The document discusses mergers and acquisitions (M&A), distinguishing between mergers, where two companies combine their assets and liabilities, and acquisitions, where one company gains control over another. It outlines reasons for pursuing M&A, various types of acquisitions, and challenges in achieving success, including integration difficulties and the risk of over-diversification. Key motivations for M&A include increasing market power, overcoming entry barriers, and gaining new capabilities, while potential pitfalls involve inadequate evaluation and high debt levels.

2. Scope of Presentation:
• Key Terms
• Merger v/s Acquisition
• Reasons for M & A
• Types of Acquisition
• Problems in achieving success
MERGERS & ACQUISITION

3. MERGER:
Where Assets and Liabilities of one company
are transferred to another and the first
company loses its existence.
MERGERS & ACQUISITION

4. MERGERS & ACQUISITION

5. MERGERS & ACQUISITION
AMALGAMATION:
Where two or more companies carrying on
similar business go into liquidation and a new
company is formed to take over their business.

6. MERGERS & ACQUISITION
ACQUISITION:
A corporate action in which a company buys
most, if not all, of the target company's
ownership stakes in order to assume control of
the target firm.

7. MERGERS & ACQUISITION
How do Mergers and Acquisitions Differ?
• The words are often used interchangeably even
though they mean something very different.
• Merger sounds more amicable, less threatening.

8. h
MERGERS & ACQUISITION
Mergers Acquisitions
• Two firms are combined on
relatively co-equal basis.
• Parent stocks are usually
retired and new stock issued.
• Name may be one of the
parents’ or a combination.
• One of the parents usually
emerges as the dominant
management.
• One firm buys another firm.
• Can be a controlling share, a
majority, or all of the target
firm’s stock.
• Can be friendly or hostile.
• Usually done through a tender
offer.

9. Why go for Mergers & Acquisitions
1)Increased market power:
Exists when a firm is able to sell its goods or services above competitive
levels or when the costs of its primary or support activities are lower than
those of its competitors
• Sources of market power include
 Size of the firm
 Resources and capabilities to compete in the market
 Share of the market
• Entails buying a competitor, a supplier, a distributor, or a business in a
highly related industry
MERGERS & ACQUISITION

10. MERGERS & ACQUISITION
Contd......
2)To increase market power, firms use:
• Horizontal Acquisitions
Acquirer and acquired companies compete in the same industry
• Vertical Acquisitions
Firm acquires a supplier or distributor of one or more of its
goods or services; leads to additional controls over parts of
the value chain
• Related Acquisitions
Firm acquires another company in a highly related industry

11. 3)Overcoming entry barriers into:
• New product markets – product diversification
• New international markets – geographic
diversification
Cross-border acquisitions – those made between companies
with headquarters in different country
MERGERS & ACQUISITION

12. 4)Cost of new product development and increased speed
to market:
• Can be used to gain access to new products and to current
products that are new to the firm
• Quick approach for entering markets (product and
geographic)
MERGERS & ACQUISITION

13. 5)Lower risk compared to developing new products:
• Easier to estimate acquisition outcomes versus internal
development
• Internal development has a very high failure rate
6)Increased diversification:
• Most common mode of diversification when entering new
markets with new products
• Hard to internally develop products that differ from current lines
for markets in which a firm lacks experience
• The more related the acquisition the higher the chances for
success
MERGERS & ACQUISITION

14. 7)Reshaping firm’s competitive scope:
• Can lessen a firms dependence on one or more products or
markets
8)Learning and developing new capabilities:
• When you acquire a firm you also acquire any skills and
capabilities that it has
• Firms should seek to acquire companies with different but
related and complementary capabilities in order to build
their own knowledge base
MERGERS & ACQUISITION

15. TYPES OF ACQUISITION
1)Friendly Acquisition
A friendly Acquisition is done with the consent of the
Target Company. Generally there is an agreement
between the acquirer and the target company through
negotiations
2)Hostile Acquisition
Where an acquirer do not offer to Target Company the
proposal to acquire its undertaking but unilaterally pursue
efforts to gain control against the wishes of existing
management
MERGERS & ACQUISITION

16. Problems in achieving Acquisition Success:
MERGERS & ACQUISITION

17. 1) Integration difficulties:
• Most important determinant of shareholder value creation
• Culture, financial and control systems, working relationships
• Status of newly acquired firm’s executives
2)Inadequate evaluation of target
• Due diligence – process through which a potential acquirer
evaluates a target firm for acquisition
• Can result in paying excessive premium for target company
MERGERS & ACQUISITION

18. 3) Large or extraordinary debt:
High debt can negatively effect the firm
• Increases the likelihood of bankruptcy
• Can lead to a downgrade in a firm’s credit rating
• May preclude needed investment in other activities that
contribute to a firm’s long-term success
– R&D, human resource training, marketing
MERGERS & ACQUISITION

19. 4) Inability to achieve synergy:
Synergy: Value created by units exceeds value of units
working independently
– Achieved when the two firms' assets are complementary in
unique ways
– Generates gains in shareholder wealth that they could not
duplicate or exceed through their own portfolio
diversification decisions
MERGERS & ACQUISITION

20. Private synergy: Occurs when the combination and
integration of acquiring and acquired firms' assets
yields capabilities and core competencies that could
not be developed by combining and integrating the
assets with any other company
– Very difficult to create private synergy
• Firms tend to underestimate costs and overestimate
synergy
MERGERS & ACQUISITION

21. 5) Too much diversification:
– Firms can become over diversified which can lead to a
decline in performance
– Diversified firms must process more information of greater
diversity
– Scope created by diversification may cause managers to
rely too much on financial rather than strategic controls to
evaluate performance of business units
– Acquisitions may become substitutes for innovation
MERGERS & ACQUISITION

22. 6) Managers overly focused on acquisitions:
– Diverts attention from matters necessary for long-term
competitive success (i.e., identifying other activities,
interacting with important external stakeholders, or fixing
fundamental internal problems)
7) Huge Size of Acquisition:
– Bureaucratic controls: Formalized supervisory and
behavioural rules and policies designed to ensure
consistency of decisions and actions across different units
of a firm – formalized controls decrease flexibility
– Firms may produce less innovation.
MERGERS & ACQUISITION

23. THANKYOU
MERGERS & ACQUISITION