The document contains information about circuit symbols used in circuit diagrams. It includes common electronic components like batteries, resistors, capacitors, transistors, integrated circuits, and other devices. The symbols represent the electronic or electrical behavior of each component. Circuit diagrams use these standardized symbols to represent the connections between components in a circuit.

2. + LED 1
R1
+
R3
555
timer R2
+
C1
-
M E NTE R JE M AH LUKISAN
SKE M ATIK KE PADA LUKISAN
BERGAM BAR DAN M E M BUAT
PR OJE K
Oleh :
Krysaid

3. Circuit Symbols

4. Circuit Symbols
Wires and connections
Wire
Wires joined Wires not joined
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

5. Circuit Symbols
Power Supplies
Battery
+ -
Cell DC supply
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

6. Circuit Symbols
Power Supplies
AC supply
~
Fuse
Earth
(Ground)
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

7. Circuit Symbols
Switches
Push-to-Break Push Switch
Switch (push-to-make)
On-Off Switch 2-way
(SPST) Switch/On-on
(SPDT)
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

8. Circuit Symbols
2-way
Switches Switch/On-on
(SPDT)
NC
COM
NO
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

9. Circuit Symbols
Resistors
Resistor Rheostat Potentiometer Preset
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

10. Circuit Symbols
Capacitors
Capacitor Capacitor, Variable Trimmer
polarised Capacitor Capacitor
+
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

11. Circuit Symbols
Diodes
LED Zener Diode Photodiode
Light Emitting Diode
Diode
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

12. Circuit Symbols
Meters
Digital Multimeter Analogue Multimeter
Voltmeter Ammeter Ohmmeter Galvanometer
V A Ω
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

13. Circuit Symbols
Output Devices
Lamp Lamp Buzzer
(lighting) (indicator)
Motor
M
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

14. Circuit Symbols
Audio
Microphone Earphone Loudspeaker
Amplifier
(general symbol)
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

15. Circuit Symbols
Transistors
Transistor NPN
Transistor PNP
Phototransistor
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

16. Circuit Symbols
Sensors (input devices)
LDR
Light Dependent Resistor Thermistor
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

17. Circuit Symbols
Integrated Circuits (Chips)
IC 555 IC M66T IC 741
Timer IC Melody IC Operational Amplifier
8
7 4 2 2 7
1 6
6 3 3
4
3
2 1 5
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

18. Circuit Diagrams

19. Examples of Circuit symbols
Cell Switch Resistor LED Capacitor Wires Wires
Not Joined
Joined

20. Drawing circuit diagrams
+
6V
+
6V
The electronics way The science way
( + at the top ) ( battery at the top )

21. S1
LED 1
1M 33k
8 4
2
100k 555
6 3 9V
timer
7 1 470Ω
220µF
LED 2
0.1µF
Circuit Diagram
S1
1M
LED 1
+ X +
33k
LED 2
+ 555
1 X 8
100k
2 X 7
3 X 6 9V
Bleeper 470Ω
0.1µF 4 X 5 +
220µF
-
Component Layout

22. Verobod

23. Placing components on
Verobod

24. component
verobod
Copper tracks

25. Copper tracks
verobod
component

26. Designing a Verobod Layout

27. Tips: LUKISAN BERGAMBAR [litar verobod]
Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian Projek:
tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas]
dan negatif [bawah], Aspek:
Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan
[ X ] pada gambarajah IC. Disediakan
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di oleh:
sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak
Arus bergerak secara mendatar
komponen. Tarikh:
Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.
Catatan:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
22 22
21 21
20 20
19 19
18 18
17 17
16 16
15 15
14 14
13 13
12 12
11 11
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
[78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

28. Planning the Layout 1

29. R1
9V
LED 1
Circuit Diagram

30. Tips:
Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas]
dan negatif [bawah],
Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan
[ X ] pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di
sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak
Arus bergerak secara mendatar
komponen.
Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
22 22
21 21
20 20
19 19
+
18 18
17 17
16 16
15
R1
15
470Ω
14 14
+
13 13
LED
12 12
11
BC
11
_
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
[78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

31. Planning the Layout
Improve your plan
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

32. Tips:
Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas]
dan negatif [bawah],
Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan
[ X ] pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di
sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak
Arus bergerak secara mendatar
komponen.
Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
22 22
21 21
20 20
19 19
+
18 18
17 17
16 16
15
R1
15
470Ω
14 14
+
13 13
LED
12 12
11
BC
11
_
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
[78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

33. Planning the Layout
Check your plan
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

34. R1
470Ω
9V
LED 1
Circuit Diagram
R1
470Ω
+
BC
LED

35. Planning the Layout 2

36. R1
S1 LED 1
c
9V
b
TR 1
R2
e
Circuit Diagram

37. Tips:
Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif
[bawah],
Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ]
pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di sebelah kiri
untuk memeriksa jarak komponen.
Arus bergerak secara mendatar
Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
22 22
21 21
20 20
19 19
18 18
+
17 17
16 16
15 15
R1
14
14
S1 +
13 13
R2
12 c 12
11 b LED 1 11
10 e 10
9
9
TR 1
_
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
[78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

38. Planning the Layout
Improve your plan
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

39. Tips:
Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif
[bawah],
Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ]
pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di sebelah kiri
untuk memeriksa jarak komponen.
Arus bergerak secara mendatar
Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
22 22
21 21
20 20
19 19
18 18
+
17 17
16 16
15 15
R1 14
14
S1 +
13 13
12
R2 c 12
11 b LED 1 11
10 e 10
9 9
TR 1
_
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
[78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

40. Planning the Layout
Check your plan
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

41. R1
S1 LED 1
c
9V
b
TR 1
R2
e
Circuit Diagram
R1
S1
R2 c
LED 1
BC
b
e
TR 1

42. Planning the Layout 3

43. R1
S1
LED 1
R2
c
b
TR 2
9V
e c
b
TR 1
e
Circuit Diagram

44. Tips:
Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif
[bawah],
Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ]
pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di sebelah kiri
untuk memeriksa jarak komponen.
Arus bergerak secara mendatar
Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
22 22
21 21
20 20
19 19
18
17
R1
18
17
16
+
16
S1 15
15
R2
14 e +
14
13 b 13
12 c c 12
11 b TR 2 LED 1 11
BC
10 e 10
9
TR 1 9
_
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
[78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

45. Planning the Layout
Improve your plan
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

46. Tips:
Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas] dan negatif
[bawah],
Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan [ X ]
pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di sebelah kiri
untuk memeriksa jarak komponen.
Arus bergerak secara mendatar
Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
22 22
21 21
20 20
19 19
18
17
R1
18
17
16
+
16
S1 15
15
R2
14 e +
14
13 b 13
12 c c 12
11 b TR 2 LED 1 11
BC
10 e 10
9
TR 1 9
_
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
[78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

47. Planning the Layout
Check your plan
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

48. R1
S1
LED 1
R2
c
b
TR 2
9V
e c
b
TR 1
e
Circuit Diagram
R1
S1
R2
e +
b
c c
b TR 2 LED 1 BC
e
TR 1

49. Planning the Layout 4

50. R1
680k
8 4
7
555
6 3 9V
R2 timer
10k
2 R3
1 1k
+ +
C1 LED
10µF
Circuit Diagram

51. Tips:
Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas]
dan negatif [bawah],
Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan
[ X ] pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di
sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak
Arus bergerak secara mendatar komponen.
Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
22 22
21 21
20 20
19 19
+
18 18
17 17
16 16
15
LED 1 + R1 15
14
R3 680k 14
13 1k 1 X8 13
12 2 X7 12
11 3 X6 R2
11
10 4 X5 10k
10
9 IC 555 9
_
8 8
+ C1
7 7
10µF
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
7
[78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

52. Planning the Layout
Improve your plan
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

53. Tips:
Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas]
dan negatif [bawah],
Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan
[ X ] pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di
sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak
Arus bergerak secara mendatar komponen.
Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
22 22
21 21
20 20
19 19
+
18 18
17 17
16 16
15
LED 1 + R1 15
14 680k 14
R3
13
1k
1 X8 13
12 2 X7 12
11 3 X6 11
10 4 X5 R2 10
9 IC 555 10k 9
_
8 8
+ C1
7 7
10µF
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
7
[78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

54. Planning the Layout
Check your plan
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

55. R1
680k
8 4
7
555 9V
R2 6 timer 3
10k
2 R3
1
1k
+ +
C1 LED
10µF
Circuit Diagram
+ LED 1 R1
680k
R3
1k
1 X8
2 X7 555
3 X6 timer
4 X5 R2
IC 555 10k
+ C1
10µF

57. Planning the Layout 5

58. + 9V
LED 1
R1 R2
8 4
6 R3
IC 555
7 3
2 R4
1
+
S1 C1 LED 2
- 0V
Circuit Diagram

59. Tips:
Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas]
dan negatif [bawah],
Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan
[ X ] pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di
sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak
Arus bergerak secara mendatar
komponen.
Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
22 22
21 21
20 20
19 19
+
18 18
LED 1
17 17
16
+ 16
15 15
R1
14 R2 14
13
R3
1 X8 13
12
S1
2 X7 12
11 3 X6 BC
11
10
R4
4 X5 +
10
9
LED 2 IC 555 C1 9
_
8 8
7
+
7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
[78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

60. Planning the Layout
Improve your plan
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

61. Tips:
Letakkan [ IC ] di tengah verobod, kemudian
tandakan laluan[track] punca positif [atas]
dan negatif [bawah],
Putuskan track di antara pin IC dan tandakan
[ X ] pada gambarajah IC.
Saiz grid sebenar verobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm) Gunakan saiz grid sebenar verobod di
sebelah kiri untuk memeriksa jarak
Arus bergerak secara mendatar
komponen.
Sentiasa utamakan keselamatan.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
22 22
21 21
20 20
19 19
+
18 18
LED 1
17 17
16
+ 16
15 15
R1
14 R2 14
13 1 X8 13
12
S1
2 X7 12
11
R3 3 X6 BC
11
10
R4
4 X5 +
10
9
IC 555 C1 9
_
8 8
7 LED 2 + 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
[78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

62. Planning the Layout
Check your plan
Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio