from other organisms. Respiration is the process by which living beings break down food to release energy. It involves breaking down glucose and pyruvate through aerobic and anaerobic pathways to produce energy molecules like ATP. Exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide is also crucial for aerobic respiration.
Ionophores are molecules that transport ions across biological membranes. They contain both hydrophilic regions that bind ions and hydrophobic regions that interact with membrane lipids. Ionophores are classified based on their mechanism of action as either mobile carrier ionophores which transport ion complexes, or channel-forming ionophores which introduce pores for ion passage. Examples include valinomycin which transports potassium ions, gramicidin A which forms channels for cation transport, and ionomycin which carries calcium ions into cells. Ionophores have important applications as antibiotics, in research to manipulate cellular physiology, and as feed additives to improve livestock growth and productivity.
This document outlines a lecture on carbohydrate and nucleic acid chemistry. It begins by introducing carbohydrates as one of the four major classes of biological molecules, along with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates serve important nutritional, structural, informational, and regulatory functions in living systems. They are classified based on their monomer units into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. The lecture further discusses carbohydrate isomers, epimers, enantiomers, cyclization, and polysaccharides such as starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. It then introduces nucleic acids DNA and RNA as polymers of nucleotides, highlighting their monomers, base pairing, and DNA
Randive Pragati Mangesh is a junior studying Agricultural Biotechnology. Their topic for the course Basic Biochemistry is Flavonoids. Flavonoids are a class of plant secondary metabolites with a common three ring structure. They are widely distributed in plants and have various beneficial effects on human health due to their antioxidant properties. Flavonoids are classified into subgroups based on how their B ring attaches to the C ring and include flavones, flavonols, flavanones, anthocyanidins, and isoflavonoids. They play important roles in plant defense against pathogens and have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-atherosclerotic effects in humans.
The document discusses biotransformation and detoxification reactions. It describes how xenobiotics are metabolized in two phases: Phase 1 involves reactions like hydroxylation and Phase 2 involves conjugating these products to make them more hydrophilic and excretable, through glucuronidation, sulfation, acetylation, methylation or conjugation to amino acids or glutathione. The cytochrome P450 system is important for Phase 1 reactions like oxidation. Phase 2 makes compounds more polar through conjugating them to compounds like glucuronic acid. This allows xenobiotics to be safely eliminated from the body.
Mineral nutrition, absoprtion & assimililationHaya Jihan
This document discusses mineral nutrition and absorption in plants. It covers essential mineral nutrients, how they are absorbed by plant roots from the soil solution and transported throughout the plant. The key points are:
1) Plants require mineral nutrients which are absorbed from the soil by roots and transported via xylem to other plant parts.
2) There are 16 essential mineral nutrients grouped by their functions in plant metabolism and structure.
3) Nutrients are absorbed as ions by root hairs and transported through the root before loading into the xylem for long-distance transport.
4) Once in plant tissues, nutrients are assimilated into organic molecules to support plant growth and metabolism.
Micronutrients and foliar fertilization.pptxMunebKhan
This document summarizes the physiological roles and deficiency symptoms of several micronutrients in plants, including iron, copper, manganese, zinc, boron, and molybdenum. Each micronutrient plays an important role in plant processes like photosynthesis, enzyme activity, nitrogen metabolism, and cell wall structure. Deficiencies cause visual symptoms like chlorosis, necrosis, and stunted growth. Maintaining optimal micronutrient levels is important for plant health and productivity.
Bundle-sheath cells form a sheath around vascular bundles in plant leaves and stems and contain chloroplasts, carrying out the Calvin cycle in C4 plants. C3 plants use the C3 carbon fixation pathway, while C4 plants first fix CO2 into a four-carbon compound in mesophyll cells before it is released in bundle sheath cells for the C3 pathway. CAM plants open stomata at night to collect CO2 and keep them closed in the day to reduce water loss. Chemiosmosis uses a proton gradient to generate ATP during cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Facultative anaerobes can switch between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Mesophyll tissue contains photosynthetic cells in
The phosphorus cycle describes the movement of phosphorus through lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Phosphorus is essential for life and is found in DNA, bones, teeth, and used in matches. In the phosphorus cycle, weathering releases phosphorus from rocks into soil. Microbes convert phosphorus in soil into soluble inorganic forms that can be absorbed by plants. Plants and animals absorb phosphorus, which returns to the environment through decomposition. The cycle continuously moves phosphorus from the lithosphere into the biosphere and back again.
The phosphorus cycle involves the movement of phosphorus through the environment and living organisms. Phosphorus moves slowly through soils and oceans but cycles more quickly through ecosystems as it is absorbed by plants and animals and returned to soils through decomposition. Humans have significantly impacted the phosphorus cycle through mining phosphorus ores, use of phosphorus fertilizers, and transporting phosphorus-containing food and waste. This risks over-enrichment of waters with phosphorus from runoff and effluent, contributing to accelerated eutrophication of water bodies.
Root exudates play an important role in plant nutrition by interacting with soil microbes and influencing the rhizosphere. Root exudates include primary metabolites like amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, and secondary metabolites like flavonoids, lignins, coumarins, and fatty acids. These exudates are released from the root tip through passive diffusion and active transport processes. They function to attract beneficial microbes, chelate nutrients, and defend against pathogens in the rhizosphere. The composition and concentration of root exudates varies depending on plant species and environmental conditions like nutrient availability.
Iron acquisition by pathogens like Leishmania is tightly regulated. Leishmania resides within macrophage cells and must acquire iron from the endosomal pathway where it exists bound to transferrin or in ferrous form. Leishmania expresses a ferrous iron transporter called LIT1 that allows it to import iron from the macrophage endosome in order to produce superoxide dismutase, an enzyme necessary for resisting oxidative stress within macrophages. A LIT1 knockout Leishmania strain was non-virulent and unable to replicate within macrophages or cause lesions in mice, but complementation with a functional LIT1 gene restored virulence, demonstrating the critical role of LIT1 in iron acquisition and survival within host cells.
ASSIMILATION OF PHOSPHORUS AND ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONRuchi
Phosphorus is an essential plant macronutrient that is required for many critical cellular functions and processes. It is a component of key molecules like nucleic acids, phospholipids, and ATP. Phosphorus exists in both organic and inorganic forms in soil, but most soil phosphorus is unavailable to plants. Plants have developed strategies to acquire phosphorus from soil like forming specialized root structures and exuding organic acids. Phosphate is transported across plant membranes through cotransporters and is compartmentalized within cells. Plants tightly regulate phosphorus uptake, transport, and recycling in response to phosphorus availability through physiological and morphological adaptations.
This document discusses microbial nutrition, including macronutrients, micronutrients, growth factors, and environmental factors that influence microbial growth. It explains that microbes require carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other minerals as macronutrients, and trace amounts of metals like iron and zinc as micronutrients. The document also classifies microbes based on their carbon, energy, and electron sources, and lists examples like phototrophs, chemotrophs, lithotrophs, and organotrophs. Finally, it describes various mechanisms that microbes use to transport nutrients into cells, such as passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, group translocation, and
Potassium transporters and its importance.pptxVinithWin
This document discusses potassium transporters in plants and their importance. It describes that potassium is an essential nutrient for plants and is involved in key metabolic processes. Potassium can be transported across membranes via channels or electrochemical potential driven transporters. There are three main families of plant potassium transporters - KT/HAK/KUP transporters, K+ transporters (Trk/HKT), and cation/proton antiporters (CPA). The KT/HAK/KUP transporters have high and low affinity variants that are important for potassium uptake. The HKT transporters can transport both potassium and sodium. CPA transporters exchange protons for cations to regulate pH and cation homeostasis in the cell.
The document discusses various mechanisms of nutrient and water uptake in plants. It describes nutrient absorption mechanisms including ion exchange, channels, carriers and active transport pumps. It also discusses the transport of absorbed nutrients within plant cells and tissues, focusing on passive transport mechanisms like channels and carriers, as well as active transport mechanisms like proton pumps and ABC transporters. Finally, it covers the long-distance transport of organic molecules like photosynthates from source to sink tissues, known as translocation, which primarily occurs via the phloem as per the Munch pressure flow hypothesis.
This document summarizes various mechanisms of nutrient uptake by plant root cells from soil, including both passive/non-mediated and active/mediated uptake. Passive uptake involves mass flow, diffusion, root interception, and ion exchange via contact or carbonic acid exchange theories. Active uptake requires metabolic energy and involves carrier proteins or ion pumps that transport ions against concentration gradients using ATP. Tables provide data on nutrient supply percentages from soil solution and ion absorption/proton extrusion by plant roots under different conditions. Figures show effects of variables like salt concentration, temperature, and species on ion contents and absorption potentials.
Phytoextraction is a type of phytoremediation that uses hyperaccumulator plants to absorb and concentrate heavy metals from contaminated soil and store them in harvestable parts. There are two forms: natural hyperaccumulation which uses plants unassisted, and induced hyperaccumulation which adds chelators to soil to increase metal absorption. For phytoextraction to work effectively, plants must have strong roots, high growth rates, and the ability to absorb, transport, and store large amounts of metals without damage. The harvested plants are then properly disposed of to remove the metals from the soil.
Phosphorylation and Types of Phosphorylation.pdfChloe Cheney
Phosphorylation is a complex process that's studied in Chemistry & Biology. We've made it easy for you to understand phosphorylation & types of Phosphorylation.
Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots where they facilitate the uptake of nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen from the soil and transfer them to the plant in exchange for photosynthetic carbon compounds. Root exudates also play a role in nutrient absorption. Plants secrete organic compounds and ions from their roots which acidify or alkalize the soil environment to solubilize nutrients and attract beneficial microbes that aid in mineral uptake. These symbiotic relationships between plants, mycorrhizal fungi, and microbes form the basis for efficient mineral nutrition in plants.
The document discusses plant nutrition and the classification of nutrient elements. It states that 17 chemical elements are important for plant growth and survival. These elements can be divided into non-mineral nutrients (C, H, O) and mineral nutrients, with the latter further divided into macronutrients and micronutrients based on the quantity needed. Macronutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. Micronutrients are needed in very small quantities and include manganese, chlorine, copper, iron, molybdenum, and zinc. The document also discusses the criteria for essentiality of elements, classification based on mobility, and the mechanisms of nutrient uptake in plants.
This document discusses mineral nutrition in plants. It explains that plants obtain mineral nutrients from the soil, which are essential for their growth and metabolism. It describes the different groups of mineral nutrients based on their functions in plants. The document also discusses factors that influence mineral nutrient uptake, such as soil pH, cation exchange, and mycorrhizal associations with fungi that help plants absorb nutrients from the soil. It explains how nutrient uptake occurs through different parts of the root system and how nutrient transport works within the plant.
The document discusses biogeochemical cycles, specifically the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. It explains that biogeochemical cycles circulate essential chemical elements between living organisms and their surrounding environment, and involve both biological and non-living components. For the nitrogen cycle, it describes the processes of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification that transform nitrogen between its various states. For the phosphorus cycle, it notes that phosphorus weathers from rocks into soil and is taken up by plants and animals before eventually returning to sediments through decomposition.
Similar to Metabolic cost involved in nutrient absorption in plant (20)
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. Introduction
Nutrient uptake: the mechanism by which plants capture all those elements that
are essential for their growth.
Factors
for
Nutrient
uptake
plant
species
environmental
conditions
nutrient
supply
interrelationship
between plant and soil
Others
presence of
microorganisms
3. Nutrient uptake
• Shared by all young root parts and
zone of root hairs
• Root excretions influence the solubility
of some mineral substances
(phosphorus)
• Development of soil microflora
• Nutrients: small molecules without an
electric charge or positively or
negatively charged ions
Roots
• They can also pose a place where a
foliar nutrition of plants can take
place
• Amount of taken up nutrients is low
• Significantly affect the acceptability
of nutrients by soil
• Nutrient application + pesticides
(especially regarding nitrogen
fertilizers)
Foliar
4. Metabolism
A series of chemical processes that occur within an organism, which include either
synthesis (anabolism) or breakdown (catabolism) of organic compounds.
These two mechanisms are interrelated, as anabolism requires energy from catabolism
that links ion transport with electron flow in the respiration chain.
Greek word “metabolismos”, which means change in
movement/form
Synthesis (anabolism)
The set of metabolic
pathways that construct
molecules from smaller units
Breakdown (catabolism)
The set of metabolic
pathways that break down
molecules into smaller units
and release energy
5. Nitrogen Uptake
Plants absorb nitrogen through their roots either in the form of ammonium ions or
nitrates which are available in the soil.
Molecular nitrogen can be fixed directly by the nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes
(diazotrophs), which are either free living or growing in symbiotic associations with
plants.
Within plants nitrogen is transported in the form of nitrates, amino acids, amines.
7. Metabolic Cost of Nitrogen Uptake
Nitrate is the most common form in which nitrogen is absorbed by plants from the soil.
Nitrate uptake, mediated by symporters present in plasma membrane, is driven by H+ gradient. It is a
2 H+ /NO3
- symport.
H+ gradient is created across the plasma membrane by the ATPase-mediated H+ pumps.
Flow of H+ in response to their gradient is coupled with nitrate uptake.
NO3
- concentration in the cytosol is maintained by translocating excess nitrate through xylem or by
storing it in vacuoles.
One class of nitrate transporters present in tonoplast belongs to chloride channel family (CLC).
CLC can be either H+ gated anion channels or 2NO3
-/ H+ antiporter. It functions to transport nitrate
across tonoplast.
8. Flow of H+ in response to their gradient
is coupled with nitrate uptake
9. Sulphur Metabolism
Sulphur is a constituent of sulphur-containing amino acids, cysteine, and methionine which are integral
to the protein structure.
Sulphur is available to plants in oxidized form as sulphate ions from soil and/or as a pollutant from air in
the form of SO2.
Plants absorb sulphate through their roots as well as through the stomatal chambers in the leaves.
Once absorbed by roots, sulphate is transported to plastids where it is metabolized or translocated to
leaves where sulphur metabolism is significant and occurs in chloroplasts.
11. Metabolic Cost of Sulphur Uptake
Plants absorb sulphur from the soil in the form of sulphates with the help of sulphate transporters.
These transporters are present in root epidermis, cortical cells, vascular systems, vacuoles, and also in
the membrane of plastids and chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells.
In plasma membrane of root epidermal cells, high-affinity SO4
2- cotransporters are also present which
are H+/SO4
2- symporters. These transporters accumulate sulfate against electrochemical gradient and are
powered by ATPase-mediated proton pumps in the plasma membrane.
Movement of 3H+ occurs in response to proton motive force (PMF), which is coupled with the transport
of one SO4
2-.
13. Phosphorus Metabolism
Phosphorus is essential macronutrient which is central to plant metabolism. It is the constituent of nucleic
acids as phosphodiester linkages join two subsequent nucleotides.
Phosphorus is an essential structural component of membranes as phospholipids.
Phosphorus is found in soil solutions in the form of H2PO4
-, HPO4
2-, and PO4
3-, depending upon the pH of the
soil solution.
In the pH range of 3–7, it is the H2PO4
- which dominates. This form of phosphorus (H2PO4
-) which is denoted
by inorganic phosphate (Pi) is absorbed by the plant.
Unlike NO3
- and SO4
2- , phosphates are not reduced, and it is the oxidized form which is incorporated in the
biomolecules.
14. Metabolic Cost of Phosphorus Uptake
H2PO4
- is the predominant form of phosphorus available in soil at pH 5–6. Plants absorb
phosphorus in the form of H2PO4
-.
There are high-affinity and low-affinity transporters which work in the range of 2.5–12
μM and 50–100 μM, respectively.
Energy demand is met through ATPase-mediated H+ pumps.
Phosphate transporters are H+/Pi symporters with 2 or 4 H+ being transported for each
Pi transported.
16. Potassium Uptake
Potassium (K+) is the most abundant ion in the plant cell.
In Photosynthesis, potassium regulates the opening and closing of stomata, and therefore regulates CO2 uptake.
Potassium triggers activation of enzymes and is essential for production of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). ATP is an
important energy source for many chemical processes taking place in plant issues.
Potassium plays a major role in the regulation of water in plants (osmo-regulation). Both uptake of water through plant
roots and its loss through the stomata are affected by potassium.
Known to improve drought resistance.
Activation of enzymes – potassium has an important role in the activation of many growth related enzymes in plants.
17. Metabolic Cost of Potassium Uptake
HATS (High affinity transport system) and LATS (Low affinity transport system):
In the HATS mechanism, the thermodynamically uphill flux of K+ is driven by the
downhill flux of H+; charge balance is achieved by the outward pumping of two
H+ by the plasma membrane proton ATPase.
In the LATS mechanism, by contrast, an electrogenic uniport of K+ is electrically
balanced by the ATP-driven efflux of one H+.
19. Iron Uptake
Iron is an essential element in all living beings.
It is required as a component of various proteins and as an activator in various
enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
It ranks fourth among all the elements which are available in the earth crust.
Plants can absorb reduced form of iron (Fe2+) since transporters for these are
present in plasma membrane of the root epidermis.
20. Metabolic Cost of Iron Uptake
Two strategies are adopted by plants for the uptake of iron: Phytosiderophores (PS) and Ferredoxin Reductase/Oxidase
(FRO)
In grasses, plants release organic compounds known as phytosiderophores (PS) that efficiently chelate and solubilize
ferric ions.
The Fe (III)-PS complex is the soluble form of the iron complexes which can be absorbed by high-affinity transporters
present in the plasma membrane of root epidermis.
Function of phytosiderophores is less affected by pH.
ATPase mediated H+ pumps in root epidermis pump out protons altering pH of rhizosphere adjacent to roots to acidic.
21. Iron uptake as complex
with phytosiderophore
released by the plant
22. In many species of monocots other than grasses, enzymes of ferredoxin reductase/oxidase (FRO) family are
synthesized.
These are flavocytochromes with intra-membrane heme moieties and large cytoplasmic loops having
binding sites for FAD and NAD(P)H. FROs facilitate electron transfer from NAD(P)H to Fe3+ mediated by
heme as a result of which Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+.
The presence of iron regulated transporter (IRT1) in root epidermis is responsible for the absorption of Fe2+
ions.
Coordinated role of ATPase-mediated H+ pumps, FROs and IRT, is required for iron uptake by the monocots
and dicots.
23. Mechanism of iron
uptake in roots of the
plant. FRO, ferredoxin
reductase/oxidase;
IRT, iron-regulated
transporter
24. Calcium Uptake
Calcium is an essential macronutrient in plants
It exhibits a dual function, both as a structural component of cell walls and
membranes and as intracellular second messenger.
Calcium is taken up from the soil solution through plasma membrane channels
expressed in roots
Ca2+ permeable channels in root cells were first classified into depolarization-
activated channels (DACCs) and hyperpolarization-activated channels (HACCs).
25. OVERVIEW OF Ca2+ UPTAKE AND THE FUNCTIONS IT FULFILLS IN THE PLANT.
Ca2+ is taken up
by the root and
transported to
the shoot in a
mainly
apoplastic way
to avoid
interference
with its function
as second
messenger.
26. Ca2+ enters the cytosol from compartments of
higher concentration (apoplast, organelles) via
channel proteins (blue) to induce an increase in
the cytosolic calcium concentration [Ca2+], the
Ca2+ signal, which is decoded by downstream
components into an appropriate response. The
signal is terminated by transport of Ca2+ out of
the cytosol via Ca2+-ATPases (shown in orange)
or H+ /Ca2+ antiporters (purple) in the plasma or
organeller membranes.
27. Magnesium Uptake
Magnesium is involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression.
Magnesium (Mg) is the most abundant intracellular divalent cation, serving a
wide range of metabolic, structural, and regulatory functions.
Mg2+ from the soil solution can diffuse or be carried passively by water flow in
the apoplast of the root cortex (apoplasmic pathway).
28. Metabolic Cost of Magnesium Uptake
One possible way of Mg2+ entry could be through RCA calcium channels at the
plasma membrane of root cells, which are permeable to a wide variety of
monovalent and divalent cation.
Another possibility is through the AtMRS2/ MGT family members, likely to function
as Mg2+ channels.
Most of those genes follow partly overlapping tempo-spatial activity patterns, but six
members are expressed in root tissues, indicating a possible role in Mg2+ uptake.
30. Zinc Uptake
Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development
Zn acts as cofactor of more than 300 proteins, among which majority are zinc finger
proteins, RNA polymerases and DNA polymerases
It is the only metal present in all six enzyme classes (oxidoreductase, transferase,
hydrolases, lyases, isomerases and ligases).
Zinc deficiency causes stunted growth, mental retardness, diarrhoea and pneumonia
in children.
31. Metabolic Cost of Zinc Uptake
Zn is taken up mainly as divalent cation (Zn2+ ion) by plant roots.
Strategy I involve efflux of reductants, organic acids and H+ ions,which enhance solubility of Zn-
complexes (Zn phosphates, hydroxides etc.) and release Zn2+ Ions for absorption by root
epidermal cells.
Strategy II involves efflux of phytosiderophores (phytometallophores) which form stable
complexes with Zn and their subsequent influx into root epidermal cells.
Passive Zn uptakes by these mechanisms involve participation of water (solvent) molecules and
difference in Zn concentrations across root cell-plasma membrane (RCPM).
The RCPM H+-ATPase system actively pumps H+ ion extracellularly at the expense of ATP
hydrolysis.
Release of H+ ion in rhizosphere causes hyperpolarization of RCPM on one hand while reduces
the soil pH on the other hand which results in increased cation uptake rate.
32. Copper Uptake
Copper has a natural abundance of 60 mg/kg in the Earth’s Crust
In plants, copper (Cu) acts as essential cofactor of numerous proteins.
Under physiological conditions, the transition metal Cu is found in the two
common forms, the reduced Cu(I) state and the oxidized Cu(II) state.
Plant absorbs copper as Cu2+
33. Metabolic Cost of Copper Uptake
Copper is taken up in the roots in its reduced form Cu2+ by COPT proteins, highly
selective Cu-transporters.
Cu uptake system may be non-selective ZIP proteins whereas Cu2+ -efflux is
mediated by H+ /Cu2+ antiporters.
In case excessive Cu enters the roots, the massive generation of ROS activates
also the efflux of K+, causing activation of Programmed Cell Death(PCD).
34. Overview of the Cu-transport system
occurring at the root tip of dicots
35. Manganese Uptake
Manganese (Mn) is an important micronutrient for plant growth and
development and sustains metabolic roles within different plant cell
compartments.
The metal is an essential cofactor for the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of the
photosynthetic machinery, catalyzing the water-splitting reaction in photosystem
II (PSII).
In many enzymes, Mn is interchangeable with other divalent cations such as Ca2+
, cobalt (Co), copper (Cu2+ ), Mg2+ , or Zn2+ .
Availability of Mn to plants depends on its oxidation state: Mn2+ is the only plant-
available form and can be readily transported into root cells and translocated to
the shoot.
36. Metabolic Cost of Manganese Uptake
At the pH of the cytoplasm (assumed pH-7) there
may be significant conversion of Mn(II) to Mn(III).
The transport of Mn2+ into the ER is sheer
speculation but if it occurs it would be analogous to
Ca2+ sequestration by Ca2+ - transporting ATPase.
The uphill transport of Mn2+ into the vacuole is
energized by an H+ antiport, analogous to the H+/Ca
antiport described by Schumaker & Sze
In the long term it seems inevitable that some
mechanism which pumps or exchanges cytoplasmic
Mn2+ across the plasma membrane must be the
major defence against excessive accumulation.
37. Reference
Alejandro, S., S. Höller, B. Meier and E. Peiter. 2020. Manganese in Plants: From Acquisition to Subcellular Allocation. Front. Plant Sci. 11:300.
Bhatla, S.C. and M. A. Lal. 2018. Plant Physiology, Development and Metabolism. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. Gateway East, Singapore.
Britto, D.T. and H. J. Kronzucker. 2008. Cellular mechanisms of potassium transport in plants. Physiol. Plant.
Clarkson, D.T. 1988. The Uptake And Translocation Of Manganese By Plant Roots. In R. D. Graham Et Al. (Eds.), Manganese In Soils And Plants,
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Pp 101-111.
Gupta, N., H. Ram and B. Kumar. 2016. Mechanism of Zinc absorption in plants: uptake, transport, translocation and accumulation. Rev.
Environ. Sci. Biotechnol.
Hermans, C., J. Chen and N. Verbruggen. Magnesium in Plants.
Liu D-Y, Liu Y-M, Zhang W, Chen X-P and C-Q Zou . 2019. Zinc Uptake, Translocation, and Remobilization in Winter Wheat as Affected by Soil
Application of Zn Fertilizer. Front. Plant Sci. 10:426.
Printz, B., S. Lutts, J. H. Hausman and K. Sergeant. 2016. Copper Trafficking in Plants and Its Implication on Cell Wall Dynamics. Front. Plant Sci.
7:601.
Thor, K. 2019. Calcium—Nutrient and Messenger. Front. Plant Sci. 10:440.